Chapter 28: Protists (Book Questions/Quiz) Flashcards
Select all that apply
Select all of the following that are impacts of protists on global ecology.
Multiple select question.
Protists are the oldest organisms on Earth.
Protists produce at least half of the oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Protists cause serious diseases, such as malaria.
Some types of protists are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
Algae are being used in biofuel production.
Protists produce at least half of the oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Protists cause serious diseases, such as malaria.
Algae are being used in biofuel production.
The term protist comes from a Greek word that reflects the observation that these organisms were Earth’s ________ eukaryotes.
Initial
Organisms within the Protista can be informally grouped based on:
Multiple choice question.
cell size
species color
activity pattern
ecological role
ecological role
Algae, protozoa, and fungus-like are informal labels that refer to the __________ roles filled by protists.
ecological
Protists can be informally classified as algae, protozoa, or fungus-like protists according to the ecological roles they fulfill in their environments, that is, according to:
Multiple choice question.
whether they are aquatic or terrestrial
the method they use to obtain organic compounds
their type of life cycle
the method they use to obtain organic compounds
Which of the following statements best characterizes the impact of protists on human health?
Multiple choice question.
Some protists are parasites that cause serious human disease.
While some protists are pathogenic, none cause human illness.
All protists are benign.
Some protists are parasites that cause serious human disease.
Protists are
Multiple choice question.
eukaryotes
neither eukaryotes nor prokaryotes
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
Most algae are protists that can produce organic compounds by means of _________
photosynthesis
Protists can be grouped into three types according to the ___________ roles they fulfill within their environments.
ecological
Like true fungi, fungus-like protists obtain nutrients from their _________ using threadlike filamentous extensions.
environment
When we informally group protists according to whether they are autotrophs or heterotrophs, and whether they produce or consume oxygen, we are referring to their:
Multiple choice question.
ecological role
habitat preference
method of locomotion
ecological role
Select all that apply
Which of the following are informal groups of protists classified according to habitat?
Multiple select question.
Amoebae
Fungus-like protists
Plankton
Flagellates
Periphyton
Plankton
Periphyton
What is plankton?
Multiple choice question.
Photosynthetic protists
Organisms that attach to underwater surfaces by mucilage
Swimming or floating protists, bacteria, viruses, and small animals
Protists that possess a flagellum for locomotion
Swimming or floating protists, bacteria, viruses, and small animals
Algae are _______ protists.
Multiple choice question.
osmotrophic
photoautotrophic
mixotrophic
heterotrophic
photoautotrophic
Select all that apply
Which of the following are common characteristics of phytoplankton?
Multiple select question.
Relatively large size
Ability to float
Single cells
Short filaments of cells
Heterotrophic
Colonies of cells held together with mucilage
Ability to float
Single cells
Short filaments of cells
Colonies of cells held together with mucilage
In one informal classification scheme, protists are grouped according to possession of morphological structures used for:
Multiple choice question.
attracting mates
locomotion
copulation
defense
locomotion
The fungus-like protists, like true fungi, are:
Multiple choice question.
autotrophs
heterotrophs
heterotrophs
Plankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton are informal groupings of protists classified according to:
Multiple choice question.
type of life cycle
phylogeny
motility
ecological role
habitat
habitat
Select all that apply
Which of the following are structures that protists utilize to swim?
Multiple select question.
Flukes
Flagella
Pili
Chelicerae
Cilia
Flagella
Cilia
It is necessary that ______ float near the surface of the water to absorb light for photosynthesis, so they tend to be microscopic in size.
Multiple choice question.
macrophages
phytoplankton
zooplankton
bacteriophages
phytoplankton
A group of protists uses flagella to navigate their aquatic environments.. These protists are known as ________
flagellates
In order to move from one place to another, ciliates use _____________ and amoebozoa use __________ , which are specialized structures associated with their type of motility.
cilia; pseudopodia
In eukaryotic cells, locomotor extensions called _______ are longer and present in lower numbers per cell than are cilia.
Flagella or flagellum
Newly discovered species and results from molecular genetic methods have resulted in:
Multiple choice question.
reinforcement of the single kingdom protist classification
a constantly changing classification of the protists
a constantly changing classification of the protists
Protists have evolved diverse ways for locomotion. For example swimming can occur by means of appendages called ________ and ___________
flagella, cilia
A(n) _____________ is a level of classification that includes one or more eukaryotic phyla (which may be in different kingdoms) that share distinctive morphological and ecological characteristics.
supergroup
______ are usually composed of one or a few cells and are small because their appendage motion is not powerful enough to keep larger bodies from sinking.
Multiple choice question.
Flagellates
Paramecia
Ciliates
Seaweeds
Flagellates
Which eukaryotic supergroup includes multicellular animals, fungi, and related protists?
Multiple choice question.
Rhizaria
Alveolata
Opisthokonta
Stramenopila
Excavata
Opisthokonta
Select all that apply
Protist classification continues to change because:
Multiple select question.
molecular genetic methods reveal previously unknown relationships
the old classification was based solely on opinion, not on morphological similarities and differences
new species are still being discovered
molecular genetic methods reveal previously unknown relationships
new species are still being discovered
The cellular process by which an organism obtains energy from a food particle by digesting the particle with enzymes inside a cytoplasmic vesicle is known as __________
phagocytosis
A ______ includes one or more eukaryotic phyla that share distinctive morphological and ecological characteristics.
Multiple choice question.
family
supergroup
class
genus
species
supergroup
In endosymbiosis, the endosymbiont lives ________ the body of the host.
within
Photosynthetic protists with primary or secondary plastids that may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular and may or may not possess flagella are close relatives of _______ ______.
Multiple choice question.
early animals
true fungi
land plants
land plants
Land plants evolved directly from ______ ancestors.
green algal
Select all that apply
Which two supergroups are most closely related to the alveolates?
Multiple select question.
Excavata
Opisthokonta
Stramenopila
Rhizaria
Stramenopila
Rhizaria
The phyla Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, and Dinozoa are contained within the eukaryotic supergroup ___________
Alveolata
Select all that apply
Which of the following are characteristics of at least some of the close protist relatives of land plants?
Multiple select question.
Roots
Primary plastids
Unicellularity
Flagella
Kinetoplasts
Multicellularity
Primary plastids
Unicellularity
Flagella
Multicellularity
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the relationships between land plants and protists?
Multiple choice question.
Land plants are descended from green algal ancestors and are also closely related to red algae.
Land plants do not share a common ancestor with any protist group.
The reason land plants group with some protists is that land plants are not monophyletic.
Land plants are descended from green algal ancestors and are also closely related to red algae.
Which of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup Alveolata?
Multiple select question.
Saclike, membranous vesicles at the cell periphery
Pseudopodia
Kinetoplasts within a large mitochondrion
Flagella or cilia
Cellulose plates
Secondary or tertiary plastids
Saclike, membranous vesicles at the cell periphery
Flagella or cilia
Cellulose plates
Secondary or tertiary plastids
Match the Terms!
Primary endosymbiosis
Secondary endosymbiosis
Tertiary endosymbiosis
A eukaryote that possesses a plastid that originated from a cyanobacterium is engulfed and retained by another eukaryote host cell.
A eukaryote with a secondary plastid is engulfed and retained by another eukaryote host cell.
A prokaryote is engulfed and retained by a heterotrophic host cell.
1C
2A
3B
Select all that apply
Three supergroups seem to form a cluster in phylogenetic studies. These include:
Multiple select question.
Alveolata
Stramenopila
Amoebozoa
Rhizaria
Rhodophyta
Alveolata
Stramenopila
Rhizaria
Select all that apply
The supergroup Alveolata contains which protist phyla?
Multiple select question.
Dinozoa
Euglenozoa
Radiolaria
Bacillariophyta
Ciliophora
Apicomplexa
Dinozoa
Ciliophora
Apicomplexa
The eukaryotic supergroup _______ includes a wide range of algae, protozoa, and fungus-like protists that have secondary plastids and produce cells with flagellar hairs.
Multiple choice question.
Alveolata
Excavata
Stramenopila
Rhizaria
Stramenopila
Select all that apply
Which two supergroups are most closely related to the alveolates?
Multiple select question.
Excavata
Opisthokonta
Rhizaria
Stramenopila
Rhizaria
Stramenopila
Flagellate or amoeboid protists with filose pseudopodia are members of what eukaryotic supergroup?
Opisthokonta
Rhizaria
Amoebozoa
Excavata
Rhizaria
Select all of the characteristics that can be found in members of the supergroup Stramenopila.
Multiple select question.
Flagellar hairs
Kinetoplasts
Silica cell walls
Primary plastids
Multicellularity
Pseudopodia
Flagellar hairs
Silica cell walls
Multicellularity
Protists that move via extension of pseudopodia are members of which eukaryotic supergroup?
Multiple choice question.
Excavata
Opisthokonta
Alveolata
Amoebozoa
Rhizaria
Amoebozoa
Protists and related organisms that are characterized by a single posterior flagellum on swimming cells are classified in which eukaryotic supergroup?
Multiple choice question.
Opisthokonta
Amoebozoa
Alveolata
Rhizaria
Excavata
Opisthokonta
Which of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup Rhizaria?
Multiple select question.
Alveoli
Cilia
Human parasites
Filose pseudopodia
Secondary green plastids
Filose pseudopodia
Secondary green plastids
The eukaryotic supergroup _______ includes a wide range of algae, protozoa, and fungus-like protists that have secondary plastids and produce cells with flagellar hairs.
Multiple choice question.
Alveolata
Rhizaria
Excavata
Stramenopila
Stramenopila
Protists obtain nutrition by four basic mechanisms: __________, _________, __________, and photoautotrophy
phagotrophy, osmotrophy, mixotrophy
Photosynthetic protists with primary or secondary plastids that may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular and may or may not possess flagella are close relatives of _______ ______.
Multiple choice question.
true fungi
early animals
land plants
land plants
Heterotrophic protists that feed by ingesting particles, or phagocytosis, are known as
phagotrophs
Protists that possess pseudopodia, such as the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, are members of the eukaryotic supergroup ________
Amoebozoa
Bioluminescence, toxins, and rigid cell walls composed of silica, cellulose, or calcium carbonate are just a few examples of adaptations used by protists for
Multiple choice question.
reproduction.
defense.
energy harvest.
communication.
defense.
Members of the eukaryotic supergroup Opisthokonta are characterized by possession of:
Multiple choice question.
strawlike flagellar hairs and secondary plastids
thin, cytoplasmic projections
cilia and tertiary plastids
swimming cells with a single, posterior flagellum
swimming cells with a single, posterior flagellum
Flagellate or amoeboid protists with filose pseudopodia are members of what eukaryotic supergroup?
Multiple choice question.
Opisthokonta
Excavata
Rhizaria
Amoebozoa
Rhizaria
A toxin is a compound synthesized by some protists that deters small herbivores by:
Multiple choice question.
being distasteful and slimy
physically deflecting them
drawing attention to them
affecting them physiologically
affecting them physiologically
The reproductive adaptations that have made it possible for protists to thrive include:
Multiple select question.
Endosymbiosis with other protists
tough-walled dormant cells for periods of environmental stress
specialized asexual reproductive cells
a variety of sexual life cycles
tough-walled dormant cells for periods of environmental stress
specialized asexual reproductive cells
a variety of sexual life cycles
An organism that ingests food particles through the plasma membrane and digests them in vesicles within the cytoplasm is a(n)
Multiple choice question.
phagotroph
photoautotroph
osmotroph
phagotroph
True or False: All protists can reproduce asexually.
True false question.
True
False
True
Reason: Indeed, all protists can reproduce asexually by mitotic cell divisions.
Select all of the examples of defensive adaptations in protists.
Multiple select question.
Cilia
Silica cell walls
Cellulose cell walls
Primary endosymbiosis
Toxins
Mucilage secretion
Silica cell walls
Cellulose cell walls
Toxins
Mucilage secretion
Which of the following life cycles is characterized by the absence of gametes?
Multiple choice question.
Alternation of generations
Diploid-dominant
Haploid-dominant
Ciliate
Ciliate
Faster evolutionary response to environmental change is an advantage of the ability of some protists to:
Multiple choice question.
produce pigments
grow flagella
reproduce sexually
reproduce asexually
reproduce sexually
Meiosis and the production of cysts, spores, gametes, and zygotes are all adaptations employed by protists for ________
reproduction
Which type of reproductive strategy involves alternation between relatively fast population growth by repeated mitotic division and periods of dormancy facilitated by the formation of cysts?
Multiple choice question.
Gametic
Sporic
Asexual
Zygotic
Asexual
Match the Terms!
Alternation of Generations
Diploid-dominant
Haploid-dominant
Haploid cells develop into gametes, which fuse to produce a thick-walled diploid zygote.
The multicellular haploid gametophyte produces gametes through mitosis.
Gametes are produced by meiosis, and are the only haploid cells in the life cycle.
1B
2C
3A
Select all that apply
Protists that employ the haploid dominant life cycle may produce what pairs of gametes?
Multiple select question.
X and Y mating cells
Sporophytes and gametophytes
Merozoites and trophozoites
+ and - mating types
Sperm and eggs
+ and - mating types
Sperm and eggs
Multicellular green and brown seaweeds undergo a life cycle known as _________ of _________
alternation; generations
What type of protist is likely to display a haploid dominant life cycle?
Multiple choice question.
Red algae
Unicellular green algae
Multicellular green algae
Brown algae
Unicellular green algae
Plastids originated from which of the following groups of prokaryotes?
Question 1 options:
Actinobacteria
Proteobacteria
Spirochaetes
Archaea
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria
If you were studying the origin of land plant traits, which of the following protist groups would you study?
Question 2 options:
ciliates
green algae
diatoms
radiolarians
choanoflagellates
green algae
What advantages do diatoms obtain from sexual reproduction?
Question 3 options:
increased genetic variability
increased ability of populations to respond to environmental change
regeneration of maximal cell size for the species.
all of the above.
all of the above.
In our case study, the evidence showed that copepods are not capable of adapting to PSP (paralytic shellfish toxins).
Question 4 options:
True
False
False
In our case study, we learned about different types of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Ciguaterra Fish Poisoning is caused by a toxin produced by what group of marine phytoplankton?
Question 5 options:
dinoflagellates like Gambierdiscus
diatoms like Pseudo-Nitzschia
dinoflagellates like Alexandrium and Pyridinium
blue-green bacteria
dinoflagellates like Gambierdiscus
What does it mean when we say a protist is planktonic?
Question 6 options:
It is prokaryotic.
It must be photosynthetic.
It is parasitic.
It can be found floating in the water column.
It is found in damp soils.
It can be found floating in the water column.
An obligate anaerobe is an organism that:
Question 7 options:
can use oxygen but can get along without it
requires oxygen
produces oxygen
is poisoned by oxygen
does not use oxygen but is not poisoned by it
is poisoned by oxygen
Photoautotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from ________ and their energy from ________.
Question 8 options:
CO2; sunlight
methane; sunlight
organic molecules; reactions involving inorganic chemicals
CO2; reactions involving inorganic chemicals
organic molecules; sunlight
CO2; sunlight
Evidence for the relatively close relationship of archaea to eukaryotes includes
Question 9 options:
the fact that both contain circular DNA without histones.
the absence of introns from genes in both groups.
the fact that both have several kinds of relatively complex RNA polymerases.
the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of both groups.
the fact that both have several kinds of relatively complex RNA polymerases.
Many species of Euglenoids are
Question 10 options:
prokaryotic.
have peptidoglycan cell walls.
mixotrophic.
are very closely related to the fungi.
are large enough to see easily without magnification.
mixotrophic
Which of the following statements about protists is incorrect?
Question 11 options:
Protists are commonly found in moist or aquatic environments.
Protists are eukaryotic organisms.
The organism that cuases malaria is a protist.
At least half of the oxygen in the atmosphere is produced by protists.
All of the above are correct descriptions of protists.
All of the above are correct descriptions of protists.
Which of the following terms DOES NOT describe a basic type of protistan nutrition?
Question 12 options:
mixotrophic
osmotrophic
autotrophic
phagotrophic
eutrophic
eutrophic
Archaea that tolerate and/or require high salinities are called halophiles.
Question 13 options:
True
False
True
Protists are NOT monophyletic. This means that protists:
Question 14 options:
are all more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms
are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms
are all more closely related to bacteria than they are to other organisms
are all more closely related to fungi than they are to any other organisms
are all members of the same phylum
are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms
Pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts live in a close association with one another known as:
Question 15 options:
commensalism
mutualism
parasitism
sociality
biofilms
parasitism
