Chapter 42 (Questions) Flashcards
The system that allows animals to respond rapidly to their internal and external environment is called the _________ system.
nervous
Select all that apply
Which of the following are functions of the nervous system?
Multiple select question.
Respond to internal stimuli
Speed up chemical reactions
Transmit signals
Trigger responses
Break down chemicals
Respond to internal stimuli
Transmit signals
Trigger responses
Specialized cells that communicate with another cell of its kind and other types of cells by chemical and electrical signals are called ______.
Multiple choice question.
neurons
nerves
glia
neurons
In vertebrates, the ________ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
central
The _________ nervous system consists of all neurons and projections of their cell membranes that are outside of but connect with the ________ nervous system.
peripheral and central
Select all that apply
Which of the following examples demonstrates the ability of an animal’s nervous system to allow a rapid response to its external environment?
Multiple select question.
Muscle cells enlarging in response to lifting heavy loads
Frogs leaping into the water as a bird approaches
Birds taking to flight with the introduction of a loud noise
The body increasing production of red blood cells when spending time at high altitude
Frogs leaping into the water as a bird approaches
Birds taking to flight with the introduction of a loud noise
The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are connected by _______, bundles of neurons running through the body.
nerves
The functions of the ______ include sensing internal and external stimuli, interpreting signals, transmitting signals, and eliciting responses to those stimuli.
Multiple choice question.
nervous system
muscular system
sensory system
endocrine system
nervous system
Animals receive information via their _________ nervous system, and interpret that information in their ________ nervous system
peripheral and central
A ______ is a special cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals, whereas a ______ is a structure composed of multiple axons that transmit signals throughout the body.
Multiple choice question.
neuron; receptor
receptor; neuron
neuron; nerve
nerve; neuron
neuron; nerve
Nervous systems have two classes of cells. The function of _________ is to carry nerve impulses, whereas the function of ________ is to provide support and protection.
neurons; glia or glial cells
Which of the following best describes the dendrites and axons of a neuron?
Multiple choice question.
Neurons have axons and dendrites, both of which extend from the membrane forming elaborate tree-like structures.
Neurons often have single axons and numerous branching extensions called the dendrites.
Neurons often have single dendrites and numerous branching extensions called the axons.
Neurons have a single axon and a single dendrite that may have a few branches.
Neurons often have single axons and numerous branching extensions called the dendrites.
In a vertebrate, all the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord are parts of the _____.
Multiple choice question.
central nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system
Projections arising from the cell body of a neuron that receive chemical and electrical signals from other neurons are called ________
dendrites
True or false: The CNS and PNS are connected. This connection allows the PNS to send motor signals from the CNS to the body, and sensory signals from the body back to the CNS.
True false question.
True
False
True
The nucleus and other organelles that are necessary for the survival of the neuron are found in the _____.
Multiple choice question.
dendrites
Schwann cells
axons
cell body
cell body
Which of the following exemplifies the function of the PNS and CNS, respectively?
Multiple choice question.
Receive signals, stimulate a response
Interpret signals, send signals
Receive signals, interpret signals
Interpret signals, receive signals
Receive signals, interpret signals
An extension of the plasma membrane that is involved in sending signals from neurons to neighboring cells is the __________
axon or axon terminals
Supporting cells of the nervous system are called _____, and single cells that send and receive signals are called ______.
glia; neurons
Glial cells that provide metabolic support for neurons and are involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier are called _____.
Multiple choice question.
microglia
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
astrocytes
astrocytes
Extensions of the neuron that receive signals from other cells are called __________, and extensions of the neuron that carry signals toward target cells are called ________.
dendrites; axons
In vertebrates, the myelin sheath is formed by specialized ______ cells that wrap around certain axons at regular intervals.
Multiple choice question.
glial
blood
stem
epithelial
glial
Extensions of the soma that receive chemical and electrical messages are called _____.
Multiple choice question.
axons
glia
dendrites
nerves
dendrites
In the vertebrate brain and spinal cord, the ________-producing glial cells are called the oligodendrocytes.
myelin
The function of the ______ is to receive signals from the ______ and transmit signals through the ______.
Multiple choice question.
dendrites; soma; axons
soma; dendrites; axons
soma; axons; dendrites
axons; dendrites; soma
glia; axons; dendrites
soma; dendrites; axons
Specialized glial cells that wrap around the axons traveling outside the human brain and spinal cord to form a myelin sheath are called _________ ____________
Schwann cells
Projections arising from the cell body that send signals from neurons to nearby cells are called _____.
Multiple choice question.
dendrites
axons
glia
nerves
axons
Select all that apply
What are the three main types of neurons?
Multiple select question.
Sensory neurons
Stimulatory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons
Inhibitory neurons
Connecting neurons
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons
______ are glial cells that help to maintain a stable concentration of ions in the extracellular fluid.
Multiple choice question.
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglia
Astrocytes
Astrocytes
Sensory neurons are also called ______ neurons because they transmit information from the periphery to the CNS.
AFFERENT
A type of glial cell that wraps around the axons to form a myelin sheath in the human brain and spinal cord is _____.
Multiple choice question.
microglia
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
In the PNS, ______ wrap around the axons to form the ______.
Multiple choice question.
Schwann cells; myelin sheath
oligodendrocytes; myelin sheath
Schwann cells; central nervous system
oligodendrocytes; central nervous system
Schwann cells; myelin sheath
In contrast to motor neurons, sensory neurons have axons that _____.
Multiple choice question.
are short and highly branched
bypass the cell body and project to the CNS
are long to enable them to act on distant cells
do not branch into two main processes
bypass the cell body and project to the CNS
Neurons can be divided into three main types: __________ neurons, ________ neurons, and interneurons.
sensory and motor neurons
Match the type of neuron to its appropriate description.
sensory neuron
motor neuron
interneuron
Long axon that does not branch into two main processes
Short axons that are highly branched
Long axon that branches into a peripheral process and a central process
Sensory and two processes
motor and no branching into two processes
interneuron and short with many branches
Glial cells that provide metabolic support for neurons and are involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier are called _____.
Multiple choice question.
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes
microglia
astrocytes
astrocytes
Nerve impulses are generated by _____.
Multiple choice question.
changes in phospholipid fluidity in the membrane
rotation of a key molecule in the membrane from a trans- form to a cis-form
absorption of light by a key molecule in the neuron membrane
differences in electrical charge across the membrane
differences in electrical charge across the membrane
Which of the following neurons are also known as afferent neurons?
Multiple choice question.
Motor neurons
Interneurons
Sensory neurons
Sensory neurons
The ______ of a neuron is the boundary separating the intracellular and extracellular ionic charges.
Multiple choice question.
plasma membrane
cell body
myelin sheath
glia
plasma membrane
The ______ is the difference between the electrical charges inside and outside the cell.
Multiple choice question.
action potential
membrane potential
graded potential
resting potential
membrane potential
Select all that apply
Select all of the following that describe motor neurons.
Multiple select question.
They are efferent neurons.
They have long axons that do not branch.
They transmit signals away from the CNS.
They have an axon that bypasses the cell body.
They are efferent neurons.
They have long axons that do not branch.
They transmit signals away from the CNS.
The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell not sending nerve impulses is _____.
Multiple choice question.
equilibrium potential
resting potential
graded potential
action potential
resting potential
In neurons, the interior is more negative than the exterior, as in all animal cells. Specifically, the ________ membrane potential of neurons is -70mv.
resting
Nerve impulses involve changes in the amount of electric charge across a cell’s plasma ________
membrane
In an animal cell, the inner surface of the plasma membrane is typically rich with ions that have a _________ charge, while the outer surface has ions with a __________ charge.
negative and positive
The neuron’s plasma membrane _____.
Multiple choice question.
wraps around the axon in successive layers to insulate it
facilitates the passage of neurotransmitters to the interior of the neuron
separates the ionic concentrations inside and outside the cell
catalyzes substrate-level phosphorylation to generate ATP
separates the ionic concentrations inside and outside the cell
The sodium-potassium pump transports ______ sodium ions ______ the cell for every ______ potassium ions it moves ______ the cell.
Multiple choice question.
two; into; two; out of
three; out of; two; into
three; into; two; out of
two; out of; three; into
three; out of; two; into
The difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell is the ________ potential, whereas the _________ potential is the difference in charge of an unstimulated cell.
membrane and resting
The sodium-potassium pump will not function unless it gets energy from _________
ATP or adenosinetriphosphate
What is the resting potential?
Multiple choice question.
The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell when it is not sending nerve impulses
The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell immediately after the peak of a nerve impulse
The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell at the peak of a nerve impulse
The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell when it is not sending nerve impulses
An electrochemical gradient for an ion is made up of the combined effect of the _________ and ____________ gradients for that ion.
electrical and chemical
The resting potential of neurons is ______ inside the cell with respect to the extracellular fluid.
Multiple choice question.
70mV
- 100mV
- 50mV
100mV
-70mV
-70mV
The change in membrane potential that occurs when the cell becomes less polarized is called _________
depolarization
How do ions align along the cell’s membrane?
Multiple choice question.
Positively charged ions align along the outside, and negatively charged ions align along the inside of the cell’s membrane.
Negatively charged ions align along the outside, and positively charged ions align along the inside of the cell’s membrane.
There is an equal number of positively and negatively charged ions inside and outside the cell’s membrane.
Ions do not align along the cell’s membrane.
Positively charged ions align along the outside, and negatively charged ions align along the inside of the cell’s membrane.
Which of the following would occur as sodium ions move into the cell?
Multiple choice question.
The membrane potential would become depolarized because it would be slightly more negative than the resting membrane potential.
The membrane potential would become hyperpolarized because it would be slightly less negative than the resting membrane potential.
The membrane potential would become depolarized because it would be slightly more positive than the resting membrane potential.
The membrane potential would become hyperpolarized because it would be slightly more positive than the resting membrane potential.
The membrane potential would become depolarized because it would be slightly more positive than the resting membrane potential.
The function of the sodium-potassium pump is to help maintain ______ of a cell by actively moving ions across the membrane.
Multiple choice question.
the action potential
the resting potential
the threshold potential
the resting potential
Depolarizations and hyperpolarizations of the membrane that vary with the strength of a stimulus are called ___________ ___________
graded potentials
Which of the following best describes how the sodium-potassium pump would be affected by a lack of ATP?
Multiple choice question.
The carrier protein would be able to pump out sodium, but not potassium.
The carrier protein would be able to pump potassium, but not sodium.
The carrier protein would not be affected by a lack of ATP because it depends on electrical charges to function.
The carrier protein used to pump sodium and potassium would not function.
The carrier protein used to pump sodium and potassium would not function.
Nerve impulses that carry electrical signals along an axon are called _________ potentials.
action
The combined effect of electrical and chemical gradients is called a(n) __________ gradient.
electrochemical
True or False: Action potentials are actively propagated along the entire axon.
True false question.
True
False
True
When the inside of a cell becomes ______ relative to the outside, ______ of the cell membrane is said to occur.
Multiple choice question.
less negative; hyperpolarization
more negative; depolarization
less negative; depolarization
less negative; depolarization
The two factors affecting the speed of the action potential are ______ and presence or absence of ______.
Multiple choice question.
dendrite diameter; axons
cell body size; sensory neurons
the number of neurons; glia
axon diameter; myelin
axon diameter; myelin
The membrane is ______ as sodium ions move into the cell because the membrane potential is ______ than the resting membrane potential.
Multiple choice question.
hyperpolarized; less negative
hyperpolarized; more negative
depolarized; less negative
depolarized; more negative
depolarized; less negative
An insulating layer called the __________ sheath is formed by the wrapping of glial cells and helps to reduce charge leakage across the axon membrane.
myelin
A(n) ______ is any depolarization or hyperpolarization whose amplitude is proportional to the strength of the stimulus.
Multiple choice question.
graded potential
threshold potential
action potential
equilibrium potential
graded potential
Nodes of Ranvier are exposed areas in the axons of myelinated neurons that contain _____.
Multiple choice question.
voltage-gated K+ channels
ligand-gated K+ channels
ligand-gated Na+ channels
voltage-gated Na+ channels
voltage-gated Na+ channels
Which of the following refers to the movement of electrical impulses along the plasma membrane usually occurring in the animal’s axons?
Multiple choice question.
Graded potential
Action potential
Hyperpolarization
Electrical synapse
Action potential
At a synapse the electrical or chemical signal moves from _____.
Multiple choice question.
axon terminal to next cell body
dendrites to the axon hillock
cell body to the dendrites
axon hillock to axon terminal
axon terminal to next cell body
An action potential is propagated along the axon with sequential opening of the ______ channels, leading to a ______ from the axon hillock to the axon terminal.
Multiple choice question.
K+; hyperpolarization
Na+; depolarization
Na+; hyperpolarization
K+; depolarization
Na+; depolarization
The tiny gap that allows a neuron to transmit an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to a target cell, such as a muscle or gland cell, is called a(n) _________
synapse
Select all that apply
The speed of conduction of the action potential is determined by two factors. What are they?
Multiple select question.
Axon length
Neuron location
Presence of myelin
Membrane thickness
Axon diameter
Presence of myelin
Axon diameter
Select all that apply
What are the two main types of synapses?
Multiple select question.
Chemical
Ligand-gated
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Electrical
Voltage-gated
Chemical
Electrical
Which of the following helps to reduce the loss of charge across the axon of a membrane by acting as an insulating layer?
Multiple choice question.
Neuromodulator
Astrocytes
Glia
Myelin
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin
A small signaling molecule released from the axon terminal into the synaptic cleft is called a(n) _____.
Multiple choice question.
oligodendrocyte
neuron
dendrite
neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter
Exposed areas in the axons of myelinated neurons containing many voltage-gated Na+ channels are called _____.
Multiple choice question.
synaptic integrators
synaptic clefts
inactivation gates
nodes of Ranvier
nodes of Ranvier
A neuron will receive many synapses occurring on its _____.
Multiple choice question.
cell body and myelin
axon and cell body
dendrites and cell body
axon and dendrites
dendrites and cell body
At the synapse, where a neuron meets a target neuron, the signal will pass from the axon ________ of the presynaptic neuron to the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.
terminal
Neurotransmitters can be grouped as either _____.
Multiple choice question.
presynaptic or postsynaptic
ion channels or ligand channels
threshold or graded
excitatory or inhibitory
excitatory or inhibitory
The junction where a nerve terminal meets a neuron, muscle cell, or gland and can communicate with other cells is called a _____.
Multiple choice question.
resting membrane
neurotransmitter
node of Ranvier
synapse
synapse
Researchers have identified two types of synapses: _______ and _________
chemical and electrical
Ionotropic and metabotropic are the two types of _____.
Multiple choice question.
gated channels in the membrane of a neuron
receptors in the presynaptic membrane
action potentials generated by a neuron
receptors in the postsynaptic membrane
receptors in the postsynaptic membrane
A neurotransmitter is a(n) _____.
Multiple choice question.
cell that wraps around the axon of a neuron and speeds the conduction of nerve impulses
small molecule used to send signals between nerve cells
electrical charge used as a signal sent between cells
nerve impulse that carries signals along an axon
small molecule used to send signals between nerve cells
The treatment of neurological disorders very often involves therapeutic _________
drugs, medications, medicines, or pills
A structure that can receive signals from synapses occurring on its dendrites or cell body is a(n) ______
neuron
The various neurotransmitters are categorized by _____.
Multiple choice question.
method of transport through the cell
size and structure
location within the cell
site of origin
size and structure
The most common mood disorder(s) is/are _____.
Multiple choice question.
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
dissociative disorders
major depressive disorder
Select all that apply
Which of the following illustrate(s) how recreational drugs produce changes similar to those observed in neurological disorders?
Multiple select question.
Impair lung development
Increase levels of activity
Produce hallucinations
Alter mood
Increase appetite
Increase levels of activity
Produce hallucinations
Alter mood
There are two major types of postsynaptic membrane receptors. These are called __________ and _________.
ionotropic and metabotropic
Select all that apply
Which of the following are two diseases that result in disrupted neural conduction?
Multiple select question.
Congenital hypothyroidism
Gout
Multiple sclerosis
Cystic fibrosis
Congenital hypothyroidism
Multiple sclerosis
Select all that apply
Neurons that do not function properly can affect _____.
Multiple select question.
mood
behavior
food supply
ability to think
mood
behavior
ability to think
What percentage of men and women are affected by depression?
Multiple choice question.
25% or less of men and less than 12% of women
Less than 5% of men and more than 25% of women
Less than 25% of men and between 25-50% of women
12% or less of men and between 10-25% of women
12% or less of men and between 10-25% of women
True or False: Illicit drugs can produce imbalances in neurotransmission similar to that observed in neurological disorders.
True false question.
True
False
True
Human diseases involving a failure of action potential conduction in neurons are usually due to problems with _____.
Multiple choice question.
myelination
dendrite formation
chloride channels
sodium channels
myelination
