Chapter 45: Questions/Quiz Flashcards
The three types of muscle are ________, _________, and __________.
Blank 1: skeletal
Blank 2: smooth
Blank 3: cardiac
The movement of an individual animal from place to place is called __________
Blank 1: locomotion
A body structure that supports and protects the organism and plays a role in locomotion is called a(n) _________.
Blank 1: skeleton, exoskeleton, endoskeleton, or skeletal
Select all that apply
What are the types of skeletons found in the Kingdom Animalia?
Multiple select question.
Endoskeleton
Exoskeleton
Hydroskeleton
Chordaskeleton
Ectoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Exoskeleton
Hydroskeleton
Invertebrates that use water pressure to propel their bodies possess a type of skeleton called a(n) ___________.
Blank 1: hydroskeleton or hydroskeletons
Select all that apply
Which of the following are types of muscle?
Multiple select question.
Smooth
Cardiac
Hydrostatic
Skeletal
Endochondral
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
An external skeleton that surrounds and protects most of the body’s surface is called a(n) ________ and is found in arthropods.
Blank 1: exoskeleton
Broadly defined, ______ is the movement of an animal from place to place.
Multiple choice question.
running
slithering
locomotion
hopping
walking
locomotion
Which skeleton type provides protection from the external environment and from predators?
Multiple choice question.
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton
Exoskeleton
A skeleton is defined as a structure or structures that serve one or more functions related to ________, ___________, and __________.
Blank 1: support or structural support
Blank 2: locomotion, movement, or motion
Blank 3: protection
An internal hard skeleton covered by soft tissue is a(n) ______.
Multiple choice question.
endoskeleton
exoskeleton
hydrostatic skeleton
endoskeleton
A dynamic, living tissue, with both organic and mineral components that functions in support, protection, and movement is _________.
Bone
Hydroskeletons are found in some ______.
Multiple choice question.
arthropods
amphibians
segmented worms
hard-bodied invertebrates
soft-bodied invertebrates
soft-bodied invertebrates
In the vertebrate skeleton, bones are connected in ways that allow for _________, _________, and ____________.
Blank 1: support
Blank 2: protection, protection of internal structures, or protection of internal organs
Blank 3: movement, mobility, locomotion, or motion
Select all that apply
Choose all characteristics of an exoskeleton.
Multiple select question.
It is found immediately beneath the skin of an animal.
It is usually the main site of gas exchange.
It is found externally to the rest of the body.
It provides protection to the animal.
It is found externally to the rest of the body.
It provides protection to the animal.
Select all that apply
Which of the following are functions of exoskeletons?
Multiple select question.
Support for the body
Protection from the environment
Protection from predators
Secretion of minerals
Protection for internal organs
Support for the body
Protection from the environment
Protection from predators
Protection for internal organs
The heart is composed only of the __________ muscle type.
cardiac
An endoskeleton provides ____________ and _______ to internal organs but no protection to the body’s surface.
Blank 1: support
Blank 2: protection
As contractions of smooth muscle are involuntary, they are controlled by the ______ nervous system.
Multiple choice question.
sensory-somatic
central
autonomic
autonomic
True or false: Bone is a dead tissue, like hair or fingernails.
True false question.
True
False
False
Select all that apply
Which of the following structures contain smooth muscle?
Multiple select question.
Uterus
Biceps
Heart
Tongue
Veins
Uterus
Veins
Select all that apply
What are functions of the vertebrate skeleton?
Multiple select question.
External protection
Movement
Internal protection
Support
Movement
Internal protection
Support
The cells that make up muscles are called ______.
Multiple choice question.
muscle fibers
myofibrils
fascicles
muscle fibers
The three types of muscle found in vertebrates are ________ muscle, _________ muscle, and _________ muscle.
Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal
The cytosol of muscle fibers contains numerous bundles called ______.
Multiple choice question.
tendons
fascicles
ligaments
myofibrils
myofibrils
Each thick filament is made up of many ________ proteins arranged so that the hinges and __________ extend outward, forming cross-bridges.
myosin; heads
Contraction of smooth muscle controls ______.
Multiple choice question.
movement of blood from the left ventricle to the large arteries
movement of contents within tubes and hollow organs
gross motor movements
movement of contents within tubes and hollow organs
The sequence of events from the time that a cross-bridge binds to a thin filament, through the movement, to the time that it is ready to bind again is known as the cross-bridge _________.
Cycle
Where in the vertebrate body is smooth muscle found?
Multiple choice question.
Surrounding hollow organs and tubes
Connecting to bones and ligaments
Forming the entirety of the heart
Surrounding hollow organs and tubes
Click and drag on elements in order
Order the four stages of the cross-bridge cycle of skeletal muscle. Place the event that occurs first at the top of the list.
The cross-bridge is reset by ATP hydrolysis
ATP binds to myosin; cross-bridge detaches
Release of phosphate results in movement of the cross-bridge and thin filament.
Ca2+ levels rise, triggering the cross-bridge to bind to actin.
Ca2+ levels rise
Release of phosphate results in movement
ATP binds
The cross-bridge is reset
Individual muscle cells are also called muscle _______
fibers
Muscle fibers are composed of bundles of _________.
Blank 1: myofibrils or myofibril
List the four stages of the cross-bridge cycle.
Binding, power stroke, detaching, resetting
Myosin proteins have a structure that includes ______.
Multiple choice question.
1 tail, 1 hinge, and 2 heads
1 tail, 2 hinges, and 1 head
2 tails, 2 hinges, and 2 heads
2 tails, 1 hinge, and 1 head
2 tails, 2 hinges, and 2 heads
Makes sense since they extend to both sides of the M line in the H zone.
Cross-bridge cycling in skeletal muscle occurs in four main stages. During one of these stages, the binding of a new ________ molecule to the myosin cross-bridge results in the breaking of the actin-myosin bond.
Blank 1: ATP, adenosine triphosphate, or adenosinetriphosphate
In the cross-bridge cycle of skeletal muscle contraction, a cross-bridge is formed when ________ in the thick filament binds to _________ in the thin filament, pulling the thin filament to the center of the sarcomere in the power stroke.
Blank 1: myosin
Blank 2: actin
A rod-shaped protein arranged end to end along the actin thin filament is ______.
Multiple choice question.
troponin
trypsin
tryptophan
tropomyosin
tropomyosin
What protein directly blocks the myosin-binding site of an actin molecule in the absence of Ca2+?
Multiple choice question.
Trypsin
Tryptophan
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Tropomyosin
The cells that make up muscles are called ______.
Multiple choice question.
muscle fibers
myofibrils
fascicles
muscle fibers
What happens when Ca2+ is bound to troponin?
Multiple choice question.
Actin is released and the myosin-tropomyosin cross-bridges are unable to form.
Tropomyosin is released and the myosin-actin cross-bridges are unable to form.
Actin is released and the myosin-tropomyosin cross-bridges can form.
Tropomyosin is released and the myosin-actin cross-bridges can form.
Tropomyosin is released and the myosin-actin cross-bridges can form.
The linkage of the action potential in the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber to the action of the muscle is called ______.
Multiple choice question.
excitation-response coupling
stimulus-contraction coupling
stimulus-response coupling
excitation-contraction coupling
excitation-contraction coupling
What needs to happen in order for the cross-bridge to detach from the actin filament?
Multiple choice question.
Phosphorous is released from myosin.
ATP is hydrolyzed.
ATP binds to myosin.
Calcium levels must rise.
ATP binds to myosin.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum acts as a reservoir for ______ ions.
Multiple choice question.
sodium
potassium
phosphate
calcium
calcium
Tropomyosin is composed of two intertwining rod-shaped proteins that are arranged along the ______ filament.
Multiple choice question.
actin
troponin
thick
myosin
actin
Neurons in the CNS that transmit signals to control muscles are called ______.
Multiple choice question.
sensory neurons
myofibrils
motor neurons
interneurons
motor neurons
Tropomyosin is a protein that can block the ______ binding site of a(n) ______ molecule.
Multiple choice question.
actin; myosin
troponin; actin
actin; troponin
myosin; actin
myosin; actin
The junction between a motor neuron’s axon and a skeletal muscle fiber is the __________ junction
neuromuscular
The sequence of events by which an action potential in the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber leads to cross-bridge activity is known as __________-__________ coupling.
Blank 1: excitation
Blank 2: contraction
How is excess acetylcholine dealt with?
Multiple choice question.
It is converted into calcium.
It is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.
It is processed by the kidneys.
It is used to make ATP.
It is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.
The ___________ _________ of a muscle fiber acts as a reservoir for the Ca2+ needed during muscle contraction.
Blank 1: sarcoplasmic
Blank 2: reticulum
Select all that apply
The following statements describe motor neurons. Which ones are true?
Multiple select question.
They transmit signals to the CNS.
They activate muscle contractions.
Their cell bodies are located in the CNS.
They transmit signals away from the CNS.
Their cell bodies are located in the PNS.
They provide sensory feedback about muscle status.
They activate muscle contractions.
Their cell bodies are located in the CNS.
They transmit signals away from the CNS.
Based on their rate of shortening, muscle fibers are classified as either _____________ or ___________.
Fast; slow
What protein directly blocks the myosin-binding site of an actin molecule in the absence of Ca2+?
Multiple choice question.
Tropomyosin
Tryptophan
Troponin
Trypsin
Tropomyosin
A slow fiber is a skeletal muscle fiber that contains myosin with a ______ rate of ATP hydrolysis.
Multiple choice question.
high
low
low
The place where a motor neuron connects to the muscle fiber is known as the ______.
Multiple choice question.
transverse tubule
neuromuscular junction
sarcoplasmic reticulum
neuromuscular junction
Based on the way in which they produce the ATP needed for contraction, muscle fibers are classified as either __________ or ___________.
Oxidative; glycolytic
Excess acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is broken down by an enzyme called __________.
acetylcholinesterase
What skeletal muscle fiber type fatigues most easily?
Multiple choice question.
Slow-oxidative
Fast-oxidative
Fast-glycolytic
Fast-glycolytic
The sarcoplasmic reticulum acts as a reservoir for ______ ions.
Multiple choice question.
calcium
sodium
phosphate
potassium
calcium
Fast-oxidative fibers are used for prolonged, ______ activity.
Multiple choice question.
slow
low-level
rapid
unhurried
rapid
The classification of muscle fibers as either fast or slow is based upon their ______________ of shortening.
rate or speed
A skeletal muscle fiber containing myosin with a low rate of ATP hydrolysis is a(n) _____________ fiber
slow
An increase in muscle size is the direct result of an increase in the number of ______.
Multiple choice question.
myofibrils
tendons
fascicles
muscle fibers
myofibrils
The classification of muscle fibers as either oxidative or glycolytic is based on the way in which they produce the ___________ needed for contraction.
Blank 1: ATP, adenosine triphosphate, or adenosinetriphosphate
Select all that apply
Which two of the three major types of skeletal muscle fibers are slow to fatigue?
Multiple select question.
Fast-oxidative
Slow-oxidative
Fast-glycolytic
Fast-oxidative
Slow-oxidative
The result of muscular contractions that exert force on the skeleton is known as __________
locomotion or movement
Streamlining is an adaptation that ______ resistance in aquatic locomotion.
Multiple choice question.
has no effect on
decreases
increases
decreases
Based on their rate of shortening, muscle fibers are classified as either ______________ or ____________
Blank 1: fast or fast fibers
Blank 2: slow or slow fibers
What is the biggest hurdle to overcome for animals that move on land?
Multiple choice question.
Gravity
Lift
Air resistance
Friction
Gravity
Resistance exercise results in a(n) ______ in the thickness of individual muscle fibers, and thus a(n) ______ in the size of the muscle.
Multiple choice question.
decrease; increase
increase; decrease
increase; increase
decrease; decrease
increase; increase
Select all that apply
Which of the following are benefits of flying?
Multiple select question.
It is the least costly form of locomotion
Ability to evade land-based predators
Ability to scan surroundings over long distances
Access to habitats such as high cliffs
Ability to evade land-based predators
Ability to scan surroundings over long distances
Access to habitats such as high cliffs
Bone disease can be caused by defects in either the _____________ or _____________ components of bone.
Blank 1: mineral or inorganic
Blank 2: organic
The force required for animal locomotion is generated by ______.
Multiple choice question.
gravitational pull
muscular contraction
resistance
momentum
muscular contraction
Select all that apply
Improper mineral deposition in bone is usually due to ______.
Multiple select question.
inadequate phosphate production
inadequate calcium intake
impaired skeletal muscle function
inadequate calcium absorption
inadequate calcium intake
inadequate calcium absorption
The group of diseases known as muscular __________ is associated with the progressive degeneration of muscle fibers, which ultimately could lead to death from heart failure and other causes.
Blank 1: dystrophy
Select all that apply
Defects in which of the following components of bone can lead to bone disease?
Multiple select question.
Organic
Neural
Mineral
Lymphatic
Organic
Mineral
Rickets is a bone deformity in children caused by a deficiency in the dietary intake and inadequate absorption of what ion?
Multiple choice question.
Ca2+
Fe2+
Mg2+
H+
Na+
Ca2+
Select all that apply
Which of the following are associated with muscular dystrophy?
Multiple select question.
Increased Ca2+ deposition in bone
Overactive immune system
Heart failure
Progressive degeneration of muscle fibers
Heart failure
Progressive degeneration of muscle fibers
What is the correct sequence of events in cross-bridge cycling?
Question 1 options:
Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs, the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is “cocked”
Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is “cocked,” the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs
These events can occur in any sequence without affecting muscle function.
The powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is “cocked”
Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is “cocked”
Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is “cocked,” the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs
WRONG!!!!
A group of vertebrates that do not have bone are the
Question 2 options:
amphibians.
sharks.
ray-finned fishes.
reptiles.
sharks.
Earthworms have
Question 3 options:
an endoskeleton.
a peristaltic skeleton.
a hydrostatic skeleton.
an exoskeleton.
a hydrostatic skeleton.
Each skeletal muscle cell constitutes a single
Question 4 options:
muscle fiber.
sarcolemma.
myofibril.
motor unit.
sarcomere.
muscle fiber.
When experimentally applying curare to a muscle, you find that it does not contract when the motor neuron leading to it is electrically stimulated. If you knew that this toxin blocks acetylcholine receptors, what can you conclude about the failure to contract?
Question 5 options:
A contraction fails to occur because this toxin prevents cross-bridge formation and thereby directly prevents contraction.
A contraction fails to occur because neurotransmitter release by the motor neuron is blocked at the neuromuscular junction.
A contraction fails to occur because this toxin directly prevents calcium ion release from intracellular stores.
A contraction fails to occur because acetylcholine is not released from the motor neuron.
A contraction fails to occur because an action potential is not generated in the muscle cell.
A contraction fails to occur because an action potential is not generated in the muscle cell.
Walking or running are more energetically expensive forms of locomotion than either swimming or flying.
Question 7 options:
True
False
True
For the hierarchy of skeletal muscle organization, which accurately lists the order of structures from “small” to “big”?
Question 8 options:
myofibril, muscle fiber, sarcomere, motor unit
sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, motor unit
motor unit, sarcomere, muscle fiber, myofibril
motor unit, myofibril, muscle fiber, sarcomere
None of the choices are correct.
sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, motor unit
The primary reservoir for calcium that is released during excitation-contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle fiber is the
Question 9 options:
Golgi bodies.
transverse tubules.
troponin.
endoplasmic reticulum.
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
In our case study, we learned about the disease myasthenia gravis. In myasthenia gravis, there is a deficiency of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. This shortage blocks contraction by preventing
Question 10 options:
generation of action potentials in the motor neuron.
the interaction of troponin with tropomyosin.
opening of the T-tubule system.
release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
generation of action potentials in the muscle fiber.
generation of action potentials in the muscle fiber.
You would expect to find more mitochondria in glycolytic fibers than in oxidative fibers.
Question 12 options:
True
False
False
Imagine you have extracted myosin molecules from both fast and slow muscle fibers and are measuring the rate at which these proteins hydrolyze ATP. What would these relative rates of ATP hydrolysis be?
Question 13 options:
fast fiber > slow fiber
slow fiber = fast fiber
slow fiber > fast fiber
fast fiber > slow fiber
What would a scientist see when looking through a microscope at a piece of shoulder muscle?
Question 14 options:
striations with unbranched fibers
striations with branched fibers
no striations and branched fibers
no striations and unbranched fibers
The scientist would see none of the above features in shoulder muscle.
striations with unbranched fibers
Why are flexors and extensors considered antagonistic muscles?
Question 15 options:
One muscle group exerts a pulling force while the other exerts a pushing force.
Both muscle groups exert only a pulling force when they contract, but they produce opposing movements of the joint.
Both muscle groups bend a limb at the joint, but each can only contract while the other extends.
Hypertrophy of one muscle group induces atrophy of the other muscle group.
Both muscle groups exert only a pulling force when they contract, but they produce opposing movements of the joint.
