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Biology 2 > Chapter 45: Questions/Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 45: Questions/Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

The three types of muscle are ________, _________, and __________.

A

Blank 1: skeletal
Blank 2: smooth
Blank 3: cardiac

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2
Q

The movement of an individual animal from place to place is called __________

A

Blank 1: locomotion

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3
Q

A body structure that supports and protects the organism and plays a role in locomotion is called a(n) _________.

A

Blank 1: skeleton, exoskeleton, endoskeleton, or skeletal

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4
Q

Select all that apply

What are the types of skeletons found in the Kingdom Animalia?

Multiple select question.

Endoskeleton

Exoskeleton

Hydroskeleton

Chordaskeleton

Ectoskeleton

A

Endoskeleton

Exoskeleton

Hydroskeleton

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5
Q

Invertebrates that use water pressure to propel their bodies possess a type of skeleton called a(n) ___________.

A

Blank 1: hydroskeleton or hydroskeletons

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6
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are types of muscle?

Multiple select question.

Smooth

Cardiac

Hydrostatic

Skeletal

Endochondral

A

Smooth

Cardiac

Skeletal

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7
Q

An external skeleton that surrounds and protects most of the body’s surface is called a(n) ________ and is found in arthropods.

A

Blank 1: exoskeleton

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8
Q

Broadly defined, ______ is the movement of an animal from place to place.

Multiple choice question.

running

slithering

locomotion

hopping

walking

A

locomotion

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9
Q

Which skeleton type provides protection from the external environment and from predators?

Multiple choice question.

Exoskeleton

Endoskeleton

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

Exoskeleton

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10
Q

A skeleton is defined as a structure or structures that serve one or more functions related to ________, ___________, and __________.

A

Blank 1: support or structural support
Blank 2: locomotion, movement, or motion
Blank 3: protection

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11
Q

An internal hard skeleton covered by soft tissue is a(n) ______.

Multiple choice question.

endoskeleton

exoskeleton

hydrostatic skeleton

A

endoskeleton

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12
Q

A dynamic, living tissue, with both organic and mineral components that functions in support, protection, and movement is _________.

A

Bone

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13
Q

Hydroskeletons are found in some ______.

Multiple choice question.

arthropods

amphibians

segmented worms

hard-bodied invertebrates

soft-bodied invertebrates

A

soft-bodied invertebrates

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14
Q

In the vertebrate skeleton, bones are connected in ways that allow for _________, _________, and ____________.

A

Blank 1: support
Blank 2: protection, protection of internal structures, or protection of internal organs
Blank 3: movement, mobility, locomotion, or motion

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15
Q

Select all that apply

Choose all characteristics of an exoskeleton.

Multiple select question.

It is found immediately beneath the skin of an animal.

It is usually the main site of gas exchange.

It is found externally to the rest of the body.

It provides protection to the animal.

A

It is found externally to the rest of the body.

It provides protection to the animal.

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16
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are functions of exoskeletons?

Multiple select question.

Support for the body

Protection from the environment

Protection from predators

Secretion of minerals

Protection for internal organs

A

Support for the body

Protection from the environment

Protection from predators

Protection for internal organs

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17
Q

The heart is composed only of the __________ muscle type.

A

cardiac

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18
Q

An endoskeleton provides ____________ and _______ to internal organs but no protection to the body’s surface.

A

Blank 1: support

Blank 2: protection

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19
Q

As contractions of smooth muscle are involuntary, they are controlled by the ______ nervous system.

Multiple choice question.

sensory-somatic

central

autonomic

A

autonomic

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20
Q

True or false: Bone is a dead tissue, like hair or fingernails.

True false question.
True
False

A

False

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21
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following structures contain smooth muscle?

Multiple select question.

Uterus

Biceps

Heart

Tongue

Veins

A

Uterus

Veins

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22
Q

Select all that apply

What are functions of the vertebrate skeleton?

Multiple select question.

External protection

Movement

Internal protection

Support

A

Movement

Internal protection

Support

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23
Q

The cells that make up muscles are called ______.

Multiple choice question.

muscle fibers

myofibrils

fascicles

A

muscle fibers

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24
Q

The three types of muscle found in vertebrates are ________ muscle, _________ muscle, and _________ muscle.

A

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

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25
Q

The cytosol of muscle fibers contains numerous bundles called ______.

Multiple choice question.

tendons

fascicles

ligaments

myofibrils

A

myofibrils

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26
Q

Each thick filament is made up of many ________ proteins arranged so that the hinges and __________ extend outward, forming cross-bridges.

A

myosin; heads

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27
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle controls ______.

Multiple choice question.

movement of blood from the left ventricle to the large arteries

movement of contents within tubes and hollow organs

gross motor movements

A

movement of contents within tubes and hollow organs

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28
Q

The sequence of events from the time that a cross-bridge binds to a thin filament, through the movement, to the time that it is ready to bind again is known as the cross-bridge _________.

A

Cycle

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29
Q

Where in the vertebrate body is smooth muscle found?

Multiple choice question.

Surrounding hollow organs and tubes

Connecting to bones and ligaments

Forming the entirety of the heart

A

Surrounding hollow organs and tubes

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30
Q

Click and drag on elements in order

Order the four stages of the cross-bridge cycle of skeletal muscle. Place the event that occurs first at the top of the list.

The cross-bridge is reset by ATP hydrolysis

ATP binds to myosin; cross-bridge detaches

Release of phosphate results in movement of the cross-bridge and thin filament.

Ca2+ levels rise, triggering the cross-bridge to bind to actin.

A

Ca2+ levels rise

Release of phosphate results in movement

ATP binds

The cross-bridge is reset

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31
Q

Individual muscle cells are also called muscle _______

A

fibers

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32
Q

Muscle fibers are composed of bundles of _________.

A

Blank 1: myofibrils or myofibril

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33
Q

List the four stages of the cross-bridge cycle.

A

Binding, power stroke, detaching, resetting

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34
Q

Myosin proteins have a structure that includes ______.

Multiple choice question.

1 tail, 1 hinge, and 2 heads

1 tail, 2 hinges, and 1 head

2 tails, 2 hinges, and 2 heads

2 tails, 1 hinge, and 1 head

A

2 tails, 2 hinges, and 2 heads

Makes sense since they extend to both sides of the M line in the H zone.

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35
Q

Cross-bridge cycling in skeletal muscle occurs in four main stages. During one of these stages, the binding of a new ________ molecule to the myosin cross-bridge results in the breaking of the actin-myosin bond.

A

Blank 1: ATP, adenosine triphosphate, or adenosinetriphosphate

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36
Q

In the cross-bridge cycle of skeletal muscle contraction, a cross-bridge is formed when ________ in the thick filament binds to _________ in the thin filament, pulling the thin filament to the center of the sarcomere in the power stroke.

A

Blank 1: myosin

Blank 2: actin

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37
Q

A rod-shaped protein arranged end to end along the actin thin filament is ______.

Multiple choice question.

troponin

trypsin

tryptophan

tropomyosin

A

tropomyosin

38
Q

What protein directly blocks the myosin-binding site of an actin molecule in the absence of Ca2+?

Multiple choice question.

Trypsin

Tryptophan

Troponin

Tropomyosin

A

Tropomyosin

39
Q

The cells that make up muscles are called ______.

Multiple choice question.

muscle fibers

myofibrils

fascicles

A

muscle fibers

40
Q

What happens when Ca2+ is bound to troponin?

Multiple choice question.

Actin is released and the myosin-tropomyosin cross-bridges are unable to form.

Tropomyosin is released and the myosin-actin cross-bridges are unable to form.

Actin is released and the myosin-tropomyosin cross-bridges can form.

Tropomyosin is released and the myosin-actin cross-bridges can form.

A

Tropomyosin is released and the myosin-actin cross-bridges can form.

41
Q

The linkage of the action potential in the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber to the action of the muscle is called ______.

Multiple choice question.

excitation-response coupling

stimulus-contraction coupling

stimulus-response coupling

excitation-contraction coupling

A

excitation-contraction coupling

42
Q

What needs to happen in order for the cross-bridge to detach from the actin filament?

Multiple choice question.

Phosphorous is released from myosin.

ATP is hydrolyzed.

ATP binds to myosin.

Calcium levels must rise.

A

ATP binds to myosin.

43
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum acts as a reservoir for ______ ions.

Multiple choice question.

sodium

potassium

phosphate

calcium

A

calcium

44
Q

Tropomyosin is composed of two intertwining rod-shaped proteins that are arranged along the ______ filament.

Multiple choice question.

actin

troponin

thick

myosin

A

actin

45
Q

Neurons in the CNS that transmit signals to control muscles are called ______.

Multiple choice question.

sensory neurons

myofibrils

motor neurons

interneurons

A

motor neurons

46
Q

Tropomyosin is a protein that can block the ______ binding site of a(n) ______ molecule.

Multiple choice question.

actin; myosin

troponin; actin

actin; troponin

myosin; actin

A

myosin; actin

47
Q

The junction between a motor neuron’s axon and a skeletal muscle fiber is the __________ junction

A

neuromuscular

48
Q

The sequence of events by which an action potential in the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber leads to cross-bridge activity is known as __________-__________ coupling.

A

Blank 1: excitation

Blank 2: contraction

49
Q

How is excess acetylcholine dealt with?

Multiple choice question.

It is converted into calcium.

It is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.

It is processed by the kidneys.

It is used to make ATP.

A

It is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.

50
Q

The ___________ _________ of a muscle fiber acts as a reservoir for the Ca2+ needed during muscle contraction.

A

Blank 1: sarcoplasmic

Blank 2: reticulum

51
Q

Select all that apply

The following statements describe motor neurons. Which ones are true?

Multiple select question.

They transmit signals to the CNS.

They activate muscle contractions.

Their cell bodies are located in the CNS.

They transmit signals away from the CNS.

Their cell bodies are located in the PNS.

They provide sensory feedback about muscle status.

A

They activate muscle contractions.

Their cell bodies are located in the CNS.

They transmit signals away from the CNS.

52
Q

Based on their rate of shortening, muscle fibers are classified as either _____________ or ___________.

A

Fast; slow

53
Q

What protein directly blocks the myosin-binding site of an actin molecule in the absence of Ca2+?

Multiple choice question.

Tropomyosin

Tryptophan

Troponin

Trypsin

A

Tropomyosin

54
Q

A slow fiber is a skeletal muscle fiber that contains myosin with a ______ rate of ATP hydrolysis.

Multiple choice question.

high

low

A

low

55
Q

The place where a motor neuron connects to the muscle fiber is known as the ______.

Multiple choice question.

transverse tubule

neuromuscular junction

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

neuromuscular junction

56
Q

Based on the way in which they produce the ATP needed for contraction, muscle fibers are classified as either __________ or ___________.

A

Oxidative; glycolytic

57
Q

Excess acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is broken down by an enzyme called __________.

A

acetylcholinesterase

58
Q

What skeletal muscle fiber type fatigues most easily?

Multiple choice question.

Slow-oxidative

Fast-oxidative

Fast-glycolytic

A

Fast-glycolytic

59
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum acts as a reservoir for ______ ions.

Multiple choice question.

calcium

sodium

phosphate

potassium

A

calcium

60
Q

Fast-oxidative fibers are used for prolonged, ______ activity.

Multiple choice question.

slow

low-level

rapid

unhurried

A

rapid

61
Q

The classification of muscle fibers as either fast or slow is based upon their ______________ of shortening.

A

rate or speed

62
Q

A skeletal muscle fiber containing myosin with a low rate of ATP hydrolysis is a(n) _____________ fiber

A

slow

63
Q

An increase in muscle size is the direct result of an increase in the number of ______.

Multiple choice question.

myofibrils

tendons

fascicles

muscle fibers

A

myofibrils

64
Q

The classification of muscle fibers as either oxidative or glycolytic is based on the way in which they produce the ___________ needed for contraction.

A

Blank 1: ATP, adenosine triphosphate, or adenosinetriphosphate

65
Q

Select all that apply

Which two of the three major types of skeletal muscle fibers are slow to fatigue?

Multiple select question.

Fast-oxidative

Slow-oxidative

Fast-glycolytic

A

Fast-oxidative

Slow-oxidative

66
Q

The result of muscular contractions that exert force on the skeleton is known as __________

A

locomotion or movement

67
Q

Streamlining is an adaptation that ______ resistance in aquatic locomotion.

Multiple choice question.

has no effect on

decreases

increases

A

decreases

68
Q

Based on their rate of shortening, muscle fibers are classified as either ______________ or ____________

A

Blank 1: fast or fast fibers

Blank 2: slow or slow fibers

69
Q

What is the biggest hurdle to overcome for animals that move on land?

Multiple choice question.

Gravity

Lift

Air resistance

Friction

A

Gravity

70
Q

Resistance exercise results in a(n) ______ in the thickness of individual muscle fibers, and thus a(n) ______ in the size of the muscle.

Multiple choice question.

decrease; increase

increase; decrease

increase; increase

decrease; decrease

A

increase; increase

71
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are benefits of flying?

Multiple select question.

It is the least costly form of locomotion

Ability to evade land-based predators

Ability to scan surroundings over long distances

Access to habitats such as high cliffs

A

Ability to evade land-based predators

Ability to scan surroundings over long distances

Access to habitats such as high cliffs

72
Q

Bone disease can be caused by defects in either the _____________ or _____________ components of bone.

A

Blank 1: mineral or inorganic

Blank 2: organic

73
Q

The force required for animal locomotion is generated by ______.

Multiple choice question.

gravitational pull

muscular contraction

resistance

momentum

A

muscular contraction

74
Q

Select all that apply

Improper mineral deposition in bone is usually due to ______.

Multiple select question.

inadequate phosphate production

inadequate calcium intake

impaired skeletal muscle function

inadequate calcium absorption

A

inadequate calcium intake

inadequate calcium absorption

75
Q

The group of diseases known as muscular __________ is associated with the progressive degeneration of muscle fibers, which ultimately could lead to death from heart failure and other causes.

A

Blank 1: dystrophy

76
Q

Select all that apply

Defects in which of the following components of bone can lead to bone disease?

Multiple select question.

Organic

Neural

Mineral

Lymphatic

A

Organic

Mineral

77
Q

Rickets is a bone deformity in children caused by a deficiency in the dietary intake and inadequate absorption of what ion?

Multiple choice question.

Ca2+

Fe2+

Mg2+

H+

Na+

A

Ca2+

78
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are associated with muscular dystrophy?

Multiple select question.

Increased Ca2+ deposition in bone

Overactive immune system

Heart failure

Progressive degeneration of muscle fibers

A

Heart failure

Progressive degeneration of muscle fibers

79
Q

What is the correct sequence of events in cross-bridge cycling?
Question 1 options:

Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs, the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is “cocked”

Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is “cocked,” the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs

These events can occur in any sequence without affecting muscle function.

The powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is “cocked”

Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is “cocked”

A

Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is “cocked,” the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs

WRONG!!!!

80
Q

A group of vertebrates that do not have bone are the
Question 2 options:

amphibians.

sharks.

ray-finned fishes.

reptiles.

A

sharks.

81
Q

Earthworms have
Question 3 options:

an endoskeleton.

a peristaltic skeleton.

a hydrostatic skeleton.

an exoskeleton.

A

a hydrostatic skeleton.

82
Q

Each skeletal muscle cell constitutes a single
Question 4 options:

muscle fiber.

sarcolemma.

myofibril.

motor unit.

sarcomere.

A

muscle fiber.

83
Q

When experimentally applying curare to a muscle, you find that it does not contract when the motor neuron leading to it is electrically stimulated. If you knew that this toxin blocks acetylcholine receptors, what can you conclude about the failure to contract?
Question 5 options:

A contraction fails to occur because this toxin prevents cross-bridge formation and thereby directly prevents contraction.

A contraction fails to occur because neurotransmitter release by the motor neuron is blocked at the neuromuscular junction.

A contraction fails to occur because this toxin directly prevents calcium ion release from intracellular stores.

A contraction fails to occur because acetylcholine is not released from the motor neuron.

A contraction fails to occur because an action potential is not generated in the muscle cell.

A

A contraction fails to occur because an action potential is not generated in the muscle cell.

84
Q

Walking or running are more energetically expensive forms of locomotion than either swimming or flying.
Question 7 options:

True

False

A

True

85
Q

For the hierarchy of skeletal muscle organization, which accurately lists the order of structures from “small” to “big”?
Question 8 options:

myofibril, muscle fiber, sarcomere, motor unit

sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, motor unit

motor unit, sarcomere, muscle fiber, myofibril

motor unit, myofibril, muscle fiber, sarcomere

None of the choices are correct.

A

sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, motor unit

86
Q

The primary reservoir for calcium that is released during excitation-contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle fiber is the
Question 9 options:

Golgi bodies.

transverse tubules.

troponin.

endoplasmic reticulum.

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

87
Q

In our case study, we learned about the disease myasthenia gravis. In myasthenia gravis, there is a deficiency of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. This shortage blocks contraction by preventing
Question 10 options:

generation of action potentials in the motor neuron.

the interaction of troponin with tropomyosin.

opening of the T-tubule system.

release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

generation of action potentials in the muscle fiber.

A

generation of action potentials in the muscle fiber.

88
Q

You would expect to find more mitochondria in glycolytic fibers than in oxidative fibers.
Question 12 options:

True

False

A

False

89
Q

Imagine you have extracted myosin molecules from both fast and slow muscle fibers and are measuring the rate at which these proteins hydrolyze ATP. What would these relative rates of ATP hydrolysis be?
Question 13 options:

fast fiber > slow fiber

slow fiber = fast fiber

slow fiber > fast fiber

A

fast fiber > slow fiber

90
Q

What would a scientist see when looking through a microscope at a piece of shoulder muscle?
Question 14 options:

striations with unbranched fibers

striations with branched fibers

no striations and branched fibers

no striations and unbranched fibers

The scientist would see none of the above features in shoulder muscle.

A

striations with unbranched fibers

91
Q

Why are flexors and extensors considered antagonistic muscles?
Question 15 options:

One muscle group exerts a pulling force while the other exerts a pushing force.

Both muscle groups exert only a pulling force when they contract, but they produce opposing movements of the joint.

Both muscle groups bend a limb at the joint, but each can only contract while the other extends.

Hypertrophy of one muscle group induces atrophy of the other muscle group.

A

Both muscle groups exert only a pulling force when they contract, but they produce opposing movements of the joint.

Biology 2 (61 decks)

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