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Biology 2 > Chapter 35: Vertebrates (Questions/Quiz) > Flashcards

Chapter 35: Vertebrates (Questions/Quiz) Flashcards

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1
Q

A vertebrate is an animal with a

Multiple choice question.

a backbone

a stomach

limbs

lungs

A

a backbone

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2
Q

MATCH THE TERMS!

Cephalochordates
Urochordates
Vertebrata

Fishes
Lancelets
Tunicates

A

Cephalochordates
matches Lancelets

Urochordates
matches Tunicates

Vertebrata
matchesFishes

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3
Q

The vertebrates include four main types of animals: _______, __________, __________, and __________.

A

fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

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4
Q

Match each type of vertebrate with a key innovation their common ancestor with other vertebrates was the first to exemplify:

  1. Veterbral column
  2. Jaws
  3. Bony Skeleton
  4. Legs
  5. Amniotic egg
  6. Milk
A Ray-finned fishes
B Mammals
C Sharks
D Lampreys
E Reptiles
F Amphibians
A 
1D
2C
3A
4F
5E
6B
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5
Q

Select all that apply

Traits that are unique to vertebrates include:

Multiple select question.

a notochord

an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone

structures that can sense the environment

a vertebral column

a cranium

A

an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone

a vertebral column

a cranium

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6
Q

Select all that apply

Distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrates include:

Multiple select question.

a vertebral column

four legs or leglike appendages

jaws

fur

a cranium

an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage

multiple clusters of Hox genes

A

a vertebral column
a cranium
an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage

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7
Q

The presence of a vertebral column, a cranium, a neural crest, an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage, and a diversity of internal organs are the distinguishing characteristics of what group?

Multiple choice question.

Amniotes

Hominins

Tetrapods

Vertebrates

A

Vertebrates

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8
Q

Chordates are divided into three subphyla: ________, ____________, and ___________

A

Cephalochordates, urochordates, vertebrates

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9
Q

Multiple clusters of _______ genes are thought to have been responsible for the complex morphologies of the vertebrates compared to invertebrate chordates.

A

Hox

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10
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following groups of animals are vertebrates?

Multiple select question.

Reptiles

Worms

Insects

Fishes

Amphibians

Lancelets

Mammals

A

Reptiles

Fishes

Amphibians

Mammals

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11
Q

Jawless vertebrates belong to the class

Multiple choice question.

Amphibia

Chondrichthyes

Sarcopterygii

Cyclostomata

Reptilia

A

Cyclostomata

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12
Q

Match each group of vertebrates with a key innovation that defines their common ancestor:

Vetebral column, cranium
Jaws
Legs
Amniotic Egg

Tetrapods
Vertebrates
Amniotes
Gnathostomes

A

1B
2D
3A
4C

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13
Q

Marine cyclostomes that lack eyes, jaws, and vertebrae are:

Multiple choice question.

hagfish

lungfish

skates

tunicates

A

hagfish

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14
Q

Which feature is common to both vertebrates and more primitive chordates?

Multiple choice question.

An endoskeleton of cartilage

An endoskeleton of bone

A notochord

A vertebral column

A

A notochord

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15
Q

Select all that apply

Distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrates include:

Multiple select question.

jaws

a cranium

multiple clusters of Hox genes

four legs or leglike appendages

fur

a vertebral column

an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage

A

a cranium

multiple clusters of Hox genes

a vertebral column

an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage

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16
Q

What organisms can be characterized as jawless fishes with a rudimentary vertebral column surrounding a notochord?

Multiple choice question.

Lampreys

Lungfishes

Skates

Coelacanths

A

Lampreys

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17
Q

How is the presence of multiple clusters of Hox genes thought to have influenced vertebrate evolution?

Multiple choice question.

They are responsible for the colonization of land by tetrapods

Giving rise to the development of the vertebral column

Allowing for more complex morphologies than those of invertebrate chordates

Giving rise to the development of the jaw

Allowing for an enlarged brain, which led to vertebrates colonizing a wider range of ecological niches

A

Allowing for more complex morphologies than those of invertebrate chordates

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18
Q

Any vertebrate that has a mouth with jaws is known as a(n) __________

A

gnathostome

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19
Q

What do members of the class Cyclostomata have in common?

Multiple choice question.

They are amniotes.

They are jawless.

They have lobed fins.

They descended from the dinosaurs.

They are direct ancestors of humans.

A

They are jawless.

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20
Q

___________ are a diverse clade of vertebrates that includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

A

Gnathostomes

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21
Q

Select all that apply

Hagfish lack a number of characteristics that are found in most other vertebrates. Such characteristics include:

Multiple select question.

eyes

fins/appendages

cranium

brain

jaws

neural crest

vertebrae

A

eyes

fins/appendages

jaws

vertebrae

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22
Q

Which of the following was the earliest lineage of gnathostomes to diverge?

Multiple choice question.

Amphibians

Reptiles

Lampreys

Fish

A

Fish

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23
Q

Select all that apply

Traits that are unique to vertebrates include:

Multiple select question.

structures that can sense the environment

an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone

a notochord

a cranium

a vertebral column

A

an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone

a cranium

a vertebral column

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24
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are clades of jawed fishes?

Multiple select question.

Sarcopterygii

Actinopterygii

Chondrichthyes

Cyclostomata

Amphibia

A

Sarcopterygii

Actinopterygii

Chondrichthyes

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25
Q

Characteristics of lampreys include:

Multiple select question.

a rudimentary vertebral column

a hinged jaw

an oil-filled swim bladder

spawning in freshwater habitats

a larval stage that lasts for 3 to 7 years

true appendages

A

a rudimentary vertebral column

spawning in freshwater habitats

a larval stage that lasts for 3 to 7 years

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26
Q

The evolutionary advent of the ______ was significant because it enabled animals to grip prey more firmly, and to attack larger species, thus increasing the available food supply.

Multiple choice question.

swim bladder

keeled sternum

amniotic egg

jawed mouth

A

jawed mouth

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27
Q

All vertebrate species that possess jaws are called:

Multiple choice question.

chordates

tetrapods

craniates

gnathostomes

A

gnathostomes

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28
Q

The hinged jaw of gnathostomes evolved from:

Multiple choice question.

gill arches

the zygomatic arch of the skull

the inner ear elements

spinous processes

A

gill arches

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29
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are gnathostomes?

Multiple select question.

amphibians

reptiles

lancelets

jawless fishes

lobe-finned fishes

lampreys

ray-finned fishes

A

amphibians

reptiles

lobe-finned fishes

ray-finned fishes

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30
Q

The skeleton of Chondrichthyans is made of ___________, as oppose to bone.

A

cartilage

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31
Q

Fish were the earliest members of the ______ to diverge.

Multiple choice question.

tetrapods

amniotes

gnathostomes

A

gnathostomes

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32
Q

Select all that apply

From a molecular phylogenetic point of view, which of the following animals are members of the monophyletic clade osteichthyans?

Multiple select question.

Stingray

Hagfish

Shark

Horse

Coelacanth

Salmon

Salamander

A

Horse

Coelacanth

Salmon

Salamander

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33
Q

Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii are the two living clades of ______ fish.

Multiple choice question.

jawless

chondrichthyan

bony

cartilaginous

A

bony

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34
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following best describes why the jawed mouth was a significant evolutionary development?

Multiple select question.

It broadened the range of available prey items..

It enabled more efficient prey capture.

It enabled sound production.

It increased the efficiency of filter feeding.

A

It broadened the range of available prey items..

It enabled more efficient prey capture.

35
Q

Which of the following features differentiate bony fishes from cartilaginous fishes?

Multiple select question.

The lateral line system

The swim bladder

The operculum

A bony skeleton

Internal fertilization

A

The swim bladder

The operculum

A bony skeleton

36
Q

The hinged jaw developed from gill __________, cartilaginous or bony rods that help to support the gills.

A

arches

37
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following lineages evolved from a lobe-finned ancestor?

Multiple select question.

The lungfishes

The sharks

The tunicates

The lampreys

The coelacanths

The tetrapods

A

The lungfishes

The coelacanths

The tetrapods

38
Q

Chondrichthyans are known as the:

Multiple choice question.

jawed fishes

jawless fishes

bony fishes

ray-finned fishes

cartilaginous fishes

A

cartilaginous fishes

39
Q

The transition to life on land involved a large number of adaptations. Paramount among these were adaptations preventing ____________ and making __________ and reproduction on land possible.

A

dessication; locomotion

40
Q

According to modern phylogenetic systematics, which of the following groups are osteichthyans?

Multiple choice question.

All vertebrates with a bony skeleton

Only tetrapods

Only cartilaginous fish

Only bony fish

Mammals plus reptiles

A

All vertebrates with a bony skeleton

41
Q

Select all of the following that are groups of bony fishes.

Multiple select question.

Cyclostomata

Sarcopterygii

Actinopterygii

Chondrichthyes

A

Sarcopterygii

Actinopterygii

42
Q

Which of the following terms is used to describe vertebrates that have four legs or leglike appendages?

Multiple choice question.

Amniotes

Gnathostomes

Osteichthyans

Tetrapods

Lobe-finned fishes

A

Tetrapods

43
Q

The presence of a bony skeleton, an operculum, and a swim bladder are features that distinguish ______ fish.

Multiple choice question.

bony

all types of

jawless

cartilaginous

A

bony

44
Q

Three lineages, the coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods, are thought to be derived from an ancestor that was a:

Multiple choice question.

lobe-finned fish

lamprey

cartilaginous fish

hagfish

A

lobe-finned fish

45
Q

Vertebrate limb development is controlled by groups of genes called _________ genes, which are present in all animals.

A

hox

46
Q

Limbs, a sturdy vertebral column and hip bones, lungs, and desiccation-resistant skin are all adaptations for what type of lifestyle?

Multiple choice question.

Fossorial

Terrestrial

Marine

Arboreal

Aquatic

A

Terrestrial

47
Q

Amphibians have successfully invaded the land; however, most are tied to water for ___________.

A

reproduction

48
Q

Birds, mammals, lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodiles form a group known as the _______, united by the fact that they all possess a hard-shelled egg.

A

amniotes

49
Q

Vertebrate animals that have four legs or leglike appendages are in a group called the ___________, which includes amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

A

tetrapods

50
Q

The development of the shelled egg is considered to be a “key innovation” primarily because it meant that:

Multiple choice question.

eggs could develop independent of water

the egg-layer did not have to rely on external fertilization

it increased the rate of embryonic development

the pelvic girdle of tetrapods had to shift to accommodate the laying of a hard-shelled egg

young tetrapods had to be precocial enough to break out of a tough-shelled egg

A

eggs could develop independent of water

51
Q

Give the terms for the structures of the amniotic egg described below. A disposal sac for metabolic wastes produced by the developing embryo: _________

A sac enclosing a stockpile of nutrients for the developing embryo: ____________ sac.

The innermost membrane, which protects the developing embryo within a fluid-filled sac: ___________.

Along with another structure, provides gas exchange between the embryo and the surrounding environment: _____________

A

allantois, yolk, amnion, chorion

52
Q

Why is the classic scheme of amniote classification being disputed?

Multiple choice question.

Because birds share many characters with reptiles

Because crocodiles may not be traditionally ectothermic

Because birds are warm-blooded

Because snakes, lizards and turtles are very different

Because mammals are sufficiently different from other egg-laying amniotes

A

Because birds share many characters with reptiles

53
Q

What critical innovation evolved in the common ancestor of the amniotes?

Multiple choice question.

A vertebral column

Feathers

Jaws

A hard-shelled egg

Tetrapody

A

A hard-shelled egg

54
Q

Archaeopteryx, Caudipteryx, and Confuciusornis are transitional forms between

Multiple choice question.

mammals and reptiles.

birds and mammals.

dinosaurs and birds.

reptiles and amphibians.

A

dinosaurs and birds.

55
Q

A critical innovation in animal evolution was the development of a(n) ___________ egg that shelters the developing embryo from desiccating conditions on land.

A

shelled

56
Q

Scaly feet and shelled eggs are features that reflect the __________ ancestry of birds.

A

dinosaur

57
Q

Most birds share a generalized body shape because of the strict demands of ___________.

A

Flight

58
Q

Match the structures of the amniotic egg with their functions.

Amnion
Yolk sac
Allantois
Chorion
Albumin

the innermost membrane; protects the developing embryo within a fluid-filled sac

encloses a stockpile of nutrients for the developing embryo

gas exchange; acts as a disposal sac for metabolic wastes

gas exchange

stores nutrients; also known as “egg white”

A 
1A
2B
3C
4D
5E
59
Q

Mammals evolved from small mammal-like ______ that went extinct about _______.

amphibians; 170 mya

amphibians; 53 mya

reptiles; 170 mya

reptiles; 53 mya

A

reptiles; 170 mya

60
Q

Modern systematists have argued that the classic amniote classification scheme should be revised to better reflect shared characters between _________ and classic reptiles.

A

birds

61
Q

Select all that apply

What characteristics distinguish the mammals?

Multiple select question.

Endothermy

Mammary glands

Specialized teeth

Hair

Internal fertilization

Enlarged skull

A

Mammary glands

Specialized teeth

Hair

Enlarged skull

62
Q

Select all that apply

Transitional forms between dinosaurs and modern birds include:

Multiple select question.

Confuciusornis

Caudipteryx

Pterosaurs

Stegosaurus

Archaeopteryx

Tyrannosaurus

A

Confuciusornis

Caudipteryx

Archaeopteryx

63
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are characteristics of modern birds that reflect their reptilian ancestry?

Multiple select question.

Air sacs

Feathers

Hollow bones

Shelled eggs

Scaly legs and feet

A

Shelled eggs

Scaly legs and feet

64
Q

The three main types of mammals are: ___________, _____________, and placental mammals.

A

Monotremes; Marsupials

65
Q

What is the MOST significant constraint on avian morphology?

Multiple choice question.

Reproduction

Flight

Diet

Habitat

A

Flight

66
Q

The first _______ appeared in the fossil record around 225 million years ago, in the mid-Triassic period.

Multiple choice question.

birds

primates

gnathostomes

amphibians

mammals

A

mammals

67
Q

The four features that distinguish mammals are the possession of mammary glands, __________, specialized ________, and an enlarged __________.

A

fur; teeth; cranium

68
Q

Milk is important for young mammals to promote rapid ___________

A

growth

69
Q

Match the clade of mammals with its appropiate description.

Prototherians
Metatherians
Eutherians

Placental mammals
Marsupial mammals
Egg-laying mammals

A

Proto and eggs
Meta and Mars
Euth and placental

70
Q

A key derived character of sharks and rays that distinguishes them from ray-finned fishes is
Question 1 options:

a skeleton made of cartilage

vertebrae.

a skull

calcified (hard) bones.

jaws and a swim bladder.

A

a skeleton made of cartilage

71
Q

In our Tale of Three Lice case study, we learned that the oldest needles found in archaeological sites date back to about

Question 2 options:

10,000 years.

40,000 years,

72,000 years.

100,000 years.

A

40,000 years,

72
Q

Which of the following is the first distinctively hominin trait to appear in the fossil record?
Question 3 options:

sophisticated stone tools

upright walking (bipedalism)

increased brain size

a very long period of parental care

A

upright walking (bipedalism)

73
Q

In our Tale of Three Lice case study, the last common ancestor of human head lice and chimp head lice existed

Question 4 options:

100,000 years ago, on an early human.

20 milliion years ago, on an early ape ancestor.

6 million years ago, when ancestral chimps and hominins diverged.

A

6 million years ago, when ancestral chimps and hominins diverged.

74
Q

A distinguishing feature of the Squamata is their
Question 5 options:

hard shell.

external fertilization.

kinetic skull.

shell-less eggs.

A

kinetic skull

75
Q

How could a primatologist distinguish between a monkey and an ape?
Question 6 options:

Binocular vision

Grasping hands

No claws

Tail

All of the above are found in apes and monkeys.

A

Tail

76
Q

The human lineage began to diverge from those of other primates about
Question 7 options:

210 million years ago.

5-6 million years ago.

64 million years ago.

18 million years ago.

153 million years ago.

A

153 million years ago WRONG

77
Q

The hominin group includes

Question 8 options:

all anthropoids.

Homo sapiens only

Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives.

humans and all other apes.

A

Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives.

78
Q

What is the function of the lateral line?
Question 9 options:

Amplifying the light that reaches the eyes.

Sensing the electrical signals given off by living organisms.

Attracting mates by flashing bright colors.

Pumping oxygenated water across the gills.

Detecting movement by sensing changes in water pressure.

A

Detecting movement by sensing changes in water pressure.

79
Q

In our Tale of Three Lice case study, we learned that human pubic lice is most closely related to the lice found on what other primate?

Question 10 options:

chimpanzees

old world monkeys

gorillas

gibbons

A

Gorilla

80
Q

A paleontologists finds a relatively complete skeleton but isn’t sure if it is a hominin fossil or one of the other apes. Which of the following features would not help distinguish between the two choices?

Question 11 options:

position of the opening in the skull for the spinal cord

the design of the pelvis – how wide or how narrow

the relative length of the hind limbs vs. the upper limbs

the position of the eyes

All of the above would be useful

A

the design of the pelvis – how wide or how narrow WRONG

81
Q

In our Tale of Three Lice case study, we learned that the data supported the conclusion that human head lice and pubic lice shared a last common ancestor that lived on a hominin host about 6 million years ago.

Question 12 options:

True

False

A

True WRONG

82
Q

All humans alive today have inherited their mitochondrial DNA from some individual female common ancestor. Studies indicate this woman probably lived about ________ years ago, when fossil evidence indicates that Homo sapiens was restricted to ________.

Question 13 options:

180,000; Africa

500,000; Africa, Asia, and Europe

50,000; Africa and Asia

20,000; Africa

A

180,000; Africa

83
Q

Dinosaurs are most closely related to
Question 14 options:

amphibians

crocodilians

lizards

mammals

turtles

A

crocodilians

84
Q

The swim bladder is an organ in primitive fish from which the lungs of terrestrial vertebrates developed.

Question 15 options:

True

False

A

false

Biology 2 (61 decks)

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