Chapter 35: Vertebrates (Questions/Quiz) Flashcards
A vertebrate is an animal with a
Multiple choice question.
a backbone
a stomach
limbs
lungs
a backbone
MATCH THE TERMS!
Cephalochordates
Urochordates
Vertebrata
Fishes
Lancelets
Tunicates
Cephalochordates
matches Lancelets
Urochordates
matches Tunicates
Vertebrata
matchesFishes
The vertebrates include four main types of animals: _______, __________, __________, and __________.
fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
Match each type of vertebrate with a key innovation their common ancestor with other vertebrates was the first to exemplify:
- Veterbral column
- Jaws
- Bony Skeleton
- Legs
- Amniotic egg
- Milk
A Ray-finned fishes B Mammals C Sharks D Lampreys E Reptiles F Amphibians
1D 2C 3A 4F 5E 6B
Select all that apply
Traits that are unique to vertebrates include:
Multiple select question.
a notochord
an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone
structures that can sense the environment
a vertebral column
a cranium
an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone
a vertebral column
a cranium
Select all that apply
Distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrates include:
Multiple select question.
a vertebral column
four legs or leglike appendages
jaws
fur
a cranium
an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage
multiple clusters of Hox genes
a vertebral column
a cranium
an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage
The presence of a vertebral column, a cranium, a neural crest, an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage, and a diversity of internal organs are the distinguishing characteristics of what group?
Multiple choice question.
Amniotes
Hominins
Tetrapods
Vertebrates
Vertebrates
Chordates are divided into three subphyla: ________, ____________, and ___________
Cephalochordates, urochordates, vertebrates
Multiple clusters of _______ genes are thought to have been responsible for the complex morphologies of the vertebrates compared to invertebrate chordates.
Hox
Select all that apply
Which of the following groups of animals are vertebrates?
Multiple select question.
Reptiles
Worms
Insects
Fishes
Amphibians
Lancelets
Mammals
Reptiles
Fishes
Amphibians
Mammals
Jawless vertebrates belong to the class
Multiple choice question.
Amphibia
Chondrichthyes
Sarcopterygii
Cyclostomata
Reptilia
Cyclostomata
Match each group of vertebrates with a key innovation that defines their common ancestor:
Vetebral column, cranium
Jaws
Legs
Amniotic Egg
Tetrapods
Vertebrates
Amniotes
Gnathostomes
1B
2D
3A
4C
Marine cyclostomes that lack eyes, jaws, and vertebrae are:
Multiple choice question.
hagfish
lungfish
skates
tunicates
hagfish
Which feature is common to both vertebrates and more primitive chordates?
Multiple choice question.
An endoskeleton of cartilage
An endoskeleton of bone
A notochord
A vertebral column
A notochord
Select all that apply
Distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrates include:
Multiple select question.
jaws
a cranium
multiple clusters of Hox genes
four legs or leglike appendages
fur
a vertebral column
an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage
a cranium
multiple clusters of Hox genes
a vertebral column
an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage
What organisms can be characterized as jawless fishes with a rudimentary vertebral column surrounding a notochord?
Multiple choice question.
Lampreys
Lungfishes
Skates
Coelacanths
Lampreys
How is the presence of multiple clusters of Hox genes thought to have influenced vertebrate evolution?
Multiple choice question.
They are responsible for the colonization of land by tetrapods
Giving rise to the development of the vertebral column
Allowing for more complex morphologies than those of invertebrate chordates
Giving rise to the development of the jaw
Allowing for an enlarged brain, which led to vertebrates colonizing a wider range of ecological niches
Allowing for more complex morphologies than those of invertebrate chordates
Any vertebrate that has a mouth with jaws is known as a(n) __________
gnathostome
What do members of the class Cyclostomata have in common?
Multiple choice question.
They are amniotes.
They are jawless.
They have lobed fins.
They descended from the dinosaurs.
They are direct ancestors of humans.
They are jawless.
___________ are a diverse clade of vertebrates that includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Gnathostomes
Select all that apply
Hagfish lack a number of characteristics that are found in most other vertebrates. Such characteristics include:
Multiple select question.
eyes
fins/appendages
cranium
brain
jaws
neural crest
vertebrae
eyes
fins/appendages
jaws
vertebrae
Which of the following was the earliest lineage of gnathostomes to diverge?
Multiple choice question.
Amphibians
Reptiles
Lampreys
Fish
Fish
Select all that apply
Traits that are unique to vertebrates include:
Multiple select question.
structures that can sense the environment
an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone
a notochord
a cranium
a vertebral column
an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone
a cranium
a vertebral column
Select all that apply
Which of the following are clades of jawed fishes?
Multiple select question.
Sarcopterygii
Actinopterygii
Chondrichthyes
Cyclostomata
Amphibia
Sarcopterygii
Actinopterygii
Chondrichthyes
Characteristics of lampreys include:
Multiple select question.
a rudimentary vertebral column
a hinged jaw
an oil-filled swim bladder
spawning in freshwater habitats
a larval stage that lasts for 3 to 7 years
true appendages
a rudimentary vertebral column
spawning in freshwater habitats
a larval stage that lasts for 3 to 7 years
The evolutionary advent of the ______ was significant because it enabled animals to grip prey more firmly, and to attack larger species, thus increasing the available food supply.
Multiple choice question.
swim bladder
keeled sternum
amniotic egg
jawed mouth
jawed mouth
All vertebrate species that possess jaws are called:
Multiple choice question.
chordates
tetrapods
craniates
gnathostomes
gnathostomes
The hinged jaw of gnathostomes evolved from:
Multiple choice question.
gill arches
the zygomatic arch of the skull
the inner ear elements
spinous processes
gill arches
Select all that apply
Which of the following are gnathostomes?
Multiple select question.
amphibians
reptiles
lancelets
jawless fishes
lobe-finned fishes
lampreys
ray-finned fishes
amphibians
reptiles
lobe-finned fishes
ray-finned fishes
The skeleton of Chondrichthyans is made of ___________, as oppose to bone.
cartilage
Fish were the earliest members of the ______ to diverge.
Multiple choice question.
tetrapods
amniotes
gnathostomes
gnathostomes
Select all that apply
From a molecular phylogenetic point of view, which of the following animals are members of the monophyletic clade osteichthyans?
Multiple select question.
Stingray
Hagfish
Shark
Horse
Coelacanth
Salmon
Salamander
Horse
Coelacanth
Salmon
Salamander
Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii are the two living clades of ______ fish.
Multiple choice question.
jawless
chondrichthyan
bony
cartilaginous
bony
Select all that apply
Which of the following best describes why the jawed mouth was a significant evolutionary development?
Multiple select question.
It broadened the range of available prey items..
It enabled more efficient prey capture.
It enabled sound production.
It increased the efficiency of filter feeding.
It broadened the range of available prey items..
It enabled more efficient prey capture.
Which of the following features differentiate bony fishes from cartilaginous fishes?
Multiple select question.
The lateral line system
The swim bladder
The operculum
A bony skeleton
Internal fertilization
The swim bladder
The operculum
A bony skeleton
The hinged jaw developed from gill __________, cartilaginous or bony rods that help to support the gills.
arches
Select all that apply
Which of the following lineages evolved from a lobe-finned ancestor?
Multiple select question.
The lungfishes
The sharks
The tunicates
The lampreys
The coelacanths
The tetrapods
The lungfishes
The coelacanths
The tetrapods
Chondrichthyans are known as the:
Multiple choice question.
jawed fishes
jawless fishes
bony fishes
ray-finned fishes
cartilaginous fishes
cartilaginous fishes
The transition to life on land involved a large number of adaptations. Paramount among these were adaptations preventing ____________ and making __________ and reproduction on land possible.
dessication; locomotion
According to modern phylogenetic systematics, which of the following groups are osteichthyans?
Multiple choice question.
All vertebrates with a bony skeleton
Only tetrapods
Only cartilaginous fish
Only bony fish
Mammals plus reptiles
All vertebrates with a bony skeleton
Select all of the following that are groups of bony fishes.
Multiple select question.
Cyclostomata
Sarcopterygii
Actinopterygii
Chondrichthyes
Sarcopterygii
Actinopterygii
Which of the following terms is used to describe vertebrates that have four legs or leglike appendages?
Multiple choice question.
Amniotes
Gnathostomes
Osteichthyans
Tetrapods
Lobe-finned fishes
Tetrapods
The presence of a bony skeleton, an operculum, and a swim bladder are features that distinguish ______ fish.
Multiple choice question.
bony
all types of
jawless
cartilaginous
bony
Three lineages, the coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods, are thought to be derived from an ancestor that was a:
Multiple choice question.
lobe-finned fish
lamprey
cartilaginous fish
hagfish
lobe-finned fish
Vertebrate limb development is controlled by groups of genes called _________ genes, which are present in all animals.
hox
Limbs, a sturdy vertebral column and hip bones, lungs, and desiccation-resistant skin are all adaptations for what type of lifestyle?
Multiple choice question.
Fossorial
Terrestrial
Marine
Arboreal
Aquatic
Terrestrial
Amphibians have successfully invaded the land; however, most are tied to water for ___________.
reproduction
Birds, mammals, lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodiles form a group known as the _______, united by the fact that they all possess a hard-shelled egg.
amniotes
Vertebrate animals that have four legs or leglike appendages are in a group called the ___________, which includes amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
tetrapods
The development of the shelled egg is considered to be a “key innovation” primarily because it meant that:
Multiple choice question.
eggs could develop independent of water
the egg-layer did not have to rely on external fertilization
it increased the rate of embryonic development
the pelvic girdle of tetrapods had to shift to accommodate the laying of a hard-shelled egg
young tetrapods had to be precocial enough to break out of a tough-shelled egg
eggs could develop independent of water
Give the terms for the structures of the amniotic egg described below. A disposal sac for metabolic wastes produced by the developing embryo: _________
A sac enclosing a stockpile of nutrients for the developing embryo: ____________ sac.
The innermost membrane, which protects the developing embryo within a fluid-filled sac: ___________.
Along with another structure, provides gas exchange between the embryo and the surrounding environment: _____________
allantois, yolk, amnion, chorion
Why is the classic scheme of amniote classification being disputed?
Multiple choice question.
Because birds share many characters with reptiles
Because crocodiles may not be traditionally ectothermic
Because birds are warm-blooded
Because snakes, lizards and turtles are very different
Because mammals are sufficiently different from other egg-laying amniotes
Because birds share many characters with reptiles
What critical innovation evolved in the common ancestor of the amniotes?
Multiple choice question.
A vertebral column
Feathers
Jaws
A hard-shelled egg
Tetrapody
A hard-shelled egg
Archaeopteryx, Caudipteryx, and Confuciusornis are transitional forms between
Multiple choice question.
mammals and reptiles.
birds and mammals.
dinosaurs and birds.
reptiles and amphibians.
dinosaurs and birds.
A critical innovation in animal evolution was the development of a(n) ___________ egg that shelters the developing embryo from desiccating conditions on land.
shelled
Scaly feet and shelled eggs are features that reflect the __________ ancestry of birds.
dinosaur
Most birds share a generalized body shape because of the strict demands of ___________.
Flight
Match the structures of the amniotic egg with their functions.
Amnion Yolk sac Allantois Chorion Albumin
the innermost membrane; protects the developing embryo within a fluid-filled sac
encloses a stockpile of nutrients for the developing embryo
gas exchange; acts as a disposal sac for metabolic wastes
gas exchange
stores nutrients; also known as “egg white”
1A 2B 3C 4D 5E
Mammals evolved from small mammal-like ______ that went extinct about _______.
amphibians; 170 mya
amphibians; 53 mya
reptiles; 170 mya
reptiles; 53 mya
reptiles; 170 mya
Modern systematists have argued that the classic amniote classification scheme should be revised to better reflect shared characters between _________ and classic reptiles.
birds
Select all that apply
What characteristics distinguish the mammals?
Multiple select question.
Endothermy
Mammary glands
Specialized teeth
Hair
Internal fertilization
Enlarged skull
Mammary glands
Specialized teeth
Hair
Enlarged skull
Select all that apply
Transitional forms between dinosaurs and modern birds include:
Multiple select question.
Confuciusornis
Caudipteryx
Pterosaurs
Stegosaurus
Archaeopteryx
Tyrannosaurus
Confuciusornis
Caudipteryx
Archaeopteryx
Select all that apply
Which of the following are characteristics of modern birds that reflect their reptilian ancestry?
Multiple select question.
Air sacs
Feathers
Hollow bones
Shelled eggs
Scaly legs and feet
Shelled eggs
Scaly legs and feet
The three main types of mammals are: ___________, _____________, and placental mammals.
Monotremes; Marsupials
What is the MOST significant constraint on avian morphology?
Multiple choice question.
Reproduction
Flight
Diet
Habitat
Flight
The first _______ appeared in the fossil record around 225 million years ago, in the mid-Triassic period.
Multiple choice question.
birds
primates
gnathostomes
amphibians
mammals
mammals
The four features that distinguish mammals are the possession of mammary glands, __________, specialized ________, and an enlarged __________.
fur; teeth; cranium
Milk is important for young mammals to promote rapid ___________
growth
Match the clade of mammals with its appropiate description.
Prototherians
Metatherians
Eutherians
Placental mammals
Marsupial mammals
Egg-laying mammals
Proto and eggs
Meta and Mars
Euth and placental
A key derived character of sharks and rays that distinguishes them from ray-finned fishes is
Question 1 options:
a skeleton made of cartilage
vertebrae.
a skull
calcified (hard) bones.
jaws and a swim bladder.
a skeleton made of cartilage
In our Tale of Three Lice case study, we learned that the oldest needles found in archaeological sites date back to about
Question 2 options:
10,000 years.
40,000 years,
72,000 years.
100,000 years.
40,000 years,
Which of the following is the first distinctively hominin trait to appear in the fossil record?
Question 3 options:
sophisticated stone tools
upright walking (bipedalism)
increased brain size
a very long period of parental care
upright walking (bipedalism)
In our Tale of Three Lice case study, the last common ancestor of human head lice and chimp head lice existed
Question 4 options:
100,000 years ago, on an early human.
20 milliion years ago, on an early ape ancestor.
6 million years ago, when ancestral chimps and hominins diverged.
6 million years ago, when ancestral chimps and hominins diverged.
A distinguishing feature of the Squamata is their
Question 5 options:
hard shell.
external fertilization.
kinetic skull.
shell-less eggs.
kinetic skull
How could a primatologist distinguish between a monkey and an ape?
Question 6 options:
Binocular vision
Grasping hands
No claws
Tail
All of the above are found in apes and monkeys.
Tail
The human lineage began to diverge from those of other primates about
Question 7 options:
210 million years ago.
5-6 million years ago.
64 million years ago.
18 million years ago.
153 million years ago.
153 million years ago WRONG
The hominin group includes
Question 8 options:
all anthropoids.
Homo sapiens only
Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives.
humans and all other apes.
Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives.
What is the function of the lateral line?
Question 9 options:
Amplifying the light that reaches the eyes.
Sensing the electrical signals given off by living organisms.
Attracting mates by flashing bright colors.
Pumping oxygenated water across the gills.
Detecting movement by sensing changes in water pressure.
Detecting movement by sensing changes in water pressure.
In our Tale of Three Lice case study, we learned that human pubic lice is most closely related to the lice found on what other primate?
Question 10 options:
chimpanzees
old world monkeys
gorillas
gibbons
Gorilla
A paleontologists finds a relatively complete skeleton but isn’t sure if it is a hominin fossil or one of the other apes. Which of the following features would not help distinguish between the two choices?
Question 11 options:
position of the opening in the skull for the spinal cord
the design of the pelvis – how wide or how narrow
the relative length of the hind limbs vs. the upper limbs
the position of the eyes
All of the above would be useful
the design of the pelvis – how wide or how narrow WRONG
In our Tale of Three Lice case study, we learned that the data supported the conclusion that human head lice and pubic lice shared a last common ancestor that lived on a hominin host about 6 million years ago.
Question 12 options:
True
False
True WRONG
All humans alive today have inherited their mitochondrial DNA from some individual female common ancestor. Studies indicate this woman probably lived about ________ years ago, when fossil evidence indicates that Homo sapiens was restricted to ________.
Question 13 options:
180,000; Africa
500,000; Africa, Asia, and Europe
50,000; Africa and Asia
20,000; Africa
180,000; Africa
Dinosaurs are most closely related to
Question 14 options:
amphibians
crocodilians
lizards
mammals
turtles
crocodilians
The swim bladder is an organ in primitive fish from which the lungs of terrestrial vertebrates developed.
Question 15 options:
True
False
false
