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Biology 2 > Chapter 50: The Endocrine System (Questions) > Flashcards

Chapter 50: The Endocrine System (Questions) Flashcards

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1
Q

A molecule produced by one tissue and transported via the bloodstream to another specific tissue to alter its physiological activity is a(n) _________.

A

Blank 1: hormone

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2
Q

Select all that apply

There are three broad classes of hormones. Which of the following characteristics apply to ALL three of them?

Multiple select question.

They all travel in the bloodstream

They are all soluble in water

They are all soluble in lipids

They are all derived from amino acids

They all bind to receptors at target cells

A

They all travel in the bloodstream

They all bind to receptors at target cells

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3
Q

Which of the following endocrine glands secretes hormones that increase heart rate, blood sugar levels, arousal and alertness?

Multiple choice question.

Parathyroid

Pineal

Thymus

Thyroid

Adrenal

A

Adrenal

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4
Q

Match the hormon to its site of synthesis.

FSH
Insulin
Progesterone
Aldosterone

Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary

A

FSH/Pituitary Gland
Insulin/Pancreas
Progesterone/Ovary
Aldosterone/Adrenal Gland

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5
Q

Hormones fall into three broad chemical classes: ___________, ____________, and ____________.

A

Blank 1: amines
Blank 2: steroids or steroid hormones
Blank 3: polypeptides, proteins, or peptides

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6
Q

Regulatory chemicals produced by endocrine glands are called _________.

A

hormones

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7
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following statements about hormone classes are TRUE?

Multiple select question.

Non-steroid hormones typically bind to a receptor on the cell surface.

Steroid hormones act via a second messenger system.

Proteins and peptides constitute the most abundant class of hormones.

Non-steroid hormones are lipid-soluble.

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.

Amine hormones can be derived from any of the twenty different amino acids.

A

Non-steroid hormones typically bind to a receptor on the cell surface.

Proteins and peptides constitute the most abundant class of hormones.

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.

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8
Q

Which statement is true about all endocrine cells?

Multiple choice question.

They secrete hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target cells.

They store hormones that are secreted by exocrine glands.

They secrete hormones that travel through the nervous system to target cells.

They secrete hormones into special ducts, which channel them to target cells.

A

They secrete hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target cells.

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9
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following hormones are steroids?

Multiple select question.

Androgens

Estrogens

Leptin

Insulin

Dopamine

Aldosterone

A

Androgens

Estrogens

Aldosterone

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10
Q

Match the endocrine gland to its functional role.

Pancreas
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Pineal

Regulation of glucose levels in the blood
Regulation of the rate of metabolism
Regulation of circadium rhythms
Regulation of calcium levels in the blood

A

Pancreas/Regulation of glucose levels in the blood

Parathyroid/Regulation of calcium levels int he blood

Thyroid/Regulation of rate of metabolism

Pineal/Regulation of circadium rhythms

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11
Q

The hormone insulin is a ______ hormone that is synthesized by the ______.

Multiple choice question.

steroid; pancreas

polypeptide; pancreas

amine; liver

amine; pancreas

polypeptide; liver

A

polypeptide; pancreas

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12
Q

Which of the following hormones is NOT correctly matched with its origin?

Multiple choice question.

Glucagon - Pancreas

Leptin - Adipose

Androgens - Testis

Glucocorticoids - Thyroid

A

Glucocorticoids - Thyroid

Glucocorticoids are produced by the adrenal glands.

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13
Q

Amine and polypeptide hormones generally bind to receptors located in the _____.

Multiple choice question.

mitochondria

nucleus

cell membrane

cytoplasm

cell wall

A

cell membrane

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14
Q

Select all that apply

What are the three broad chemical classes of hormones?

Multiple select question.

Amines

Carbohydrates

Lipoproteins

Steroids

Polypeptides

Phospholipids

A

Amines

Steroids

Polypeptides

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15
Q

The binding of a _________-soluble hormone to a plasma membrane receptor initiates intracellular signaling pathways that involve second __________.

A

Water; Messengers

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16
Q

In contrast to amine and polypeptide hormones, steroid hormones are

Multiple choice question.

soluble in water and have a faster response.

not soluble in water and have a faster response.

not soluble in water and have a slower response.

soluble in water and have a slower response.

A

not soluble in water and have a slower response.

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17
Q

Steroid hormones usually have a slower response than amine and polypeptide hormones. This is mainly due to the fact that steroid hormones _____.

Multiple choice question.

act via a transcriptional regulation mechanism that takes time to turn genes on or off.

are not very well detected by target cells, who respond to non-steroid hormones better.

are produced at very low concentrations compared to other types of hormones.

act via a second messenger system that is slow in activating enzymes.

are too large to enter the cell, and so must first bind to a cell-membrane receptor.

A

act via a transcriptional regulation mechanism that takes time to turn genes on or off.

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18
Q

All of the following are steroid hormones EXCEPT one. Which?

Multiple choice question.

Estrogens

Aldosterone

Androgens

Glucagon

Cortisol

A

Glucagon

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19
Q

In what way does the mechanism of steroid action on a target cell differ from that of amine hormones?

Multiple choice question.

Steroid hormones bind to the plasma membrane surface instead of to receptors.

Steroid hormones produce cAMP.

The steroid hormone and receptor complex enters the nucleus.

Steroid hormones remain outside of the cell.

A

The steroid hormone and receptor complex enters the nucleus.

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20
Q

The polypeptide class of hormones includes ______ and glucagon, which are made by the pancreas, and __________, which is made by adipose tissue.

A

Blank 1: insulin

Blank 2: leptin

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21
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following structures play the major roles in linking the nervous system and the endocrine system?

Multiple select question.

Spinal cord

Thyroid gland

Hypothalamus

Brain stem

Pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

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22
Q

Select all that apply

Where are the receptors of steroid hormones located?

Multiple select question.

In the cytosol

In the mitochondria

In the nucleus

In the cell wall

In the cell membrane

A

In the cytosol

In the nucleus

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23
Q

The hypothalamus is physically connected to the _________ gland.

A

Blank 1: pituitary or hypophysis

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24
Q

Which of the following hormones act by stimulating second-messenger pathways?

Multiple choice question.

Water-soluble hormones but not lipid-soluble hormones

Lipid-soluble hormones but not water-soluble hormones

Neither lipid-soluble hormones nor water-soluble hormones

Both water-soluble hormones and lipid-soluble hormones

A

Water-soluble hormones but not lipid-soluble hormones

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25
Q

A neurohormone is any hormone that is made in and secreted by _________.

A

Blank 1: neurons

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26
Q

Which of the following hormones generally elicit the fastest response and why?

Multiple choice question.

Water-soluble hormones, because they ultimately activate pre-formed enzymes.

Water-soluble hormones, because they ultimately activate gene expression.

Lipid-soluble hormones, because they ultimately activate pre-formed enzymes.

Lipid-soluble hormones, because they ultimately activate gene expression.

A

Water-soluble hormones, because they ultimately activate pre-formed enzymes.

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27
Q

Which of the following is an extension of the hypothalamus?

Multiple choice question.

Posterior pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Thymus gland

Parathyroid gland

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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28
Q

Which of the following best describes lipid-soluble hormones such as steroids?

Multiple choice question.

They bind to extracellular receptors and stimulate second-messenger pathways.

They bind to intracellular receptors and stimulate second-messenger pathways.

They bind to extracellular receptors and stimulate gene transcription.

They bind to intracellular receptors and stimulate gene transcription.

A

They bind to intracellular receptors and stimulate gene transcription.

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29
Q

The hormone TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. TSH refers to __________-_________ hormone.

A

Blank 1: thyroid

Blank 2: stimulating

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30
Q

Major components in the linking of endocrine and nervous systems are the _________ and the __________ gland.

A

Blank 1: hypothalamus

Blank 2: pituitary

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31
Q

Which of the following elements is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

Multiple choice question.

Potassium

Sodium

Iodine

Iron

A

Iodine

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32
Q

Which of the following endocrine glands is physically connected to the hypothalamus?

Multiple choice question.

Thymus gland

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Pineal gland

A

Pituitary gland

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33
Q

Hormones of the ______ glands and ________ regulate the concentration of energy-yielding molecules in the blood.

A

Blank 1: adrenal

Blank 2: pancreas

34
Q

Any hormone that is synthesized and secreted by neurons is called a(n) ________

A

Blank 1: neurohormone

35
Q

Which of the following statements best describes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Multiple choice question.

They are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal medulla.

They are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

They are amine hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

They are amine hormones produced by the adrenal medulla.

A

They are amine hormones produced by the adrenal medulla.

36
Q

The gland that contains axon terminals from hypothalamic neurons that store and secrete two hormones is known as the _________ pituitary.

A

Blank 1: posterior

37
Q

TSH acts on which of the following organs?

Multiple choice question.

Thymus gland

Thyroid gland

Trachea

Tonsils

A

Thyroid gland

38
Q

Which of the following function(s) both as an endocrine and an exocrine gland?

Multiple choice question.

Thyroid

Thymus

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Pancreas

A

Pancreas

39
Q

Synthesis of the thyroid hormones occurs by a unique mechanism that requires the element ________.

A

Blank 1: iodine or iodide

40
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following statements about the islets of Langerhans are TRUE?

Multiple select question.

They are part of the pancreas.

They produce insulin and glucagon.

They are divided into two types of cells: alpha and beta.

They are part of the liver.

They produce epinephrine and norepinephrine.

They are divided into two types of cells: posterior and anterior.

A

They are part of the pancreas.

They produce insulin and glucagon.

They are divided into two types of cells: alpha and beta.

41
Q

Select all that apply

Regulation of energy availability to cells is primarily the role of hormones produced by which glands?

Multiple select question.

Pancreas

Thyroid glands

Adrenal glands

Kidney

Liver

A

Pancreas

Adrenal glands

42
Q

Select all that apply

Which two antagonistic hormones regulate the level of glucose in the blood?

Multiple select question.

Insulin

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Glucagon

A

Insulin

Glucagon

43
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are amine hormones produced by the adrenal gland?

Multiple select question.

Glucagon

Insulin

Norepinephrine

Cortisol

Epinephrine

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Cortisol is a steroid hormone even though it is produced by the adrenal gland.

44
Q

Decreased production of insulin leads to Type 1 __________ __________, , while Type 2 is due to the inability of body cells to respond to insulin.

A

Blank 1: diabetes

Blank 2: mellitus

45
Q

Which of the following is an extension of the hypothalamus?

Multiple choice question.

Thymus gland

Anterior pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Posterior pituitary gland

46
Q

Leptin acts on the _________ in the brain to reduce _________ and increase metabolic rate.

A

Blank 1: hypothalamus

Blank 2: appetite or hunger

47
Q

A complex organ that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the ________

A

pancreas

48
Q

In most mammals that receive exposure to the sun, ___________ cells produce vitamin D from a precursor called 7-dehydrocholesterol.

A

Blank 1: skin or epithelial

49
Q

In the islets of Langerhans, alpha cells make the hormone __________, beta cells make the hormone ________.

A

Blank 1: glucagon

Blank 2: insulin

50
Q

The blood concentration of Ca2+ is regulated by which of the following hormones?

Multiple choice question.

Parathyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone

Cortisol

Aldosterone

Melatonin

A

Parathyroid hormone

51
Q

How do the hormones insulin and glucagon differ?

Multiple choice question.

Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels are low, while glucagon is secreted when blood glucose levels are high.

Insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into cells, while glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glucose polymers inside the cell.

Insulin is synthesized by the pancreas, while glucagon is synthesized by the liver.

Insulin acts on the pancreas, while glucagon acts on adipose and muscle tissues.

A

Insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into cells, while glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glucose polymers inside the cell.

52
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following hormones are involved in the regulation of sodium ion levels in vertebrates?

Multiple select question.

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Parathyroid hormone

Antidiuretic hormone

Progesterone

Melatonin

Aldosterone

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Antidiuretic hormone

Aldosterone

53
Q

How do the two main forms of diabetes mellitus differ?

Multiple choice question.

Type 1 is a very common form, while Type 2 is rare.

Type 1 occurs mainly in adults, while Type 2 is generally found in children.

Type 1 is due to low insulin production, while Type 2 is due to failure to respond to insulin.

Type 1 is mainly linked to obesity, while Type 2 is not.

A

Type 1 is due to low insulin production, while Type 2 is due to failure to respond to insulin.

54
Q

An increase in Na+ concentration inhibits the production of _____ by the adrenal glands.

Multiple choice question.

antidiuretic hormone

glucagon

insulin

aldosterone

growth hormone

A

aldosterone

55
Q

Leptin is a hormone that acts on the _____.

Multiple choice question.

hypothalamus to increase appetite and reduce metabolic rate

pancreas to increase the synthesis of glucagon

pituitary gland to increase the production of LH and FSH

pancreas to increase the synthesis of insulin

hypothalamus to reduce appetite and increase metabolic rate

A

hypothalamus to reduce appetite and increase metabolic rate

56
Q

Unlike mammals, many insects grow and develop _____.

Multiple choice question.

steadily until they reach adulthood

in spurts until they reach adulthood

in spurts during molting periods

steadily, except when they are molting

A

in spurts during molting periods

57
Q

Identify the site of vitamin D production in most mammals.

Multiple choice question.

Skin

Pancreas

Liver

Thyroid

Small intestine

A

Skin

58
Q

Which gland produces growth hormone (GH)?

Multiple choice question.

Anterior pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Posterior pituitary gland

Adrenal glands

A

Anterior pituitary gland

59
Q

In human adults, calcium blood levels are maintained through the action of the _________ hormone and vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D).

A

Blank 1: parathyroid or PTH

60
Q

Which statement best describes the hormone insulin-like growth factor-1?

Multiple choice question.

Produced by the posterior pituitary and promotes synthesis of calcium inside bone cells

Produced by the liver and stimulates the elongation of bone

Produced by the pancreas and stimulates energy-yielding reactions inside bone cells

Produced by the anterior pituitary and promotes calcium-deposition into bones

A

Produced by the liver and stimulates the elongation of bone

61
Q

The regulation of Na+ levels in vertebrates is accomplished in large part by the actions of three hormones that act on the kidneys: _________, ________, and atrial natriuretic peptide.

A

Blank 1: aldosterone

Blank 2: ADH, antidiuretic hormone, anti-diuretic hormone, or antidiuretichormone

62
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following hormones control growth and development in insects?

Multiple select question.

Juvenile hormone (JH)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Growth hormone (GH)

Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)

20-hydroxyecdysone

Aldosterone

A

Juvenile hormone (JH)

Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)

20-hydroxyecdysone

63
Q

Multiple Choice Question
Increased Na+ intake stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete which of the following hormones?

Multiple choice question.

TSH

ADH

PTH

GH

A

ADH

64
Q

Another term for the molting process in insects is _________ from which the name of the responsible hormone is derived.

A

Blank 1: ecdysis

65
Q

Hormones control growth and development in _____.

Multiple choice question.

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

animals

humans only

mammals only

vertebrates only

A

animals

66
Q

Growth hormone is produced by the _________ pituitary gland. It acts on the ___________ to produce another hormone called IGF-1, which stimulates elongation of bones.

A

Blank 1: anterior

Blank 2: liver

67
Q

The testes and ovaries are collectively referred to as the _______

A

Blank 1: gonads

68
Q

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulates the elongation of ______, especially during puberty.

A

Blank 1: bones or bone

69
Q

An undernourished female could have decreased levels of leptin, which could lead to insufficient production of the reproductive hormones FSH and __________ from the anterior pituitary, and thereby to loss of fertility.

A

Blank 1: LH

Leptin kind of acts like a link between the endocrine and reproductive systems.

70
Q

Invertebrates grow and develop in spurts under the control of _____ major hormones.

Multiple choice question.

six

three

five

two

four

A

three

71
Q

he molting process in insects is also known as which of the following?

Multiple choice question.

Symbiosis

Paedomorphosis

Parthenogenesis

Ecdysis

A

Ecdysis

72
Q

Millions of people self-administer ______ each day to treat diabetes.

Multiple choice question.

epinephrine

insulin

antibiotic

glucagon

thyroxine

A

insulin

73
Q

Unlike mammals, many insects grow and develop _____.

Multiple choice question.

steadily, except when they are molting

in spurts during molting periods

in spurts until they reach adulthood

steadily until they reach adulthood

A

in spurts during molting periods

74
Q

Select all that apply

Androgens exert a negative feedback mechanism on which of the following hormones?

Multiple select question.

FSH

GH

PTH

LH

TSH

A

FSH

LH

75
Q

Male and female-specific courtship and mating behaviors are under the control of sex ________ hormones.

A

Blank 1: steroid

76
Q

Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that are _____.

Multiple choice question.

released by the immune system to override the endocrine system

used to treat overactive disorders of the endocrine system

released by the nervous system to override the endocrine system

derived from industrial waste that may alter the endocrine system function

produced by the male of a species to decrease the fertility of other males

A

derived from industrial waste that may alter the endocrine system function

77
Q

Which of the following hormones has been shown to provide a link between adipose tissue and the reproductive system?

Multiple choice question.

TSH

PTH

Melatonin

Insulin

Leptin

A

Leptin

78
Q

Many women take hormones to help induce ______ or control the symptoms of ________.

A

Blank 1: pregnancy

Blank 2: menopause

79
Q

When an individual is taking supplemental androgens the production of FSH and LH ______.

Multiple choice question.

increases

decreases

stays the same

A

decreases

80
Q

Endocrine disruptors may have an inhibitory effect on _______, a female steroid hormone.

A

Blank 1: estrogen or estradiol

Biology 2 (61 decks)

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