Chapter 50: The Endocrine System (Questions) Flashcards
A molecule produced by one tissue and transported via the bloodstream to another specific tissue to alter its physiological activity is a(n) _________.
Blank 1: hormone
Select all that apply
There are three broad classes of hormones. Which of the following characteristics apply to ALL three of them?
Multiple select question.
They all travel in the bloodstream
They are all soluble in water
They are all soluble in lipids
They are all derived from amino acids
They all bind to receptors at target cells
They all travel in the bloodstream
They all bind to receptors at target cells
Which of the following endocrine glands secretes hormones that increase heart rate, blood sugar levels, arousal and alertness?
Multiple choice question.
Parathyroid
Pineal
Thymus
Thyroid
Adrenal
Adrenal
Match the hormon to its site of synthesis.
FSH
Insulin
Progesterone
Aldosterone
Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary
FSH/Pituitary Gland
Insulin/Pancreas
Progesterone/Ovary
Aldosterone/Adrenal Gland
Hormones fall into three broad chemical classes: ___________, ____________, and ____________.
Blank 1: amines
Blank 2: steroids or steroid hormones
Blank 3: polypeptides, proteins, or peptides
Regulatory chemicals produced by endocrine glands are called _________.
hormones
Select all that apply
Which of the following statements about hormone classes are TRUE?
Multiple select question.
Non-steroid hormones typically bind to a receptor on the cell surface.
Steroid hormones act via a second messenger system.
Proteins and peptides constitute the most abundant class of hormones.
Non-steroid hormones are lipid-soluble.
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.
Amine hormones can be derived from any of the twenty different amino acids.
Non-steroid hormones typically bind to a receptor on the cell surface.
Proteins and peptides constitute the most abundant class of hormones.
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.
Which statement is true about all endocrine cells?
Multiple choice question.
They secrete hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target cells.
They store hormones that are secreted by exocrine glands.
They secrete hormones that travel through the nervous system to target cells.
They secrete hormones into special ducts, which channel them to target cells.
They secrete hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target cells.
Select all that apply
Which of the following hormones are steroids?
Multiple select question.
Androgens
Estrogens
Leptin
Insulin
Dopamine
Aldosterone
Androgens
Estrogens
Aldosterone
Match the endocrine gland to its functional role.
Pancreas
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Pineal
Regulation of glucose levels in the blood
Regulation of the rate of metabolism
Regulation of circadium rhythms
Regulation of calcium levels in the blood
Pancreas/Regulation of glucose levels in the blood
Parathyroid/Regulation of calcium levels int he blood
Thyroid/Regulation of rate of metabolism
Pineal/Regulation of circadium rhythms
The hormone insulin is a ______ hormone that is synthesized by the ______.
Multiple choice question.
steroid; pancreas
polypeptide; pancreas
amine; liver
amine; pancreas
polypeptide; liver
polypeptide; pancreas
Which of the following hormones is NOT correctly matched with its origin?
Multiple choice question.
Glucagon - Pancreas
Leptin - Adipose
Androgens - Testis
Glucocorticoids - Thyroid
Glucocorticoids - Thyroid
Glucocorticoids are produced by the adrenal glands.
Amine and polypeptide hormones generally bind to receptors located in the _____.
Multiple choice question.
mitochondria
nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm
cell wall
cell membrane
Select all that apply
What are the three broad chemical classes of hormones?
Multiple select question.
Amines
Carbohydrates
Lipoproteins
Steroids
Polypeptides
Phospholipids
Amines
Steroids
Polypeptides
The binding of a _________-soluble hormone to a plasma membrane receptor initiates intracellular signaling pathways that involve second __________.
Water; Messengers
In contrast to amine and polypeptide hormones, steroid hormones are
Multiple choice question.
soluble in water and have a faster response.
not soluble in water and have a faster response.
not soluble in water and have a slower response.
soluble in water and have a slower response.
not soluble in water and have a slower response.
Steroid hormones usually have a slower response than amine and polypeptide hormones. This is mainly due to the fact that steroid hormones _____.
Multiple choice question.
act via a transcriptional regulation mechanism that takes time to turn genes on or off.
are not very well detected by target cells, who respond to non-steroid hormones better.
are produced at very low concentrations compared to other types of hormones.
act via a second messenger system that is slow in activating enzymes.
are too large to enter the cell, and so must first bind to a cell-membrane receptor.
act via a transcriptional regulation mechanism that takes time to turn genes on or off.
All of the following are steroid hormones EXCEPT one. Which?
Multiple choice question.
Estrogens
Aldosterone
Androgens
Glucagon
Cortisol
Glucagon
In what way does the mechanism of steroid action on a target cell differ from that of amine hormones?
Multiple choice question.
Steroid hormones bind to the plasma membrane surface instead of to receptors.
Steroid hormones produce cAMP.
The steroid hormone and receptor complex enters the nucleus.
Steroid hormones remain outside of the cell.
The steroid hormone and receptor complex enters the nucleus.
The polypeptide class of hormones includes ______ and glucagon, which are made by the pancreas, and __________, which is made by adipose tissue.
Blank 1: insulin
Blank 2: leptin
Select all that apply
Which of the following structures play the major roles in linking the nervous system and the endocrine system?
Multiple select question.
Spinal cord
Thyroid gland
Hypothalamus
Brain stem
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Select all that apply
Where are the receptors of steroid hormones located?
Multiple select question.
In the cytosol
In the mitochondria
In the nucleus
In the cell wall
In the cell membrane
In the cytosol
In the nucleus
The hypothalamus is physically connected to the _________ gland.
Blank 1: pituitary or hypophysis
Which of the following hormones act by stimulating second-messenger pathways?
Multiple choice question.
Water-soluble hormones but not lipid-soluble hormones
Lipid-soluble hormones but not water-soluble hormones
Neither lipid-soluble hormones nor water-soluble hormones
Both water-soluble hormones and lipid-soluble hormones
Water-soluble hormones but not lipid-soluble hormones
A neurohormone is any hormone that is made in and secreted by _________.
Blank 1: neurons
Which of the following hormones generally elicit the fastest response and why?
Multiple choice question.
Water-soluble hormones, because they ultimately activate pre-formed enzymes.
Water-soluble hormones, because they ultimately activate gene expression.
Lipid-soluble hormones, because they ultimately activate pre-formed enzymes.
Lipid-soluble hormones, because they ultimately activate gene expression.
Water-soluble hormones, because they ultimately activate pre-formed enzymes.
Which of the following is an extension of the hypothalamus?
Multiple choice question.
Posterior pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Parathyroid gland
Posterior pituitary gland
Which of the following best describes lipid-soluble hormones such as steroids?
Multiple choice question.
They bind to extracellular receptors and stimulate second-messenger pathways.
They bind to intracellular receptors and stimulate second-messenger pathways.
They bind to extracellular receptors and stimulate gene transcription.
They bind to intracellular receptors and stimulate gene transcription.
They bind to intracellular receptors and stimulate gene transcription.
The hormone TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. TSH refers to __________-_________ hormone.
Blank 1: thyroid
Blank 2: stimulating
Major components in the linking of endocrine and nervous systems are the _________ and the __________ gland.
Blank 1: hypothalamus
Blank 2: pituitary
Which of the following elements is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
Multiple choice question.
Potassium
Sodium
Iodine
Iron
Iodine
Which of the following endocrine glands is physically connected to the hypothalamus?
Multiple choice question.
Thymus gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Hormones of the ______ glands and ________ regulate the concentration of energy-yielding molecules in the blood.
Blank 1: adrenal
Blank 2: pancreas
Any hormone that is synthesized and secreted by neurons is called a(n) ________
Blank 1: neurohormone
Which of the following statements best describes epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Multiple choice question.
They are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal medulla.
They are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
They are amine hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
They are amine hormones produced by the adrenal medulla.
They are amine hormones produced by the adrenal medulla.
The gland that contains axon terminals from hypothalamic neurons that store and secrete two hormones is known as the _________ pituitary.
Blank 1: posterior
TSH acts on which of the following organs?
Multiple choice question.
Thymus gland
Thyroid gland
Trachea
Tonsils
Thyroid gland
Which of the following function(s) both as an endocrine and an exocrine gland?
Multiple choice question.
Thyroid
Thymus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pancreas
Pancreas
Synthesis of the thyroid hormones occurs by a unique mechanism that requires the element ________.
Blank 1: iodine or iodide
Select all that apply
Which of the following statements about the islets of Langerhans are TRUE?
Multiple select question.
They are part of the pancreas.
They produce insulin and glucagon.
They are divided into two types of cells: alpha and beta.
They are part of the liver.
They produce epinephrine and norepinephrine.
They are divided into two types of cells: posterior and anterior.
They are part of the pancreas.
They produce insulin and glucagon.
They are divided into two types of cells: alpha and beta.
Select all that apply
Regulation of energy availability to cells is primarily the role of hormones produced by which glands?
Multiple select question.
Pancreas
Thyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Kidney
Liver
Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Select all that apply
Which two antagonistic hormones regulate the level of glucose in the blood?
Multiple select question.
Insulin
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Glucagon
Insulin
Glucagon
Select all that apply
Which of the following are amine hormones produced by the adrenal gland?
Multiple select question.
Glucagon
Insulin
Norepinephrine
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Cortisol is a steroid hormone even though it is produced by the adrenal gland.
Decreased production of insulin leads to Type 1 __________ __________, , while Type 2 is due to the inability of body cells to respond to insulin.
Blank 1: diabetes
Blank 2: mellitus
Which of the following is an extension of the hypothalamus?
Multiple choice question.
Thymus gland
Anterior pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Posterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland
Leptin acts on the _________ in the brain to reduce _________ and increase metabolic rate.
Blank 1: hypothalamus
Blank 2: appetite or hunger
A complex organ that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the ________
pancreas
In most mammals that receive exposure to the sun, ___________ cells produce vitamin D from a precursor called 7-dehydrocholesterol.
Blank 1: skin or epithelial
In the islets of Langerhans, alpha cells make the hormone __________, beta cells make the hormone ________.
Blank 1: glucagon
Blank 2: insulin
The blood concentration of Ca2+ is regulated by which of the following hormones?
Multiple choice question.
Parathyroid hormone
Thyroid hormone
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Melatonin
Parathyroid hormone
How do the hormones insulin and glucagon differ?
Multiple choice question.
Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels are low, while glucagon is secreted when blood glucose levels are high.
Insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into cells, while glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glucose polymers inside the cell.
Insulin is synthesized by the pancreas, while glucagon is synthesized by the liver.
Insulin acts on the pancreas, while glucagon acts on adipose and muscle tissues.
Insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into cells, while glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glucose polymers inside the cell.
Select all that apply
Which of the following hormones are involved in the regulation of sodium ion levels in vertebrates?
Multiple select question.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Parathyroid hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Progesterone
Melatonin
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
How do the two main forms of diabetes mellitus differ?
Multiple choice question.
Type 1 is a very common form, while Type 2 is rare.
Type 1 occurs mainly in adults, while Type 2 is generally found in children.
Type 1 is due to low insulin production, while Type 2 is due to failure to respond to insulin.
Type 1 is mainly linked to obesity, while Type 2 is not.
Type 1 is due to low insulin production, while Type 2 is due to failure to respond to insulin.
An increase in Na+ concentration inhibits the production of _____ by the adrenal glands.
Multiple choice question.
antidiuretic hormone
glucagon
insulin
aldosterone
growth hormone
aldosterone
Leptin is a hormone that acts on the _____.
Multiple choice question.
hypothalamus to increase appetite and reduce metabolic rate
pancreas to increase the synthesis of glucagon
pituitary gland to increase the production of LH and FSH
pancreas to increase the synthesis of insulin
hypothalamus to reduce appetite and increase metabolic rate
hypothalamus to reduce appetite and increase metabolic rate
Unlike mammals, many insects grow and develop _____.
Multiple choice question.
steadily until they reach adulthood
in spurts until they reach adulthood
in spurts during molting periods
steadily, except when they are molting
in spurts during molting periods
Identify the site of vitamin D production in most mammals.
Multiple choice question.
Skin
Pancreas
Liver
Thyroid
Small intestine
Skin
Which gland produces growth hormone (GH)?
Multiple choice question.
Anterior pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Posterior pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Anterior pituitary gland
In human adults, calcium blood levels are maintained through the action of the _________ hormone and vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D).
Blank 1: parathyroid or PTH
Which statement best describes the hormone insulin-like growth factor-1?
Multiple choice question.
Produced by the posterior pituitary and promotes synthesis of calcium inside bone cells
Produced by the liver and stimulates the elongation of bone
Produced by the pancreas and stimulates energy-yielding reactions inside bone cells
Produced by the anterior pituitary and promotes calcium-deposition into bones
Produced by the liver and stimulates the elongation of bone
The regulation of Na+ levels in vertebrates is accomplished in large part by the actions of three hormones that act on the kidneys: _________, ________, and atrial natriuretic peptide.
Blank 1: aldosterone
Blank 2: ADH, antidiuretic hormone, anti-diuretic hormone, or antidiuretichormone
Select all that apply
Which of the following hormones control growth and development in insects?
Multiple select question.
Juvenile hormone (JH)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)
20-hydroxyecdysone
Aldosterone
Juvenile hormone (JH)
Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)
20-hydroxyecdysone
Multiple Choice Question
Increased Na+ intake stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete which of the following hormones?
Multiple choice question.
TSH
ADH
PTH
GH
ADH
Another term for the molting process in insects is _________ from which the name of the responsible hormone is derived.
Blank 1: ecdysis
Hormones control growth and development in _____.
Multiple choice question.
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
animals
humans only
mammals only
vertebrates only
animals
Growth hormone is produced by the _________ pituitary gland. It acts on the ___________ to produce another hormone called IGF-1, which stimulates elongation of bones.
Blank 1: anterior
Blank 2: liver
The testes and ovaries are collectively referred to as the _______
Blank 1: gonads
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulates the elongation of ______, especially during puberty.
Blank 1: bones or bone
An undernourished female could have decreased levels of leptin, which could lead to insufficient production of the reproductive hormones FSH and __________ from the anterior pituitary, and thereby to loss of fertility.
Blank 1: LH
Leptin kind of acts like a link between the endocrine and reproductive systems.
Invertebrates grow and develop in spurts under the control of _____ major hormones.
Multiple choice question.
six
three
five
two
four
three
he molting process in insects is also known as which of the following?
Multiple choice question.
Symbiosis
Paedomorphosis
Parthenogenesis
Ecdysis
Ecdysis
Millions of people self-administer ______ each day to treat diabetes.
Multiple choice question.
epinephrine
insulin
antibiotic
glucagon
thyroxine
insulin
Unlike mammals, many insects grow and develop _____.
Multiple choice question.
steadily, except when they are molting
in spurts during molting periods
in spurts until they reach adulthood
steadily until they reach adulthood
in spurts during molting periods
Select all that apply
Androgens exert a negative feedback mechanism on which of the following hormones?
Multiple select question.
FSH
GH
PTH
LH
TSH
FSH
LH
Male and female-specific courtship and mating behaviors are under the control of sex ________ hormones.
Blank 1: steroid
Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that are _____.
Multiple choice question.
released by the immune system to override the endocrine system
used to treat overactive disorders of the endocrine system
released by the nervous system to override the endocrine system
derived from industrial waste that may alter the endocrine system function
produced by the male of a species to decrease the fertility of other males
derived from industrial waste that may alter the endocrine system function
Which of the following hormones has been shown to provide a link between adipose tissue and the reproductive system?
Multiple choice question.
TSH
PTH
Melatonin
Insulin
Leptin
Leptin
Many women take hormones to help induce ______ or control the symptoms of ________.
Blank 1: pregnancy
Blank 2: menopause
When an individual is taking supplemental androgens the production of FSH and LH ______.
Multiple choice question.
increases
decreases
stays the same
decreases
Endocrine disruptors may have an inhibitory effect on _______, a female steroid hormone.
Blank 1: estrogen or estradiol
