Chapter 41: Homeostasis (Questions/Quiz) Flashcards
Select all that apply
Which of the following are types of muscle tissue?
Multiple select question.
Skeletal
Stratified
Smooth
Dense
Loose
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Many metabolic processes function only within a narrow window of body temperature and intracellular pH, which is why the ability to maintain _________ is important.
homeostasis
Animal bodies consist of three types of muscle tissue: ________ muscles are usually attached to bones; ___________ muscles often surround hollow tubes where they control the tube’s diameter; and _______ muscle which provides the force needed for a heartbeat.
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Click and drag on elements in order
Tissue
Cell
Organ
Organ System
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Which of the following tissues sends and carries electric signals to and from the different parts of the body?
Multiple choice question.
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue
Specialized cells of a single type are which of the following?
Multiple choice question.
Organs
Organisms
Tissues
Organ systems
Tissues
Epithelial tissues are organized as one or more ______ of densely packed epithelial cells.
layers, sheets, coats, covers, or clusters
An animal’s body contains four types of tissue. These are _________ tissue, _________ tissue, ________ tissue, and ________ tissue.
muscular, nervous, epithelial, and connective
Match each epithelial cell type with its shape description.
squamous
columnar
cubodial
square
flattened
elongated
squamous/flattened
columnar/elongated
cubodial/square
Match the muscle type with its appropriate characteristic.
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
Provides the force to circulate blood through the body
Provides the force for locomotion
Surrounds hollow tubes and cavities inside the body
Skeletal and locomotion
Cardiac and force for blood
Smooth and hollow tubes/cavities
Connective tissues contribute to the _________ __________ by secreting a mixture of fibrous proteins and carbohydrates.
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Tissue that initiates and conducts electrical signals throughout the animal’s body is called _______ tissue.
Nervous or nerve
Select all that apply
Which of the following are connective tissues?
Multiple select question.
Adipose tissue
Bone
Blood
Cartilage
Simple columnar epithelium
Smooth muscle
Adipose tissue
Bone
Blood
Cartilage
The type of animal tissue that serves as a covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including bodily cavities and vessels, is called ________ tissue.
epithelial
An organ is made up of two or more different types of ________
Tissue
Select all that apply
Which of the following are the four main types of tissues found in animals?
Multiple select question.
Epithelial
Ligament
Vascular
Muscle
Connective
Nerve
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nerve
Choose the most accurate statement.
Multiple choice question.
Feedforward loops prevent organ systems from working together.
Organ systems are independent and never work together.
Multiple organ systems frequently work together.
Multiple organ systems frequently work together.
Select all that apply
Epithelial cells come in three main shapes. What are they?
Multiple select question.
Squamous
Stratified
Elliptical
Cuboidal
Polygonal
Columnar
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
The structure of an animal’s tissues and organs can often help us predict their _______
function
The tissues that function to anchor, surround, and support the structures of an animal’s body are called _________ tissues.
connective
Body structures that have a function related to transport, absorption, or detection of stimuli often have features that _____.
Multiple choice question.
increase surface area
increase density
decrease surface area
increase volume
increase surface area
Adipose tissue and cartilage are examples of which of the following types of tissue?
Multiple choice question.
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective
When an object grows in size, its surface area increases by a power of ____________, and its volume increases by a power of ________.
2 and 3
The part of an organism that is composed of different kinds of tissues is called a(n) __________
organ
Variability in the environment can influence _____.
Multiple choice question.
whether positive or negative feedback loops are utilized in homeostasis
what molecule is used to power cellular activities
the molecules that compose the extracellular matrix
an organism’s requirements for food and water
an organism’s requirements for food and water
Nerve signals from the stretch receptors in the urinary bladder wall relay information to the brain cells, signaling that the bladder is full and needs to be emptied. This is an example of _____.
Multiple choice question.
multiple organ systems working together
feedforward inhibition among organ systems
the independence of organ systems
different tissue types organized together into a single structure
multiple organ systems working together
Which of the following describes physiological variables?
Multiple choice question.
They fluctuate around an average within a certain, typically very narrow, range.
They are completely static, and always maintained at the same level.
They fluctuate, but are not constrained to a given range.
They fluctuate around an average within a certain, typically very narrow, range.
In animal anatomy, form and function are _____.
Multiple choice question.
uncorrelated
independent
interrelated
interrelated
Select all that apply
Water homeostasis is affected by _____.
Multiple select question.
proton pumps in cells
drinking
buffers in body fluids
osmosis
eating
perspiration
drinking
osmosis
eating
perspiration
Select all that apply
A structure that has a high surface area to volume ratio is suited for the exchange of _____.
Multiple select question.
heat
solutes
water
body mass
heat
solutes
water
As an object enlarges, does its surface area or its volume increase more rapidly?
Multiple choice question.
They increase at the same rate.
Its surface area increases more rapidly.
Its volume increases more rapidly.
Its volume increases more rapidly.
The movement of air across respiratory surfaces affects ______ homeostasis.
Multiple choice question.
oxygen
body temperature
water
glucose
oxygen
Habitat ______ imposes fluctuations in availability of basic needs such as food and water upon organisms.
Multiple choice question.
neutrality
variability
stability
variability
Maintenance of homeostasis within an organism means that the physiological variables such as glucose levels and blood pH are maintained _____.
Multiple choice question.
within a broad range
at a precise value
within a narrow range
within a narrow range
Buffers regulate the ________ of body fluids.
pH, acidity, or alkalinity
Select all that apply
Select all of the homeostatic roles of water in animals.
Multiple select question.
Is broken down to provide energy in all cells
Binds to and transport oxygen in blood
Acts as a solvent for biological molecules
Helps to regulate body temperature
Acts as a solvent for biological molecules
Helps to regulate body temperature
Body structures that have a function related to transport, absorption, or detection of stimuli often have features that _____.
Multiple choice question.
decrease surface area
increase volume
increase density
increase surface area
increase surface area
Select all that apply
Body temperature is affected by _____.
Multiple select question.
rates of energy expenditure
plasma levels of Na+
temperature of the environment
buffers in body fluids
rates of energy expenditure
temperature of the environment
Oxygen levels in organisms are affected by _____.
Multiple choice question.
proton pumps in cells
osmosis across body surfaces
rates of energy expenditure
buffers in body fluids
rates of energy expenditure
Glucose levels, fat deposits, and ATP concentrations are types of variables under homeostatic control in animals that are considered to be _____.
Multiple choice question.
water distributions
pH values of body fluids
minerals
energy sources
energy sources
This figure shows varying plasma glucose concentrations (in mg/dL) following a sugary meal. As depicted in the graph, plasma glucose levels rose from just below 100 mg/dL to around 170 mg/dL. The reason that the level of glucose did not rise higher is _____.
Multiple choice question.
compensatory mechanisms are in place to control the levels
glucose is metabolized very quickly in the blood stream
the individual consumed a large amount of sugar
glucose falls out of solution at concentrations above 150mg/dL
compensatory mechanisms are in place to control the levels
What is the role of buffers in body fluids?
Multiple choice question.
Regulate pH
Regulate oxygen and CO2 levels
Regulate water balance
Regulate blood glucose levels
Regulate pH
Select all that apply
Which of the following are components of a homeostatic control system?
Multiple select question.
Effector
Set point
Responder
Sensor
Integrator
Effector
Set point
Sensor
Integrator
In a homeostatic control system, a(n) ______ monitors the level or activity of a controlled physiological variable.
Multiple choice question.
effector
set point
integrator
sensor
sensor
Without control mechanisms for homeostasis in place, a vertebrate placed in the Arctic during winter would __________.
freeze or die
Which of the following describes a negative feedback loop?
Multiple choice question.
It maintains the level of the physiological variable, regardless of recent change.
It moves the level of the physiological variable in the same direction as a recent change.
It moves the level of the physiological variable opposite that of a recent change.
It moves the level of the physiological variable opposite that of a recent change.
Select all that apply
Examples of variables that are under homeostatic control in animals include which of the following?
Multiple select question.
Sodium and potassium levels
Body temperature
Length of stride
Body fluid pH
Sodium and potassium levels
Body temperature
Body fluid pH
A fundamental feature of homeostasis is that disturbances to a physiological variable are minimized and corrected. This is accomplished via which of the following?
Multiple choice question.
Operon systems
Catabolite repression
Feedback loops
The SA/V ratio
Feedback loops
Which of the following results in a magnification of a change in a physiological variable?
Multiple choice question.
A negative feedback loop
A positive feedback loop
An antagonistic effector
A positive feedback loop
The components of a homeostatic control system are the sensor, integrator, and ________, which work together to maintain a variable near its __________ point.
effector, set
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in human biology?
Multiple choice question.
Decreases in blood glucose levels after fasting
Increases in blood glucose levels after a meal
Control of ATP production within cells
Blood clotting in response to injury
Blood clotting in response to injury
In a homeostatic control system, which of the following is the normal value for a controlled physiological variable?
Multiple choice question.
Sensor
Set point
Integrator
Baseline
Effector
Set point
In ______, an animal’s body begins to prepare for a change in a physiological variable before the change even occurs.
Multiple choice question.
positive feedback loops
feedforward regulation
negative feedback loops
feedforward regulation
A feedback loop in which a change in the physiological variable being regulated brings about responses that move that variable in the opposite direction is called a(n) __________ feedback loop.
negative
Often times with _________ regulation of homeostatic responses, the animal learns to anticipate a homeostatic challenge and speeds up the body’s response.
feedforward
With respect to homeostatic maintenance, negative feedback serves to minimize _________ in a physiological variable.
disturbances, changes, variation, differences, or disruptions
In general, ______ does not contribute to homeostasis because the result is magnification, rather than minimization, of fluctuations in physiological variables.
Multiple choice question.
negative feedback
positive feedback
feedforward regulation
positive feedback
Cellular communication in homeostasis _____.
Multiple choice question.
has both fast, localized and slower, long-distance mechanisms
is always localized and occurs rapidly, over short distances
is always long-distance and sometimes requiring days for effects to be realized
has both fast, localized and slower, long-distance mechanisms
The increased rate of uterine contractions during child birth is a response due to a _______ feedback loop.
positive
The type of cellular communication in which molecules are released into the interstitial fluid and act on nearby cells is known as _____.
Multiple choice question.
paracrine signaling
autocrine signaling
endocrine signaling
exocrine signaling
paracrine signaling
The body of an animal can prepare itself for an upcoming challenge to homeostasis. This process is called _________ regulation.
Feedforward
Neurotransmitters act quickly and _________, while hormones act more slowly and at relatively _________ distances.
locally, localized, over short distances, or at short distances; long, large, far, or longer
Which homeostatic control mechanism can result from or be modified by learning or previous experiences, liked in Pavlov’s experiments?
Multiple choice question.
Feedforward regulation
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Feedforward regulation
A chemical messenger that, when secreted from a gland into the blood, acts on distant receptors specific to that compound is called a(n) __________
hormone
A fundamental feature of homeostasis is that disturbances to a physiological variable are minimized and corrected. This is accomplished via which of the following?
Multiple choice question.
The SA/V ratio
Feedback loops
Catabolite repression
Operon systems
Feedback loops
Most of the water in an animal’s body is _____.
Multiple choice question.
interstitial
extracellular
intracellular
hemolymph
intracellular
True or false: Cellular communication in homeostasis occurs only over very short distances.
True false question.
True
False
False
The water inside an animal’s cells is referred to as _____.
Multiple choice question.
interstitial fluid
extracellular fluid
intracellular fluid
hemolymph
intracellular fluid
Communication in which molecules that are released into the interstitial fluid act on cells in the immediate surrounding area is known as _______ signaling.
paracrine
Intracellular and interstitial fluids are separated by ______; interstitial fluid and plasma are separated by ______.
Multiple choice question.
extracellular fluid; blood vessel walls
cell membranes; blood vessel walls
blood vessel walls; extracellular fluid
blood vessel walls; cell membranes
cell membranes; blood vessel walls
Select all that apply
Which of the following statements describe hormones?
Multiple select question.
Travel via the blood
Produced and released from glands
Produced and released from neurons
Diffuse from cell to cell
Exert a localized effect
Travel via the blood
Produced and released from glands
When secreted from a gland into the blood, a _____ is chemical messenger that acts on distant receptors specific to that compound.
Multiple choice question.
neurotransmitter
hormone
integrator
paracrine
pheromone
hormone
Interstitial fluid is _____.
Multiple choice question.
found within cells
found outside of cells
the liquid part of blood
found outside of cells
True or false: Most of the water in an animal’s body is extracellular.
True false question.
True
False
False
Extracellular fluid is composed of the fluid part of blood, called _________, and the fluid-filled spaces that surround cells, called _______ fluid.
plasma; interstitial
The water outside of an animal’s cells is referred to as __________ fluid.
extracellular
Distinguish among body fluids by matching the names with the descriptions below.
Plasma
Interstitial fluid
Extracellular fluid
Intracellular fluid
Fluid within cells
Composed of interstitial fluid and plasma
Fluid in the spaces between cells
Fluid portion of blood
Plasma/Fluid portion of blood
Interstitial fluid/fluid in the spaces between cells
Extracellular fluid/composed of interstitial fluid and plasma
Intracellular fluid/fluid within cells
The type of barrier that separates the two compartments is what determines the movement of _______ from one body fluid compartment to another.
solutes
True or False: Water can move between body compartments to maintain homeostasis, but solutes are trapped in their compartments.
False
The extracellular fluid found specifically in the spaces surrounding cells is called ___________ fluid
interstitial
True or false: Simple diffusion requires the hydrolysis of ATP.
True false question.
True
False
False
Select all that apply
Which of the following are types of extracellular fluid?
Multiple select question.
Cytoplasm
Interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid
Plasma
Interstitial fluid
Plasma
The passive movement of a solute down its concentration gradient without the aid of transport proteins or ATP hydrolysis is called simple _______.
diffusion
The water inside an animal’s cells is referred to as _____.
Multiple choice question.
hemolymph
interstitial fluid
intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
intracellular fluid
Passive transport is the movement of a solute _____.
Multiple choice question.
regardless of its concentration gradient
up its concentration gradient
down its concentration gradient
down its concentration gradient
That is, from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. FROM HIGH TO LOW IS DOWN ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
Think of this like a hill. The higher the hill, the higher the concentration, and lower at the bottom of the hill, GOING DOWN THE HILL IS DOWN THE GRADIENT.
Solute movement from one body compartment to another is determined by _____.
Multiple choice question.
the type of barrier that separates the compartments
endocrine control
electrical stimulation via the nervous system
the type of barrier that separates the compartments
What is absolutely necessary for the process of passive transport?
Multiple choice question.
A concentration gradient
Hydrolysis of ATP
A transport protein
A concentration gradient
How do body fluids maintain appropriate concentrations of ions, nutrients, and gases?
Multiple choice question.
Movement of water and solutes between compartments
Movement of solutes only between compartments
Movement of water only between compartments
Movement of water and solutes between compartments
The process of simple diffusion _____.
Multiple choice question.
requires neither a transport protein nor ATP hydrolysis
requires both a transport protein and ATP hydrolysis
requires ATP hydrolysis but not a transport protein
requires a transport protein but not ATP hydrolysis
requires neither a transport protein nor ATP hydrolysis
Facilitated diffusion moves substances across the membrane with the help of _____.
Multiple choice question.
membrane proteins
cholesterol
membrane vesicles
nothing
membrane proteins
What term describes the passive movement of a solute down its concentration gradient without the aid of transport proteins or ATP hydrolysis?
Multiple choice question.
Simple diffusion
Active transport
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion
When a solute is moved against its concentration gradient, this process is called _________ transport.
active
The movement of a solute from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration is known as ______ transport.
passive
Passive transport _____.
Multiple choice question.
provides the energy for the hydrolysis of ATP
requires energy from the hydrolysis of ATP
does not require energy from the hydrolysis of ATP
does not require energy from the hydrolysis of ATP
In osmosis, water moves from an area of ______ solute concentration to one of ______ solute concentration.
Multiple choice question.
higher; lower
high; equal
lower; higher
low; equal
lower; higher
Solutes move from high to low concentration by diffusion. In osmosis, however, water moves in the opposite direction, from the area of low solute concentration to the area of high solute concentration.
A lower solute concentration WOULD ASSUME that it has more water molecules than the higher solute concentration with more molecules of solutes and that is why osmosis works in reverse.
True or False: Water can move between body compartments to maintain homeostasis, but solutes are trapped in their compartments.
True false question.
True
False
False
One of the reasons why animals must maintain normal water levels is that water is the ______ that permits dissolved solutes in cells to participate in chemical reactions.
solvent
An example of passive transport is __________ diffusion, where a channel or transporter is required for diffusion to occur.
facilitated
The total solute concentration of an aqueous solution is known as the solution’s _________.
osmolarity
Active transport _____ to move a solute from an area of _____ to an area of _____.
Multiple choice question.
does not require energy; high concentration; low concentration
requires energy; low concentration; high concentration
does not require energy; low concentration; high concentration
requires energy; high concentration; low concentration
requires energy; low concentration; high concentration
Passive transport is the movement of a solute _____.
Multiple choice question.
regardless of its concentration gradient
up its concentration gradient
down its concentration gradient
down its concentration gradient
Match each term with the appropriate description of the solution.
iso-osmotic solution
hyper-osmotic solution
hypo-osmotic solution
higher osmolarity as that of the cell
lower osmolarity as that of the cell
same osmolarity as that of a cell
Iso-osmotic/same osmolarity
hyper/higher
hypo/lower
The mechanism by which water moves from a body compartment of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration is known as _________
osmosis
Select all that apply
Which of the following are reasons why animals must maintain normal water levels?
Multiple select question.
Animals must always have a very high level of water in their bodies, as a reserve in case of adverse conditions.
Proper water levels are critical for survival.
Water in the digestive system is constantly required in order to maintain proper food consistency.
There are many vital processes which have the potential to disrupt the water balance.
Proper water levels are critical for survival.
There are many vital processes which have the potential to disrupt the water balance.
Osmolarity is defined as the concentration of ______ in a solution of water.
Multiple choice question.
solvent
solutes
water
protein channels
solutes
Select all that apply
The metabolism of which of the following compounds generates CO2 as the major waste product?
Multiple select question.
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Fats
When a solute is moved against its concentration gradient, this process is called ________ transport.
active
Conformers save energy by adapting some aspect of their internal body composition to match that of their _____.
Multiple choice question.
parents
environment
offspring
interstitial fluids
environment
In osmosis, water moves from an area of ______ solute concentration to one of ______ solute concentration.
Multiple choice question.
low; equal
high; equal
higher; lower
lower; higher
lower; higher
One of the reasons why animals must maintain normal water levels is that water is the ______ that permits dissolved solutes in cells to participate in chemical reactions.
solvent
When animal cells metabolize carbohydrates and fats, the major waste product is _________, which is exhaled or diffuses across the body surface.
CO2
Regulating homeostasis requires ______ energy expenditure compared to conforming homeostasis.
Multiple choice question.
less
the same amount of
more
more
Question 1 (1 point)
In osmosis:
Question 1 options:
water moves from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.
plasma membranes must be impermeable to water.
water moves from extracellular to intracellular compartments.
solutes move from a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration.
solutes move from a region of low water concentration to a region of high water concentration.
solutes move from a region of low water concentration to a region of high water concentration.
water moves from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.
Which organ system removes nitrogen-containing waste products from blood?
Question 2 options:
lymphatic system
integumentary system
muscular system
urinary system
urinary system
In our case study, which of the following statements regarding freshwater fish is true?
Question 3 options:
Freshwater fish use their gills to actively take up salt ions.
Freshwater fish do not produce urine.
Freshwater fish lose water through their gills by osmosis.
Freshwater fish frequently drink to obtain salt ions.
Freshwater fish use their gills to actively take up salt ions.
Most homeostasis depends on
Question 4 options:
positive feedback control.
negative feedback control.
hormonal regulation.
predictable environmental conditions.
negative feedback control.
Imagine an invertebrate that lives in an estuary where salinity varies cyclically with the tides. If this individual is able to adjust the salt concentration of its body fluids, its salt concentration will have
Question 5 options:
a cyclic variation opposite that of the surrounding water.
slight fluctuations that are kept within a narrow range.
a cyclic variation depending upon when the animal drinks.
regular variations that range from large to small.
slight fluctuations that are kept within a narrow range.
Connective tissue is different from the other major tissue types in that
Question 6 options:
it is found only in humans.
it is not made of cells.
the cells are sparsely scattered through a nonliving matrix.
it is made of cells.
the cells are sparsely scattered through a nonliving matrix.
The barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments in an animal or plant is the:
Question 7 options:
plasma (cell) membrane.
walls of capillaries.
membrane of the Golgi apparatus.
nuclear membrane.
membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.
plasma (cell) membrane.
Cardiac muscle and some types of smooth muscle have the ability to contract simultaneously. Which cell junction would allow an electrical flow between cells.
Question 8 options:
tight
adherins
desmosomes
gap
none of the above
gap
Anatomy is the study of function and physiology is the study of structure.
Question 9 options:
True
False
False
Which of the following lists the organization of a mammalian body from least to most complex?
Question 10 options:
Organ—organ system—tissue—cell
Tissue—cell—organ system—organ
Organ system—organ—tissue—cell
Cell—tissue—organ—organ system
Tissue—organ—cell—organ system
Cell—tissue—organ—organ system
Which of the following would be additional evidence that one of the functions of skin is the synthesis of vitamin D?
Question 11 options:
Cancer rates are higher in people with more sun exposure.
Vitamin D levels are lower in people who wear sunscreen.
People living in the tropics are vitamin D deficient.
Vitamin D levels are higher in people who take supplements, such as multivitamins.
Vitamin D levels are lower in people who wear sunscreen.
Use what you learned in our case study to answer this question. What is the correct rank order for relative amount of water (most to least) required for excretion of the primary nitrogenous wastes generated by different animals?
Question 12 options:
ammonia → urea → uric acid
urea → uric acid → ammonia
ammonia → uric acid → urea
uric acid → ammonia → urea
urea → ammonia → uric acid
ammonia → urea → uric acid
Connective tissue serves to support and bind other tissues. Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue?
Question 13 options:
Fat
Neurons
Blood
Bone
Cartilage
Neurons
Homeostasis reinforces or enlarges a change from the homeostatic set point.
Question 14 options:
True
False
False
A break in a blood vessel occurs and damaged cells release chemicals to begin the process of blood clotting. As clotting gets under way, signals are sent by cells for each step to release more chemicals that accelerate the process. Eventually the wall is patched and bleeding is stopped. While the cells are signalling, what type of feedback is occuring?
Question 15 options:
Negative
Positive
This process is not controlled through feedback.
Positive and negative feedback are occuring together.
Positive
FUN FACT
The chemical capsaicin is responsible for the “heat” experienced when eating a hot pepper. Capsaicin triggers the same nerve channel that signals the consumption of a food that is very hot in temperature. Even though the capsaicin is actually causing a chemical burn and not producing heat, the brain is tricked, and a person may feel that their body temperature is elevated. The individual may even begin to sweat. Menthol has an opposite effect on the body: the chemoreceptors in the mouth trigger the nerve channel that signals cold sensations.
N/A
