Chapter 28 Reading

Question 1

Jim Crow laws continued

Answer 1

to enforce strict separation of the races

Question 2

de jure segregation

Answer 2

segregation that is imposed by law

Question 3

de facto segregation

Answer 3

segregation by unwritten custom

Question 4

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 4

African american lawyer; worked with civil rights organizations to challenge segregation

Question 5

Brown v Board of Education

Answer 5

challenged segregated public education at all grade levels

Question 6

Earl Warren

Answer 6

Chief Justice; wrote Brown decision in which the Supreme Court agreed that segregated public school violated the constitution

Question 7

Brown decision overturned

Answer 7

the principle of “separate but equal”; lent support to the view that all forms of segregation were wrong

Question 8

Little Rock, Arkansas

Answer 8

governor ordered the National Guard to block 9 African American students from entering high school; Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect the students and to enforce the court’s decision

Question 9

civil rights act of 1957

Answer 9

established the US Civil Rights Commission; first civil rights bill passed by Congress since Reconstruction

Question 10

Montgomery, Alabama

Answer 10

Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white man; arrested; civil rights activist organized one-day bus boycott to express opposition to Park’s arrest

Question 11

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

Answer 11

Baptist minister; gave inspirational speech in which he called upon African Americans to protest segregation and oppression in a nonviolent manner

Question 12

Montgomery bus boycott continued

Answer 12

for more than a year; MLK called upon African Americans to protest segregation and oppression in a nonviolent manner; revealed the power of African Americans could have if they joined together

Question 13

Montgomery city

Answer 13

Supreme Court ruled a law that segregated buses was unconstitutional

Question 14

North Carolina

Answer 14

4 college students started a sit-in to protest discrimination; sparked wave of similar protests across the nation

Question 15

student nonviolence coordinating committee

Answer 15

SNCC: create a grass-roots movement to gain equality; young African American activists

Question 16

interstate transportation

Answer 16

Supreme Court ruled that segregation in interstate busses was illegal

Question 17

congress of racial equality

Answer 17

CORE; staged a “freedom ride” through the Deep South to test the federal government’s willingness to enforce the law ; after met with violence JFK intervened

Question 18

James Meredith

Answer 18

won a federal case that allowed him to enroll in all-white University of Mississippi; Medgar Evers was instrumental in the process; graduate in 1963

Question 19

southern christian leaders conference

Answer 19

SCLC; MLK targeted Birmingham, Alabama for a major civil rights campaign; began nonviolently with protest marches and sit-ins

Question 20

Birmingham’s public safety commissioner

Answer 20

refused to tolerate the demonstrations in Birmingham ; used police dogs and fire hoses on the peaceful protesters ; news coverage shocked Americans

Question 21

March on Washington

Answer 21

to put pressure on congress to pass a new civil rights bill supporters organized a massive demonstration; more than 200,000 Americans gathered; Aug 28, 1963; MLK gave his “I have a dream” speech

Question 22

Nov 22, 1963

Answer 22

JFK was shot; LBJ assumed the presidency

Question 23

civil rights act of 1964

Answer 23

LBJ used his political skills for the passage; banned segregation in public accommodations; produced a dramatic shift in race relations and set the stage for future reforms

Question 24

freedom summer

Answer 24

SNCC mounted a major voter registration project; 1,000 volunteers flooded Mississippi to register African Americans to vote

Question 25

Selma, Alabama

Answer 25

MLK and the SNCC organized a campaign to pressure the government to enact voting rights legislation; climaxed in a series of confrontations and heavily armed state troopers attacked the marchers.

Question 26

voting rights act of 1965

Answer 26

banned literacy tests

Question 27

24th amendment

Answer 27

banned the poll tax which had been used to prevent poor African Americans from voting

Question 28

urban areas

Answer 28

anger over continuing discrimination and poverty erupted into violence and riots

Question 29

Kerner Commission

Answer 29

concluded that long-term racial discrimination was the single most important cause of violence; determined the cause of the riots

Question 30

Malcom X

Answer 30

most well-known African American radical; most prominent minister of the Nation of Islam, a religious sect that demanded separation of the races; assassinated in 1965

Question 31

Stokely Carmiechal

Answer 31

thought African Americans should use their economic and political muscle which was “black power” to gain equality

Question 32

black panther party

Answer 32

became the symbol of young militant African Americans

Question 33

April 4, 1968

Answer 33

MLK was assassinated

Question 34

fair housing act

Answer 34

banned discrimination in housing