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American history > Chapter 21 and 22 Reading > Flashcards

Chapter 21 and 22 Reading Flashcards

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1
Q

roaring 20’s

A

republican decade; supported republicans by electing Hoover

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2
Q

republican presidents

A

led the nation and took credit for the good economic times

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3
Q

American farmers

A

borrowed money to buy land and machinery to increase the harvest yields during WW1; still producing large harvests; problems worsened during the depression

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4
Q

demand for American crops

A

fell after the war

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5
Q

cheap food

A

flooded the markets lowering farmers profits and making debt harder to pay off

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6
Q

industrial workers

A

wages rose steadily; did better than farmers

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7
Q

owners of companies

A

did even better than industrial workers; became very rich

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8
Q

1929 percentage

A

wealthiest .01% of the population earned about the same amount of money as the bottom 42%

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9
Q

easy credit meant many workers

A

took advantage to buy products; disguised the problem and helped the economy grow

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10
Q

1929 too much money was

A

being poured into stock speculation

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11
Q

investors

A

borrowed money to buy stocks then sold them to turn a quick profit

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12
Q

inflating the prices of stocks

A

led to frantic buying and selling; unrealistic levels

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13
Q

sharp drop in stock prices

A

led to panicked selling

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14
Q

black Tuesday

A

Oct 29, 1929; stock market crashes and stock prices bottomed

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15
Q

stock market crash marked the beginning

A

of the Great Depression

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16
Q

the Great Depression

A

period lasting from 1929 to 1941; US economy faltered and unemployment soared; thousands of banks closed and many businesses failed; cities and minorities hit hardest

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17
Q

Hawley-Smoot tariff

A

government tried to boost the sale of American goods; placed high taxes on foreign goods; result was closed markets and unsold goods; destroyed international trade

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18
Q

bread line

A

people lined up for handouts from charities or public agencies

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19
Q

Hoovervilles

A

makeshift shantytowns of tents and shacks built on public land or vacant lots

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20
Q

tenant farmers

A

working for bigger land owners rather than for themselves

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21
Q

severe drought and over farming

A

turned soil to dust on the Great Plains; made farming impossible and creating huge dust storms

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22
Q

dust bowl

A

high plain regions in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico, and Colorado; many farmers left and moved to California for work

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23
Q

Okies

A

dust bowl refugees from California

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24
Q

African American sharecroppers

A

thrown off the land they were working on and migrated north

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25
Q

repatriations

A

government efforts to send Mexico immigrants and their American children back to Mexico; southwest white Americans urged it

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26
Q

Herbert Hoover

A

president; struggled to respond to the nation’s problems; felt the government shouldn’t interfere with what he thought was the natural downswing of the business cycle; volunteerism; later called in the military on the bonus army

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27
Q

volunteerism

A

Hoover asked business leaders not to cut prices and wages; government to simultaneously reduce taxes, lower interest rates, and create public-works programs; wealthy to give to poor through charities

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28
Q

localism

A

asked the state and local governments to provide more jobs and relief measures; businesses instead cut wages and laid off workers

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29
Q

towns, states, and charities

A

didn’t have the resources to respond to the crisis; charities ran low on money

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30
Q

trickle-down economics

A

government would provide loans to bankers so they in turn could lend money to businesses; then hire workers, leading to the increase production and consumption and the end of the depression

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31
Q

reconstruction finance corporation

A

RFC; provide loans to businesses; businesses that did receive loans didn’t always use them to hire workers

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32
Q

Hoover Dam

A

Colorado River; brought much-needed employment to the southwest in the early 1930’s

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33
Q

bonus army

A

group of almost 20 thousand unemployed WW1 veterans; marched in protest and set up camps in Washington, DC; wanted early payment of a bonus promised them; congress agreed; Hoover vetoed

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34
Q

general Douglas MacArthur

A

led army troops against the veterans

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35
Q

FDR

A

won the presidency by more than 7 million votes; lost the use of his legs to polio; congress passed 15 bills; used the legislation passed by the 2nd new deal to accomplish the goals of promoting the general welfare and protecting citizen’s rights

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36
Q

Eleanor Roosevelt

A

became FDR’s eyes and ears during his presidency; transformed the office of the First Lady to a politically active position; traveled extensively and advocated equal justice for all

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37
Q

first new deal

A

first 15 bills; 3 goals; relief, recovery, and reform; brought fundamental changes to the nation

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38
Q

relief

A

referred to improving the immediate hardships of the depression; immediate effort involved the government paying farmers subsides to reduce production; move that helped raise farm prices

39
Q

recovery aimed at

A

achieving a long-term economic recovery

40
Q

reform

A

designed to prevent further depressions

41
Q

Tennessee valley authorities

A

TVA; build dams in the Tennessee river valley to control floods and generate electric power, and the creation of the CCC

42
Q

civillian conservation corps

A

CCC: provided jobs for more than 2 million young men; replanted forests, built trails, dug irrigation ditches, and fought fires

43
Q

recovery efforts; 2

A

national recovery administration; NRA; public works administration; PWA

44
Q

national recovery administration

A

NRA; developed industry codes that set minimum wages for workers and minimum prices for goods

45
Q

public works administration

A

PWA; created millions of new jobs, constructing bridges, dams, power plants, and government buildings

46
Q

federal deposit insurance corporation

A

FDIC; insured bank deposits

47
Q

securities exchange commission

A

SEC; regulated the stock market

48
Q

FDIC and SEC

A

reformed the nations financial institutions

49
Q

some Americans

A

thought the new deal made the government too powerful

50
Q

other Americans

A

thought the new deal didn’t provide enough help to citizens; strongest criticism came from individuals with roots in the Populist movement

51
Q

Father Charles Coughlin

A

Roman Catholic priest who aired increasingly angry views on a weekly radio show; Roman Catholic officials forced Coughlin to stop his broadcasts

52
Q

Senator Huey Long

A

Louisiana; proposed placing high taxes on wealthy Americans so their income could be redistributed to the poor

53
Q

works progress administration

A

WPA; provide new jobs doing public works; provided programs to employ displaced artists; government paid for programs by spending money it didn’t have; allowed people of varied backgrounds to get to know one another, breaking down regional and ethnic prejudice

54
Q

John Maynard Keynes

A

British economist; argued that such deficit spending was needed to end the depression

55
Q

social security act

A

created pension system for retirees, as well as unemployment insurance for workers who lost their jobs and aid for the disabled

56
Q

new programs and laws aided

A

farmers and industrial workers

57
Q

rural electrification administration

A

helped bring electricity to farms

58
Q

Wagner act

A

gave workers the right to collective bargaining

59
Q

collective bargaining

A

employers had to negotiate with unions about hours, wages, and other working conditions

60
Q

fair labor standards act

A

established a minimum wage and a maximum number of hours for the workweek; outlawed child labor

61
Q

congress of industrial organizations

A

CIO; established to organize workers in major industries; members staged a sit-down strike against General Motors refusing to leave the workplace until a settlement had been reached

62
Q

success in sit-down against General Motors

A

led to other strikes, which improved wages and working conditions for union members

63
Q

supreme court

A

FDR faced struggles; struck down a number of the key laws in the new deal

64
Q

court packing

A

dilute the power of the 6 justices; FDR asked congress to add 6 new justices to the 9 member court

65
Q

new economic downturn in 1938

A

FDR chose not to try to force more reforms through congress

66
Q

secretary of labor Frances Perkins

A

first female cabinet member; played a leading role in establishing social security and minimum wages

67
Q

African American leaders

A

FDR invited to advise him

68
Q

black cabinet

A

unofficial advisers of FDR

69
Q

Mary McLeod Bethune

A

member of the black cabinet; powerful champion of racial equality

70
Q

Indian new deal

A

program to help American Indians by providing funding for the construction of new schools and hospitals

71
Q

Indian reorganization act

A

restored tribal control of American Indian lands

72
Q

bureau of Indian affairs

A

stopped discouraging the practice of traditional American Indian customs

73
Q

new deal coalition

A

FDR united a culturally diverse group of Americans into a strong political force; gave the Democratic Party a sizable majority in both houses of congress; unify the nation

74
Q

new deal programs increased

A

size and scope of the federal government like never before

75
Q

government assumed the responsibility for

A

providing for the welfare of children and the poor, elderly, sick, disabled, and unemployed; led to the rise of a welfare state

76
Q

expanding role of the government included

A

creation of many federal agencies; gave the executive branch much more power

77
Q

22nd amendment

A

limited the president to 2 consecutive terms in office

78
Q

large network radios

A

dominated the airwaves

79
Q

movies were a form of

A

escapism during the Great Depression as American sought relief from their concern

80
Q

the wizard of oz

A

promised wearily audiences that their dreams really could come true

81
Q

many films reflected

A

public’s distrust of big businesses and the government

82
Q

films of Frank Capra

A

celebrated American idealism and the triumph of the common man over adversity

83
Q

fireside radio chats

A

FDR used; to explain his new deal programs

84
Q

national radio networks broadcast

A

dramas, comedies, soap operas, and variety shows

85
Q

war of the worlds movie

A

many people believed the martians were actually invading

86
Q

music

A

swing music played by big bands

87
Q

blues singers

A

focused on the harsh conditions faced by African Americans

88
Q

Woody Guthrie

A

wrote ballads about the Oakies

89
Q

federal art project

A

government funded arts for the first time; artists painted huge murals on walls

90
Q

Dorothea Lange

A

documented the plight of America’s farmers

91
Q

writers produced

A

novels featuring working-class heroes

92
Q

the grapes of wrath

A

John Steinbeck; fictional Joad family from the Oklahoma dust bowl to California

93
Q

Lilian Hellman

A

wrote several plays featuring strong roles for women as well as scnreeplans for movies

American history (25 decks)

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