Chap 9: Senses WS Flashcards by Aiah Cayabyab

Anything that causes a response in a tissue.

STIMULUS

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Conscious awareness of a stimulus

SENSATION

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The perception that a sensation originates from the part of the
body stimulated

PROJECTION

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Includes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration, itch, and proprioception

GENERAL SENSES

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Includes smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance.

SPECIAL SENSES

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Respond to pain, temperature, and itch

FREE NERVE ENDINGS

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Detect light touch and superficial pressure; located in the
epidermis; a capsule surrounding a nerve ending

MERKEL’S DISKS

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Respond to fine, discriminative touch; located just deep to the
epidermis

MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLES

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Monitor continuous touch or pressure in the skin

Ruffini’s end-organs

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Detect deep pressure, vibration, and position (proprioception);
located in tendons and joints.

Pacinian corpuscles

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Specialized cells in the epithelium of the nasal cavity; airborne
molecules bind to receptors on these cells, producing action
potentials

Olfactory neurons

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Formed by axons from the olfactory neurons; pass through the
cribriform plate

Olfactory nerve

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Formed by axons from the olfactory neurons; pass through the
cribriform plate.

Olfactory nerve

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Receives the olfactory nerves.

Olfactory bulb

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Relays action potentials from the olfactory bulb to the brain

Olfactory tract

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Taste buds located on this part of the tongue respond most
strongly to bitter tastes.

Back of tongue

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Olfactory cortex

Area of the frontal and temporal lobes that receives the
olfactory tract.

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Sensory structure that detects taste stimuli

Taste bud

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Enlargements on the surface of the tongue; contain taste buds

Papillae

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Makeup a taste bud; each has taste hairs that extend through ataste pore.

Taste cell

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Taste sensations from the anterior two thirds of the tongue are
conducted by this nerve

Facial nerve

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Taste buds located on this part of the tongue respond most
strongly to sweet and salty tastes

Tip of tongue

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Taste buds located on this part of the tongue respond most
strongly to sour tastes

Side of tongue

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Prevent perspiration from running down the forehead into the
eye.

Eyebrows

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Produces tear

Lacrimal gland

Protect the eye from foreign objects and lubricate the eye by spreading tear

Eyelids

Thin, transparent membrane that covers the anterior surface of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.

Conjunctiva

Collect excess tears from the medial corner of the eye

Lacrimal canaliculi

Empties excess tears into the nasal cavity

Nasolacrimal duct

Outer layer of the eye, consisting of the sclera and cornea

Fibrous tunic

Move the eyeball

Extrinsic eye muscles

Middle layer of the eye, consisting of choroid, ciliary body, and iris

Vascular tunic

Firm, opaque, white, outer posterior five sixths of the eye; maintains the shape of the eye and provides an attachment site for the extrinsic eye muscles

Sclera

Contains ciliary muscles (smooth muscles) that attach by suspensory ligaments to the lens.

Ciliary body

Inner layer of the eye, consisting of the retina

Nervous tunic

Avascular, transparent, anterior one sixth of the eye; allows light to enter the eye and also refracts light.

Cornea

Vascular tunic associated with the scleral portion of the eye; prevents light reflection.

Choroid

Flexible, biconvex, transparent disc

Lens

Contains smooth muscle that regulates the amount of light entering the eye

Iris

The opening in the iris through which light passes

Pupil

Photopigment in rods that breaks down when struck by light; vitamin A is necessary for its manufacture; lack of vitamin A results in night blindness

Rhodopsin

Outer part of the retina; its black color prevents light reflection

Pigmented retina

Inner part of the retina containing rods and cones

Sensory retina

Photoreceptor cells that are very sensitive to light and function in dim light.

Cones

Photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision

Rods

Small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina

Macula lutea

Small pit with the highest concentration of cones and the greatest ability to most clearly detect images; located in the macula lutea.

Fovea centralis

Blind spot of the eye; place where blood vessels and the optic nerve pass through the wall of the eye.

Optic disc

Fills the anterior compartment of the eye; maintains pressure, refracts light, and provides nutrients to the inner eye surface.

Aqueous humor

Fills the posterior compartment of the eye; helps to maintain pressure within the eye and holds the lens and retina in place

Vitreous humor

Bending of light rays as they pass from air into some other, more dense substance.

Refraction

Type of lens that causes light rays to diverge

Concave lens

Type of lens that causes light rays to converge

Convex lens

Where converging light rays cross

Focal point

Act of causing light rays to converge to form an image.

Focusing

Bending of light rays as they pass from air into some other, more dense substance

Part of the eye that produces the greatest amount of convergence of light.

Cornea

Part of the eye that accomplishes fine adjustments in focusing by changing shape

Lens

Process of allowing the lens to assume a more spherical (convex) shape; enables the eye to focus objects that are closer than 20 feet

Accommodation

Condition of the ciliary muscles during accommodation

Contracted

Condition of the ciliary muscles for distant vision (greater than 20 feet).

Relaxed

Leaves the eye and passes through the optic foramen

Optic nerve

Image seen by each eye

Visual field

Point where some of the axons in the optic nerves cross to opposite sides of the brain

Optic chiasma

Part of the occipital lobes of the brain responsible for vision

Visual cortex

Axons between the optic chiasma and the thalamus

Optic tract

Axons extending from the thalamus to the visual cortex

Optic radiations

Passageway that leads to the tympanic membrane

External auditory meatus

Fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head.

Auricle

Modified sebum, commonly called earwax, that helps to prevent foreign objects from reaching the tympanic membrane

Cerumen

Membrane-covered opening between the middle and inner ear

Round window

Thin membrane that separates the external and middle ear; vibrates in response to sound waves; also called the eardrum

Tympanic membrane

Opening between the middle and inner ear; contains the stapes.

Oval window

Ear bones that transmit and amplify vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window; the malleus, incus and stapes

Auditory ossicles

Spaces in the temporal bone that are connected to the middle ear

Mastoid air cells

Structure that enables air pressure to be equalized between the outside air and the middle ear; the eustachian tube

Auditory tube

interconnecting tunnels and chambers within the temporal bone.

Osseous labyrinth

Membranes that are found within the osseous labyrinth

Membranous labyrinth

Fluid within the membranous labyrinth

Endolymph

Perilymph

Fluid between the osseous and membranous labyrinth

Part of the inner ear involved with hearing

Cochlea

Two parts of the inner ear involved with balance

- Vestibule - Semicircular

Membrane separating the scala vestibuli and the cochlear duct

Vestibular membrane

Membrane separating the scala tympani and the cochlear duct

Tectorial membrane

The space that connects to the oval window

Scala vestibuli

The space that connects to the round window

Scala tympani

The space that contains the spiral organ

Cochlear duct

The spiral organ rests on the basilar membrane and its hair cells extend to this membrane

Tectorial membrane

Type of equilibrium associated with the semicircular canals and involves evaluating the change in rate of head movements

Kinetic equilibrium

Type of equilibrium associated with the vestibule and involves evaluating the position of the head relative to gravit

Static equilibrium

The two chambers of the vestibule

- Utricle - Saccule

Specialized epithelium of the vestibule; consists of hair cells embedded in a gelatinous mass that contains otoliths

Macula

Specialized epithelium found in the ampulla; consists of hair cells embedded in a gelatinous mass called the cupula

Crista ampullaris