Chap 3: Cells Flashcards by Aiah Cayabyab

Basic unit of life and is composed of a cell
membrane and the cytoplasm, which includes
organelles such as the nucleus.

CELL

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The outermost component of the cell.

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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Each cell has specialized structures that perform specific
functions.

organelles

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Encloses the cytoplasm and forms a boundary
between the material inside the cell and material
outside it.

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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materials inside
the cell (ex. potassium, phosphate, proteins)

intracellular substance

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materials outside the cell (ex. sodium and chloride ions

extracellular substances

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Contains phosphorus and form a double layer
of molecules

Phospholipids

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water loving (soluble in
water

Hydrophilic/polar

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water fearing (insoluble
in water

Hydrophobic/nonpolar

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Float among the phospholipid molecules and
extend from the inner to outer surface of the cell
membrane.

Proteins

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A waxy fat carried through the bloodstream by
lipoproteins and gives added strength and
stability by limiting the movement of
phospholipids

Cholesterol

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Glycolipids - acts as surface receptors and stabilize the membrane
and are common in brain cells and nerves

Carbohydrates

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loosely attached to the
exterior surface of the membrane; have various
functions

Peripheral Proteins

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completely penetrate or extend
into the lipid bilayer; controls the entry and removal
of specific molecules

Integral Proteins

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transport specific substances across
membranes by changing shape

Carriers Proteins aka transporters

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The largest organelle and located near the center of
the cell.

NUCLEUS

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formed by the inner and outer membrane of the nucleus where materials can move into or out of the nucleus

Nuclear pores

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“little nucleus”; diffuse bodies with no
surrounding membrane found within the nucleus;
forms ribosome subunits

Nucleoli

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attach to specific chemical signals
and sensitive to specific extracellular materials
that bind to them and trigger a change in a cell’s
activity

Receptors

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Site of most cellular activities.

CYTOPLASM

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Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds
organelles

CYTOSOL

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The living material outside the nucleus and inside
the plasma membrane.

CYTOPLASM

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Consist of protein structure that support the cell,
hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to
change shape.

CYTOSKELETON

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Small fibrils formed from protein subunits that
structurally support the cytoplasm.

Microfilaments

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Fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments

Intermediate Filaments

Largest and hollow structures formed from protein subunits.

Microtubules

Internal structures that perform functions essential to normal cell structure, maintenance, and metabolism.

ORGANELLES

The center of microtubule formation

CENTRIOLES

Moves substances over the surface of the cell

CILIA

Network/Mini Circulatory system

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Whiplike locomotor organelle usually occur one cell

FLAGELLA

Increase surface area

MICROVILLI

Studded with ribosomes to synthesize proteins embedded in membranes.

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Powerhouse of the cell

MITOCHONDRIA

attached to the ER and proteins where they are modified and packaged for export

Fixed Ribosomes

No ribosomes attached.

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Functions to collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids.

GOLGI APPARATUS

Sites of protein synthesis

RIBOSOMES

scattered throughout the cytoplasm and synthesize proteins used in the cytosol

Free Ribosome

Major site of ATP synthesis (produce 95% of ATP required by the cell)

MITOCHONDRIA

Small, membrane bound sacs that transports or stores materials within cells

SECRETORY VESICLES

help recycle worn-out structures

LYSOSOMES

Membrane-bound vesicles containing intracellular digestive enzymes

LYSOSOMES

Break down of fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide (byproduct of fatty acid and amino acid breakdown that can be toxic to the cell)

PEROXISOMES

are substances that are being dissolved

SOLUTE

Break down of proteins into amino acids which can be recycled into new CHON

PROTEASOMES

composed of two major parts, solutes and the solvent

SOLUTION

O2 and CO2 (small molecules

Directly through (diffusion)

The ratio of the mass or volume of a substance (solute) to the mass or volume of the solvent or solution

CONCENTRATION

size, shape, and charge (+/-) determine what can go through

Membrane Channels

Movement of solute molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a solution.

DIFFUSION

bind to molecules, transport them across, and drop them of

Carrier Molecules (Carrier or Channel CHON

predominant liquid or gas that dissolves the solute

SOLVENT

can transport variety of materials

Vesicles

A form of diffusion that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

does NOT require energy, as the substance moves across the concentration gradient. It moves from a high concentration to a low concentration.

PASSIVE PROCESSES

a mediated transport process, involving membrane proteins such as channels or carrier proteins, to move substance across the cell membrane.

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration

OSMOSIS

completely spans the membrane, and allows certain molecules or ions to diffuse across the membrane

Transport protein

The energy that fuels _________ is kinetic energy and concentration gradient.

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell

HYPOTONIC

is a transport protein that is specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances

Carrier protein

refers to the pressure that any fluid in a confined space exerts

Hydrostatic Pressure

a type of transport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly

Channel protein

is a transport protein that opens a "gate," allowing a molecule to pass through the membrane

Gated channel protein

concentration of various solutes and water are the same on both sides of the cell membrane

ISOTONIC

is the force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmotic Pressure

movement of fluid through partitions containing small holes

FILTRATION

involves the active transport of one substance, such as Na+, across the cell membrane, establishing a concentration gradient, which then provides the energy for moving a second substance across the membrane

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

is a process that utilizes membrane proteins to move substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

ingestion and digestion by cells of substances, such as other cells, bacteria, cell debris, and foreign particles

PHAGOCYTOSIS (cell-eating)

forces water across a membrane

Hydrostatic pressure

has a higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell.

HYPERTONIC

the diffusing substance moves in a direction opposite to that of the transported substance

Countertransport

the diffusing substance moves into the same direction as the transported substance

Cotransport

Cell drinking; uptake of liquid by a cell

PINOCYTOSIS (cell-drinking)

refers to a cellular process wherein large water-soluble molecules, which are typically resistant to transportation by carrier molecules, alongside small particles and complete cells, are conveyed across cellular membranes

VESICULAR TRANSPORT

involves cells taking in substances from outside the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle derived from the cell membrane

ENDOCYTOSIS

is a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

is the release of substances from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane

EXOCYTOSIS

is the process whereby information stored in DNA directs protein synthesis; includes the processes of transcription and translation

Gene expression

is the process of creating protein molecule

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Is the synthesis of proteins based on the information in mRNA.

TRANSLATION

sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes specific amino acids in a protein

CODONS

During this process information stored in a region of the DNA is used to produce complementary RNA molecules, called messenger RNA (mRNA)

TRANSCRIPTION

a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides

CELL CYCLE

DNA replication

INTERPHASE

is the formation of daughter cells from single parent cells

MITOSIS

Chromatin condenses into chromosome

PROPHASE

all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes

METAPHASE

The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart.

ANAPHASE

Chromosomal movement stops

TELOPHASE

Division of the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles

CYTOKINESIS