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ANP 101 > Chap 3: Cells > Flashcards

Chap 3: Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic unit of life and is composed of a cell
membrane and the cytoplasm, which includes
organelles such as the nucleus.

A

CELL

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2
Q

The outermost component of the cell.

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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3
Q

Each cell has specialized structures that perform specific
functions.

A

organelles

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4
Q

Encloses the cytoplasm and forms a boundary
between the material inside the cell and material
outside it.

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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5
Q

materials inside
the cell (ex. potassium, phosphate, proteins)

A

intracellular substance

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6
Q

materials outside the cell (ex. sodium and chloride ions

A

extracellular substances

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7
Q

Contains phosphorus and form a double layer
of molecules

A

Phospholipids

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8
Q

water loving (soluble in
water

A

Hydrophilic/polar

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9
Q

water fearing (insoluble
in water

A

Hydrophobic/nonpolar

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10
Q

Float among the phospholipid molecules and
extend from the inner to outer surface of the cell
membrane.

A

Proteins

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11
Q

A waxy fat carried through the bloodstream by
lipoproteins and gives added strength and
stability by limiting the movement of
phospholipids

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

Glycolipids - acts as surface receptors and stabilize the membrane
and are common in brain cells and nerves

A

Carbohydrates

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13
Q

loosely attached to the
exterior surface of the membrane; have various
functions

A

Peripheral Proteins

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13
Q

completely penetrate or extend
into the lipid bilayer; controls the entry and removal
of specific molecules

A

Integral Proteins

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14
Q

transport specific substances across
membranes by changing shape

A

Carriers Proteins aka transporters

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15
Q

The largest organelle and located near the center of
the cell.

A

NUCLEUS

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15
Q

formed by the inner and outer membrane of the nucleus where materials can move into or out of the nucleus

A

Nuclear pores

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16
Q

“little nucleus”; diffuse bodies with no
surrounding membrane found within the nucleus;
forms ribosome subunits

A

Nucleoli

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16
Q

attach to specific chemical signals
and sensitive to specific extracellular materials
that bind to them and trigger a change in a cell’s
activity

A

Receptors

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16
Q

Site of most cellular activities.

A

CYTOPLASM

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16
Q

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds
organelles

A

CYTOSOL

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17
Q

The living material outside the nucleus and inside
the plasma membrane.

A

CYTOPLASM

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18
Q

Consist of protein structure that support the cell,
hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to
change shape.

A

CYTOSKELETON

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18
Q

Small fibrils formed from protein subunits that
structurally support the cytoplasm.

A

Microfilaments

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19
Q

Fibrils formed from protein subunits that are
smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger
in diameter than microfilaments

A

Intermediate Filaments

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20
Q

Largest and hollow structures formed from
protein subunits.

A

Microtubules

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20
Q

Internal structures that perform functions essential
to normal cell structure, maintenance, and
metabolism.

A

ORGANELLES

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20
Q

The center of microtubule formation

A

CENTRIOLES

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21
Q

Moves substances over the surface of the cell

A

CILIA

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22
Q

Network/Mini Circulatory system

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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22
Q

Whiplike locomotor organelle usually occur one cell

A

FLAGELLA

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23
Q

Increase surface area

A

MICROVILLI

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24
Q

Studded with ribosomes to synthesize proteins
embedded in membranes.

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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25
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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25
Q

attached to the ER and proteins
where they are modified and packaged for export

A

Fixed Ribosomes

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26
Q

No ribosomes attached.

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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26
Q

Functions to collect, modify, package, and distribute
proteins and lipids.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

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27
Q

Sites of protein synthesis

A

RIBOSOMES

27
Q

scattered throughout the
cytoplasm and synthesize proteins used in the
cytosol

A

Free Ribosome

27
Q

Major site of ATP synthesis (produce 95%
of ATP required by the cell)

A

MITOCHONDRIA

28
Q

Small, membrane bound sacs that transports or
stores materials within cells

A

SECRETORY VESICLES

28
Q

help recycle worn-out structures

A

LYSOSOMES

28
Q

Membrane-bound vesicles containing intracellular
digestive enzymes

A

LYSOSOMES

28
Q

Break down of fatty acids, amino acids, and
hydrogen peroxide (byproduct of fatty acid and
amino acid breakdown that can be toxic to the
cell)

A

PEROXISOMES

28
Q

are substances that are being
dissolved

A

SOLUTE

28
Q

Break down of proteins into amino acids which
can be recycled into new CHON

A

PROTEASOMES

28
Q

composed of two major parts,
solutes and the solvent

A

SOLUTION

29
Q

O2 and CO2 (small molecules

A

Directly through (diffusion)

29
Q

The ratio of the mass or volume of a substance (solute) to the mass or volume of the solvent or solution

A

CONCENTRATION

29
Q

size, shape, and charge (+/-) determine what
can go through

A

Membrane Channels

29
Q

Movement of solute molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration in a
solution.

A

DIFFUSION

29
Q

bind to molecules, transport them across, and
drop them of

A

Carrier Molecules (Carrier or Channel CHON

29
Q

predominant liquid or gas that
dissolves the solute

A

SOLVENT

29
Q

can transport variety of materials

A

Vesicles

29
Q

A form of diffusion that does not require the
assistance of membrane proteins

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

29
Q

does NOT require
energy, as the substance moves across the
concentration gradient. It moves from a high
concentration to a low concentration.

A

PASSIVE PROCESSES

29
Q

a mediated transport process, involving
membrane proteins such as channels or carrier
proteins, to move substance across the cell
membrane.

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

29
Q

Is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell
membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration

A

OSMOSIS

30
Q

completely spans the
membrane, and allows certain molecules or ions to
diffuse across the membrane

A

Transport protein

30
Q

The energy that fuels _________ is kinetic energy and concentration gradient.

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

30
Q

has a lower concentration of solutes and higher
concentration of water than the cytoplasm of
the cell

A

HYPOTONIC

30
Q

is a transport protein that is
specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances

A

Carrier protein

30
Q

refers to the pressure that any fluid in a
confined space exerts

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

30
Q

a type of transport protein, acts
like a pore in the membrane that lets water
molecules or small ions through quickly

A

Channel protein

30
Q

is a transport protein that
opens a “gate,” allowing a molecule to pass
through the membrane

A

Gated channel protein

30
Q

concentration of various solutes
and water are the same on both sides of
the cell membrane

A

ISOTONIC

30
Q

is the force required to
prevent the movement of water across a
selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmotic Pressure

30
Q

movement of fluid through partitions containing
small holes

A

FILTRATION

30
Q

involves the active transport of one substance,
such as Na+, across the cell membrane,
establishing a concentration gradient, which
then provides the energy for moving a second
substance across the membrane

A

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

30
Q

is a process that utilizes membrane proteins to
move substances across the cell membrane
from regions of lower concentration to those of
higher concentration, against a concentration
gradient

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

30
Q

ingestion and digestion by cells of substances,
such as other cells, bacteria, cell debris, and
foreign particles

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS (cell-eating)

30
Q

forces water across a
membrane

A

Hydrostatic pressure

31
Q

has a higher concentration of solutes and lower
concentration of water than the cytoplasm of
the cell.

A

HYPERTONIC

31
Q

the diffusing substance
moves in a direction opposite to that of the
transported substance

A

Countertransport

31
Q

the diffusing substance moves
into the same direction as the transported
substance

A

Cotransport

31
Q

Cell drinking; uptake of liquid by a cell

A

PINOCYTOSIS (cell-drinking)

31
Q

refers to a cellular process
wherein large water-soluble molecules, which
are typically resistant to transportation by carrier
molecules, alongside small particles and
complete cells, are conveyed across cellular
membranes

A

VESICULAR TRANSPORT

31
Q

involves cells taking in substances from outside
the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle derived
from the cell membrane

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

31
Q

is a form of endocytosis in which receptor
proteins on the cell surface are used to capture
a specific target molecule

A

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

31
Q

is the release of substances from the cell
through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell
membrane

A

EXOCYTOSIS

31
Q

is the process whereby
information stored in DNA directs protein
synthesis; includes the processes of
transcription and translation

A

Gene expression

31
Q

is the process of creating protein molecule

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

31
Q

Is the synthesis of proteins based on the
information in mRNA.

A

TRANSLATION

31
Q

sequence of three nucleotides in
mRNA that codes specific amino acids in a
protein

A

CODONS

31
Q

During this process information stored in a
region of the DNA is used to produce
complementary RNA molecules, called
messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

TRANSCRIPTION

32
Q

a series of events that takes place in a cell as it
grows and divides

A

CELL CYCLE

32
Q

DNA replication

A

INTERPHASE

32
Q

is the formation of daughter cells from single
parent cells

A

MITOSIS

32
Q

Chromatin condenses into chromosome

A

PROPHASE

32
Q

all the genetic material is condensing into
chromosomes

A

METAPHASE

32
Q

The centromeres divide, and the sister
chromatids of each chromosome are pulled
apart.

A

ANAPHASE

32
Q

Chromosomal movement stops

A

TELOPHASE

32
Q

Division of the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles

A

CYTOKINESIS

ANP 101 (25 decks)

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