Chap 3: Cells Flashcards
Basic unit of life and is composed of a cell
membrane and the cytoplasm, which includes
organelles such as the nucleus.
CELL
The outermost component of the cell.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Each cell has specialized structures that perform specific
functions.
organelles
Encloses the cytoplasm and forms a boundary
between the material inside the cell and material
outside it.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
materials inside
the cell (ex. potassium, phosphate, proteins)
intracellular substance
materials outside the cell (ex. sodium and chloride ions
extracellular substances
Contains phosphorus and form a double layer
of molecules
Phospholipids
water loving (soluble in
water
Hydrophilic/polar
water fearing (insoluble
in water
Hydrophobic/nonpolar
Float among the phospholipid molecules and
extend from the inner to outer surface of the cell
membrane.
Proteins
A waxy fat carried through the bloodstream by
lipoproteins and gives added strength and
stability by limiting the movement of
phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids - acts as surface receptors and stabilize the membrane
and are common in brain cells and nerves
Carbohydrates
loosely attached to the
exterior surface of the membrane; have various
functions
Peripheral Proteins
completely penetrate or extend
into the lipid bilayer; controls the entry and removal
of specific molecules
Integral Proteins
transport specific substances across
membranes by changing shape
Carriers Proteins aka transporters
The largest organelle and located near the center of
the cell.
NUCLEUS
formed by the inner and outer membrane of the nucleus where materials can move into or out of the nucleus
Nuclear pores
“little nucleus”; diffuse bodies with no
surrounding membrane found within the nucleus;
forms ribosome subunits
Nucleoli
attach to specific chemical signals
and sensitive to specific extracellular materials
that bind to them and trigger a change in a cell’s
activity
Receptors
Site of most cellular activities.
CYTOPLASM
Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds
organelles
CYTOSOL
The living material outside the nucleus and inside
the plasma membrane.
CYTOPLASM
Consist of protein structure that support the cell,
hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to
change shape.
CYTOSKELETON
Small fibrils formed from protein subunits that
structurally support the cytoplasm.
Microfilaments
Fibrils formed from protein subunits that are
smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger
in diameter than microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Largest and hollow structures formed from
protein subunits.
Microtubules
Internal structures that perform functions essential
to normal cell structure, maintenance, and
metabolism.
ORGANELLES
The center of microtubule formation
CENTRIOLES
Moves substances over the surface of the cell
CILIA
Network/Mini Circulatory system
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Whiplike locomotor organelle usually occur one cell
FLAGELLA
Increase surface area
MICROVILLI
Studded with ribosomes to synthesize proteins
embedded in membranes.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Powerhouse of the cell
MITOCHONDRIA
attached to the ER and proteins
where they are modified and packaged for export
Fixed Ribosomes
No ribosomes attached.
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Functions to collect, modify, package, and distribute
proteins and lipids.
GOLGI APPARATUS
Sites of protein synthesis
RIBOSOMES
scattered throughout the
cytoplasm and synthesize proteins used in the
cytosol
Free Ribosome
Major site of ATP synthesis (produce 95%
of ATP required by the cell)
MITOCHONDRIA
Small, membrane bound sacs that transports or
stores materials within cells
SECRETORY VESICLES
help recycle worn-out structures
LYSOSOMES
Membrane-bound vesicles containing intracellular
digestive enzymes
LYSOSOMES
Break down of fatty acids, amino acids, and
hydrogen peroxide (byproduct of fatty acid and
amino acid breakdown that can be toxic to the
cell)
PEROXISOMES
are substances that are being
dissolved
SOLUTE
Break down of proteins into amino acids which
can be recycled into new CHON
PROTEASOMES
composed of two major parts,
solutes and the solvent
SOLUTION
O2 and CO2 (small molecules
Directly through (diffusion)
The ratio of the mass or volume of a substance (solute) to the mass or volume of the solvent or solution
CONCENTRATION
size, shape, and charge (+/-) determine what
can go through
Membrane Channels
Movement of solute molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration in a
solution.
DIFFUSION
bind to molecules, transport them across, and
drop them of
Carrier Molecules (Carrier or Channel CHON
predominant liquid or gas that
dissolves the solute
SOLVENT
can transport variety of materials
Vesicles
A form of diffusion that does not require the
assistance of membrane proteins
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
does NOT require
energy, as the substance moves across the
concentration gradient. It moves from a high
concentration to a low concentration.
PASSIVE PROCESSES
a mediated transport process, involving
membrane proteins such as channels or carrier
proteins, to move substance across the cell
membrane.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell
membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration
OSMOSIS
completely spans the
membrane, and allows certain molecules or ions to
diffuse across the membrane
Transport protein
The energy that fuels _________ is kinetic energy and concentration gradient.
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
has a lower concentration of solutes and higher
concentration of water than the cytoplasm of
the cell
HYPOTONIC
is a transport protein that is
specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances
Carrier protein
refers to the pressure that any fluid in a
confined space exerts
Hydrostatic Pressure
a type of transport protein, acts
like a pore in the membrane that lets water
molecules or small ions through quickly
Channel protein
is a transport protein that
opens a “gate,” allowing a molecule to pass
through the membrane
Gated channel protein
concentration of various solutes
and water are the same on both sides of
the cell membrane
ISOTONIC
is the force required to
prevent the movement of water across a
selectively permeable membrane
Osmotic Pressure
movement of fluid through partitions containing
small holes
FILTRATION
involves the active transport of one substance,
such as Na+, across the cell membrane,
establishing a concentration gradient, which
then provides the energy for moving a second
substance across the membrane
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
is a process that utilizes membrane proteins to
move substances across the cell membrane
from regions of lower concentration to those of
higher concentration, against a concentration
gradient
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ingestion and digestion by cells of substances,
such as other cells, bacteria, cell debris, and
foreign particles
PHAGOCYTOSIS (cell-eating)
forces water across a
membrane
Hydrostatic pressure
has a higher concentration of solutes and lower
concentration of water than the cytoplasm of
the cell.
HYPERTONIC
the diffusing substance
moves in a direction opposite to that of the
transported substance
Countertransport
the diffusing substance moves
into the same direction as the transported
substance
Cotransport
Cell drinking; uptake of liquid by a cell
PINOCYTOSIS (cell-drinking)
refers to a cellular process
wherein large water-soluble molecules, which
are typically resistant to transportation by carrier
molecules, alongside small particles and
complete cells, are conveyed across cellular
membranes
VESICULAR TRANSPORT
involves cells taking in substances from outside
the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle derived
from the cell membrane
ENDOCYTOSIS
is a form of endocytosis in which receptor
proteins on the cell surface are used to capture
a specific target molecule
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
is the release of substances from the cell
through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell
membrane
EXOCYTOSIS
is the process whereby
information stored in DNA directs protein
synthesis; includes the processes of
transcription and translation
Gene expression
is the process of creating protein molecule
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Is the synthesis of proteins based on the
information in mRNA.
TRANSLATION
sequence of three nucleotides in
mRNA that codes specific amino acids in a
protein
CODONS
During this process information stored in a
region of the DNA is used to produce
complementary RNA molecules, called
messenger RNA (mRNA)
TRANSCRIPTION
a series of events that takes place in a cell as it
grows and divides
CELL CYCLE
DNA replication
INTERPHASE
is the formation of daughter cells from single
parent cells
MITOSIS
Chromatin condenses into chromosome
PROPHASE
all the genetic material is condensing into
chromosomes
METAPHASE
The centromeres divide, and the sister
chromatids of each chromosome are pulled
apart.
ANAPHASE
Chromosomal movement stops
TELOPHASE
Division of the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles
CYTOKINESIS
