Chap 15: Respiratory System (Transes) Flashcards
Organs used of gas exchange
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Regulation of blood pH
7.35-7.45
The lungs produce
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
GENERAL PARTS:
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Larynx
- Pharynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose, Nasal Cavity Pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
Exclusively for air movement
Conduction
Gas exchange occurs (between air & blood)
Respiration
Open chamber inside the nose where air first enters
NASAL CAVITY
Nose composed of ______
hyaline cartilage plate
superior to each nostril with hair follicles
Nasal vestibule
divides nasal cavity (R & L)
Nasal septum
posterior part; opening of pharynx
Choanae
protrudes medially; increases the mucosal area and facilitate air turbulence to filter and moisture it
Conchae
anterior; roof of mouth
Hard palate
Connects the NC and superior to the larynx
PHARYNX
Serves as a passageway for both air and food
PHARYNX
near nasal area; only serves as air passageway
Nasopharynx
near mouth (oral)
Oropharynx
near laryngeal area
Laryngopharynx
Also known as voice box
LARYNX
Provides a patent airway
LARYNX
cartilage: largest amongst all; only 1
Thyroid cartilage
cartilage: point of junction anterior midline laryngeal prominence
Thyroid cartilage
cartilage: Ring of hyaline cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
cartilage: Forms the wall of larynx
Cricoid cartilage
cartilage: Large lift-shaped muscle
Epiglottis
cartilage: Prevents food and drink from entering trachea
Epiglottis
cartilage: Triangular ; posterior
Arytenoid cartilage
cartilage:Horn shaped
Corniculate cartilage
cartilage: Supports the vocal folds and lateral aspects of epiglottis
Cuneiform cartilage
Primary production of sound
VOCAL FOLDS
False pair of VF
superior pair
2 pair of ligaments that extend from laryngeal cartilages
VOCAL FOLDS
True pair of VF
inferior pair
Do not function in voice production
VESTIBULAR FOLDS
Combination of VF and the opening is called Rima glottidis
GLOTTIS
Function in holding breathe against pressure in the thoracic cavity
VESTIBULAR FOLDS
Force of air moving the vocal cords will determine the amplitude and loudness of the sound
VOICE PRODUCTION
Tubular passageway for air
TRACHEA/WINDPIPE
point where the trachea divides into the primary bronchi
Carina
Forms the primary bronchi
BRONCHIAL TREE
Small, air-filled chambers where air and blood come into contact with each other
Alveoli
Very thin squamous epithelial cells that forms 90% of alveolar surface
Type I Pneumocytes
Where most gas exchange between alveolar air and blood takes place
Type I Pneumocytes
External surfaces are densely covered with pulmonary capillaries
RESPIRATORY ZONE
Produces surfactants
Type II Pneumocytes
Consist of 2 layers of simple squamous epithelium, including secreted fluids and separating spaces
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
Site where oxygen from alveolus enters the blood and CO2 exits the blood
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
FLOW OF AIR
Nose/mouth → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveoli / alveolar sacs
principal organs of respiration
Lungs
Point where the blood vessels and the primary B.
Hilum
Has 3 lobes
RIGHT LUNG
Divided by 2 fissures
RIGHT LUNG
Larger
RIGHT LUNG
Divided by 1 fissure
LEFT LUNG
Has 2 lobes
LEFT LUNG
Smaller
LEFT LUNG
Separated from one another by connective tissue septa
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS
Movement of air inside the lungs
Inspiration
Movement of air outside the lungs
Expiration
The upper ribs (1-7) elevate and rotate outward.
PUMP HANDLE
The sternum (breastbone) moves up and down
PISTON PUMP
The lower ribs (8-10) elevate and flare outward.
BUCKET HANDLE
Outside, 0 mmHg
Barometric
Pleural cavity, always 4 mmHg, less than always negative
Intrapleural
Inside the alveoli, equalizes outside the body
Intrapulmonary
Difference, lungs open and keep it from collapsing
Transpulmonary
Inhale maximally (2nd inspire)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
In-out air; normal inspire and expire
Tidal Volume
2nd expiration after normal exp. ; maximal
Expiratory reserve volume
Volume of air remaining
Residual volume
maximally inspire after normal expiration
Inspiratory capacity
after normal inspiration, maximal expiration
Vital capacity
air remaining after normal expiration
Functional residual capacity