Chap 16: Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
is a continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus thru the thoracic and abdominoplevic cavities
A
GastroIntestinal Tract (Alimentary Canal)
2
Q
These organs serve as passageway of food
A
GastroIntestinal Tract (Alimentary Canal)
2
Q
This includes the mouth, most of the pharynx, esopahugs, stomach, small intestine, and the large intestine.
A
GastroIntestinal Tract (Alimentary Canal)
3
Q
These are the organs the helps breakdown food by secreting fluids or providing mechanical means of digestion.
A
Accesory Organs
3
Q
include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
A
Accesory Organs
4
Q
The digestive tract consists of four major tunics, or layers
A
(1) the mucosa, (2) the submucosa, (3) the muscularis, and (4) a serosa or an adventitia
4
Q
specific associated organs of the digestive system are
A
(1) the salivary glands, which empty into the oral cavity,
(2) the liver
(3) the pancreas.
5
Q
The specific portions of the digestive tract include
A
(1) the oral cavity
(2) the pharynx (throat)
(3) the esophagus
(4) the stomach
(5) the small and large intestines
(6) the anus
6
Q
is the movement of food from one end of
the digestive tract to the other
A
Propulsion
6
Q
chewing
A
Mastication
6
Q
is the consumption of solid or liquid
food, usually through the mouth
A
Ingestion
7
Q
is the movement of food back and
forth in the digestive tract, which incorporates the digestive system’s many
secretions into the food
A
Mixing
7
Q
is the breakdown of large organic
molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed
A
Digestion
8
Q
is the addition of liquids,
enzymes, and mucus to the ingested food
A
secretion
9
Q
is the movement of molecules out of the digestive
tract and into the blood or lymphatic system
A
Absorption
10
Q
is the removal of undigested material, such as fiber
from food, plus other waste products from the body as feces
A
Elimination
11
Q
loose connective tissues mucosa
A
lamina propria
12
Q
the innermost tunic and it consists of three layers
A
mucosa
13
Q
Musoca three layers
A
- inner mucous epithelium
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosae
14
Q
innermost layer of Mucosa
A
inner mucous epithelium
15
Q
musoca thin outer layer of smooth muscle
A
muscularis mucosae
16
Q
lies just outside the mucosa
A
submucosa
17
Q
a thick layer of loose
connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, and small gland
A
submucosa
18
Q
An extensive network of nerve cell processes forms a _____ within
the submucosa
A
plexus (network)
19
extremely important in
controlling movement and secretion within the tract
enteric plexus
19
In regions of the digestive tract not covered by peritoneum,
the connective tissue layer is called the
adventia
20
lies outside the submucosa.
muscularis
21
is the outermost layer of the digestive tract
serosa
22
the serous
membrane that covers the organs
Visceral Peritoneum or Serosa
22
a serous membrane that lines the
walls of the abdominal cavity and the abdominal
organs
Peritoneum
23
the serous membrane that
lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
Parietal Peritoneum
24
Consist of two layers of serous membranes with a
thin layer of loose connective tissue between them
MESENTERIES
25
general term referring to the serous
membranes attached to the abdominal organs
Mesentery
26
the mesentery associated with the small intestine
Mesentery proper
27
the mesentery connecting
the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm
Lesser omentum
28
other abdominal organs that have
no mesenteries
Retroperitoneal
29
is the normal location for ingestion of
liquid and solid food
ORAL CAVITY
29
Form the lateral walls of the oral cavity
CHEEKS
30
the space between the lips or cheeks and the
teeth
vestibule
31
Are muscular structures, formed mostly by the orbicularis oris muscle
LIPS
32
lies inside the teeth
and houses the tongue
oral cavity proper
33
Located within the cheeks are the ______
buccinator muscles
34
A large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity
TONGUE
34
an anterior attachment to the floor of the
mouth by a thin fold of tissue called the
frenulum
35
Each tooth consists of three regions
1. crown
2. neck
3. root
35
moves food in the mouth and holds the
food in place during mastication
tongue
35
A major sensory organ for taste, as well as one of the major organs of speech
tongue
36
visible portion of a tooth
crown
36
plays a major role in the process of
swallowing
tongue
37
how many teeth for adult
32
38
small region between the crown and
root
neck
39
largest region; anchors it in the bone of
the maxilla and mandible
root
40
Within the center of
the tooth is a hollow space called the
pulp cavity
41
The bulk of the tooth is formed by a living, cellular, calcified tissue called
dentin
42
the dentin of the tooth is covered by this hard cellular substance
enamel
43
The teeth are held in place within pockets in the bone, called
alveoli
44
surface of the dentin in the root is covered by this ; helps anchor the tooth
cementum
45
teeth in the middle
central and lateral incisor
46
road crowns and rounded suited for grinding
premolars and morals
46
conical fang like teeth
canine
47
roof of the oral cavity, separates the
oral cavity from the nasal cavity
palate
48
anterior part and contains bone
hard palate
48
Produces saliva
SALIVARY GLANDS
49
posterior part and consists of
skeletal muscle and connective tissue
soft palate
50
a posterior extension of the soft palate
uvula
51
boundary of oral cavity ; opening going thru the pharynx to throat
fauces
52
are located in the lateral posterior walls of
the oral cavity, in the nasopharynx, and in the
posterior surface of the tongue
Tonsils
53
They have branching ducts with clusters of alveoli at
the ends of the ducts
SALIVARY GLANDS
54
largest; serous glands located
just anterior to each ear
parotid glands
55
produce more serous
than mucous secretions
submandibular glands
56
smallest; produce primarily
mucous secretions
sublingual glands
57
mixture of serous and mucous fluids; have
multiple roles
saliva
58
roles of saliva
1. Helps keep the oral cavity moist
2. It has protective functions
3. Begins the process of digestion
59
pharynx 3 parts
★ Nasopharynx
★ Oropharynx
★ Laryngopharynx
59
a digestive enzyme in the
serous part of saliva that breaks down starch
Salivary amylas
60
Connects the mouth with the esophagus
PHARYNX (THROAT)
61
for respiration only
Nasopharynx
62
digestive and respiratory function
Oropharynx
63
The
posterior walls of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are formed by the
superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
64
inferior pharynx
Laryngopharynx
65
transfers food from pharynx to stomach
esophagus
66
a muscular tube, lined with
moist stratified squamous epithelium, that extends from the pharynx to
the stomach
esophagus
67
located at the upper and lower ends of the esophagus,
respectively, regulate the movement of food into and out of the esophagus
esophageal sphincters
68
storage and mixing chamber
stomach
69
Transports food from pharynx to the stomach.
swallowing
70
swallowing phases
(1) the voluntary phase
(2) the pharyngeal phase
(3) the esophageal phase
71
a bolus, or mass of food, is formed in the mouth. The tongue pushes the bolus against the hard palate. This
forces the bolus toward the posterior part of the mouth and into the oropharynx
voluntary phase
72
This phase is initiated when a bolus of food stimulates receptors in the oropharynx to elevate the soft palate, closing off the nasopharynx
pharyngeal phase
73
is responsible for moving food
from the pharynx to the stomach
esophageal phase
74
stomach 4 regions
cardiac part
fundus
body
pyloric part
75
The part
of the stomach to the left of the cardiac part, the ______, is
actually superior to the cardiac opening.
fundus
76
The largest part of the stomach
body
77
helps regulate
the movement of gastric contents into the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
77
The body narrows to form the funnel-shaped _____ part of the stomach
pyloric part
78
The submucosa and mucosa of the stomach are arranged in large folds called
rugae
78
muscularis layers
(1) an outer longitudinal layer
(2) a middle circular layer
(3) an inner oblique layer
79
which produce regulatory hormones and paracrine signal
molecules
endocrine cells
79
The epithelial cells of the stomach can be divided into five groups
(1) surface mucous cells
(2) mucous neck cells
(3) parietal cells
(4) endocrine cells
(5) chief cells
80
which are found on the inner surface of the stomach
and lining the gastric pits. These cells produce mucus that coats and protects
the stomach lining
Surface mucous cells
81
which produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
parietal cells
82
which produce pepsinogen and pepsin
chief cells
83
major site of the nutrient absorption
duodenum and jejunum
84
body's major digestive organ
small intestine
85
small intestine 3 divisions
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
86
Tiny, fingerlike projections of the mucosa
Villi
86
The mucosa and submucosa form a series of circular folds
that run perpendicular to the long axis of the digestive tract
Circular folds
87
mucous glands in the
submucosa of the duodenum, which open into the
base of the intestinal glands
Duodenal glands
87
Most of the cells composing the surface of the villi have
numerous cytoplasmic extensions ; increase surface area
Microvilli
88
clusters of lymphatic nodules that
are common along the entire length of the digestive
tract and are numerous in the ileum
Peyer Patches
89
the site where the ileum
connects to the large intestine
Ileocecal junction
89
terminal portion of GI tract
large intestine
90
allow the
intestinal contents to move from the ileum to the
large intestine, but not in the opposite direction
Ileocecal sphincter and ileocecal valve
91
The proximal end of the large intestine where it joins
with the small intestine at the ileocecal junction
CECUM
91
formation of feces
large intestine
91
extends superiorly from the
cecum to the right colic flexure, near the liver,
where the colon turns to the left
Ascending colon
92
Attached to the cecum is a tube about 9 cm long
called the
appendix
93
extends from the right colic
flexure to the left colic flexure near the spleen,
where the colon turns inferiorly
Transverse colon
94
extends from the left colic
flexure to the pelvis, where the colon becomes
the sigmoid colon
Descending colon
95
forms an S-shaped tube that
extends medially and then inferiorly into the
pelvic cavity and ends at the rectum
Sigmoid colon
96
A straight, muscular tube that begins at the
termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the
anal canal.
RECTUM
97
It begins at the inferior end of the rectum and ends
at the anus.
ANAL CANAL
98
largest internal organ of the body
liver
99
liver 2 major lobes
right and left lobe
100
liver 2 minor lobes
caudate and quadrate lobe
101
carries nutrient-rich blood
from the digestive tract to the liver
Hepatic Portal Vein
102
delivers oxygenated blood to
the liver
Hepatic Artery
103
inferior surface of the liver
gall bladder
103
functional cells of the liver
hepatocytes
104
both endorcine and exocrine tissues
pancreas
