Chap 1: Human Organism Flashcards
Investigates the structure of the body
ANATOMY
Study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships between body parts.
ANATOMY
Dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body
ANATOMY
It is the scientific discipline that deals with the body
functions and life processes.
PHYSIOLOGY
It is all about how the body and its parts work.
PHYSIOLOGY
Study of how each part relates to each other with
regards to function.
PHYSIOLOGY
Study of the body by systems (cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems)
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
Each region as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously
REGIONAL ANATOMY
6 Levels of Organization
- Chemical Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ-System
- Organism
a. Smallest level
b. Atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
CHEMICAL LEVEL
Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder
ORGAN LEVEL
a. Cells: basic units of life
b. Compartments and organelles
CELLULAR LEVEL
Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
TISSUE LEVEL
are only 4 broad types of tissues
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
Organs, such as the urinary bladder and kidneys, make up an organ system
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
Organ systems make up organisms that work harmoniously
ORGANISM LEVEL
Provides protection, regulates
temperature, prevents water
loss, and helps produce vitamin
D.
Integumentary
System
Provides protection and support,
allows body movement,
produces blood cells, and stores
minerals and adipose tissue.
Skeletal System
Produces body movements,
maintains posture and produces
body heat.
Muscular System
Detects sensations and controls
movements, physiological
processes, and intellectual
functions.
Nervous System
Influences metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and many other
functions.
Endocrine System
Removes foreign substances
from the blood and lymph,
combats disease, maintains
tissue fluid balance, and
absorbs dietary fats from the
digestive fats.
Lymphatic System
Transports nutrients, waste
products, gases and hormones
throughout the body. Plays a
role in the immune response and
the regulation of body heat.
Cardiovascular System
Produces and transfers sperm
cells to the female and produces
hormones to influence sexual
functions and behaviors.
Male Reproductive System
Exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide between blood and air
and regulates blood pH.
Respiratory System
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion,
absorption of nutrients, and
elimination of wastes.
Digestive System
Removes waste products from
the blood and regulates blood
pH, ion balance, and water
balance.
Urinary System
Site of fertilization and fetal
development, produces milk for
the newborn, produces
hormones that influence sexual
function and
behaviors.
Female Reproductive System
There are 6 characteristics of life
- Organization
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Growth
- Development
- Reproduction
Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism
METABOLISM
Functional interrelationships between parts
ORGANIZATION
All of us are organized from the very first level until organism
ORGANIZATION
metabolism: destruction and break down
Catabolism
metabolism: constructive process
Anabolism
Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes
RESPONSIVENESS
Can increase in size (physical)
GROWTH
Size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials
GROWTH
Changes in form and size
DEVELOPMENT
Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
Differentiation
Formation of new cells or new organisms
Reproduction
Normal, or average value or variable
SET POINT
Maintenance of a constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external and internal environment.
HOMEOSTASIS
Measures of body properties that may change in value
VARIABLES
Normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point
NORMAL RANGE
Cycle of events in which a condition in the body is
continually monitored, evaluated, changed,
unmonitored, and reevaluated.
FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
2 Classifications of Feedback Systems
- Negative Feedback System
- Positive Feedback System
detects changes in variables
Receptor
receives receptor signal;
establishes set point; sends signal to effector
Control Center
directly causes change in variable
Effector
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
The main mechanism used in homeostatic
regulation
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
of deviation away from set point
Detection
reversal of deviation toward set
point and normal range
Correction
Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the
body’s controlled conditions.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
Occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the
response.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
when
lying face upward
Supine Position
is used to describe the
body in the anatomical position
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
refers to a person
standing upright with the
face directed forward, the
upper limbs hanging to
the sides, and the palms
of the hand facing
forward
Anatomical Position
when lying face downward
Prone Position
Toward the body’s right side
Right
Toward the body’s left side
Left
Below
Inferior
Above
Superior
Toward the front of the body
Anterior (Ventral)
Toward the back of the body
Posterior (Dorsal)
Closer to a point of attachment
Proximal
Farther to a point of attachment
Distal
Toward the midline of the body
Medial
Away from the midline of the
body
Lateral
Between two structures
Intermediate
On the same side of the body as
another structure
Ipsilateral
On the opposite side of the body
from another structure
Contralateral
Toward or on the surface
Superficial
Away or on the surface, internal
Deep
Central Region
Head, Neck, and Trunk
Trunk can be divided into three regions
Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMEN
o Right Upper Quadrant
o Left Upper Quadrant
o Right Lower Quadrant
o Left Lower Quadrant
Upper Limb
Arm, Forearm, Wrist and Hand
Lower Limb
Thigh, Leg, Ankle, and Foot
Runs vertically from right to
left and divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts
Frontal/Coronal
Plane
literally means
“the flight of an arrow” and
refers to the way the body
would be split by an arrow
passing anteriorly to
posteriorly
Sagittal Plane
Runs vertically through the
body and separates it
into right and left halves.
Sagittal Plane
Runs parallel to the the
ground, dividing the body into
superior and inferior parts
Transverse Plane
cut along the length of the
organ, similar to the cut
along a hot dog bun
Longitudinal Section
Is a sagittal plane that passes
through the midline of the
body, dividing it into equal
right and left halves
Median Plane
The cut is made diagonally
across the long axis
Oblique Section
cuts completely through
an organ, similar to cutting
a banana into round
pieces
Transverse/Cross Section
Is any compartment or space that provides
protection to the organs within it
BODY CAVITIES
The body contains two main types of body cavity
- Dorsal Body Cavity
- Ventral Body Cavity
Body cavities on the posterior part of the body
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
Encloses organs of the nervous system
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
space inside the bony skull; houses the brain
Cranial Cavity
extends from the cranial
cavity to the end of the spinal cord;
protects the spinal cord
Spinal Cavity
Houses majority of the internal organs (viscera).
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
Cavities located anteriorly
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
Ventral Body Cavity two subdivisions
o Thoracic Cavity
o Abdominopelvic Cavity
Houses the heart and lungs, among other organs
THORACIC BODY CAVITY
encloses a lung
and are surrounded by the ribs
2 Lateral Pleural Cavities
separates the lungs into right
and left cavities in the thoracic cavity; houses the heart, major blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
Mediastinum
Enclosed by abdominal muscles
ABDOMINOPELVIC BODY CAVITY
Consists of the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity
ABDOMINOPELVIC BODY CAVITY
digestive organs (stomach, liver,
intestines, and spleen)
Abdominal
continues below the pelvis (bladder, urethra, rectum and reproductive organs)
Pelvic
cover organs
Visceral Serous Membrane
is the outer membrane
Parietal Serous Membrane
a fluid-filled space between the
molecules
Cavity
lines the walls of the cavities
Parietal
layer covering internal organs
Visceral
Contains the heart, is housed in the mediastinum
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
houses the lungs
PLEURAL CAVITY
houses many internal organs (liver, digestive organs and reproductive organs)
PERITONEAL CAVITY
