Chap 1: Human Organism Flashcards by Aiah Cayabyab

Investigates the structure of the body

ANATOMY

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Study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships between body parts.

ANATOMY

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Dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body

ANATOMY

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It is the scientific discipline that deals with the body
functions and life processes.

PHYSIOLOGY

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It is all about how the body and its parts work.

PHYSIOLOGY

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Study of how each part relates to each other with
regards to function.

PHYSIOLOGY

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Study of the body by systems (cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems)

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

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Each region as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously

REGIONAL ANATOMY

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6 Levels of Organization

Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ-System
Organism

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a. Smallest level
b. Atoms, chemical bonds, molecules

CHEMICAL LEVEL

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Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder

ORGAN LEVEL

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a. Cells: basic units of life
b. Compartments and organelles

CELLULAR LEVEL

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Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

TISSUE LEVEL

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are only 4 broad types of tissues

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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Organs, such as the urinary bladder and kidneys, make up an organ system

ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

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Organ systems make up organisms that work harmoniously

ORGANISM LEVEL

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Provides protection, regulates
temperature, prevents water
loss, and helps produce vitamin
D.

Integumentary
System

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Provides protection and support,
allows body movement,
produces blood cells, and stores
minerals and adipose tissue.

Skeletal System

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Produces body movements,
maintains posture and produces
body heat.

Muscular System

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Detects sensations and controls
movements, physiological
processes, and intellectual
functions.

Nervous System

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Influences metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and many other
functions.

Endocrine System

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Removes foreign substances
from the blood and lymph,
combats disease, maintains
tissue fluid balance, and
absorbs dietary fats from the
digestive fats.

Lymphatic System

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Transports nutrients, waste
products, gases and hormones
throughout the body. Plays a
role in the immune response and
the regulation of body heat.

Cardiovascular System

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Produces and transfers sperm
cells to the female and produces
hormones to influence sexual
functions and behaviors.

Male Reproductive System

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Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air and regulates blood pH.

Respiratory System

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.

Digestive System

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.

Urinary System

Site of fertilization and fetal development, produces milk for the newborn, produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.

Female Reproductive System

There are 6 characteristics of life

1. Organization 2. Metabolism 3. Responsiveness 4. Growth 5. Development 6. Reproduction

Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism

METABOLISM

Functional interrelationships between parts

ORGANIZATION

All of us are organized from the very first level until organism

ORGANIZATION

metabolism: destruction and break down

Catabolism

metabolism: constructive process

Anabolism

Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes

RESPONSIVENESS

Can increase in size (physical)

GROWTH

Size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials

GROWTH

Changes in form and size

DEVELOPMENT

Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized

Differentiation

Formation of new cells or new organisms

Reproduction

Normal, or average value or variable

SET POINT

Maintenance of a constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external and internal environment.

HOMEOSTASIS

Measures of body properties that may change in value

VARIABLES

Normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point

NORMAL RANGE

Cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, unmonitored, and reevaluated.

FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

2 Classifications of Feedback Systems

1. Negative Feedback System 2. Positive Feedback System

detects changes in variables

Receptor

receives receptor signal; establishes set point; sends signal to effector

Control Center

directly causes change in variable

Effector

Reverses a change in a controlled condition

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

The main mechanism used in homeostatic regulation

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

of deviation away from set point

Detection

reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range

Correction

Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

Occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

when lying face upward

Supine Position

is used to describe the body in the anatomical position

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hand facing forward

Anatomical Position

when lying face downward

Prone Position

Toward the body’s right side

Right

Toward the body’s left side

Left

Below

Inferior

Above

Superior

Toward the front of the body

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the back of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Closer to a point of attachment

Proximal

Farther to a point of attachment

Distal

Toward the midline of the body

Medial

Away from the midline of the body

Lateral

Between two structures

Intermediate

On the same side of the body as another structure

Ipsilateral

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

Contralateral

Toward or on the surface

Superficial

Away or on the surface, internal

Deep

Central Region

Head, Neck, and Trunk

Trunk can be divided into three regions

Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMEN

o Right Upper Quadrant o Left Upper Quadrant o Right Lower Quadrant o Left Lower Quadrant

Upper Limb

Arm, Forearm, Wrist and Hand

Lower Limb

Thigh, Leg, Ankle, and Foot

Runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Frontal/Coronal Plane

literally means “the flight of an arrow” and refers to the way the body would be split by an arrow passing anteriorly to posteriorly

Sagittal Plane

Runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left halves.

Sagittal Plane

Runs parallel to the the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Transverse Plane

cut along the length of the organ, similar to the cut along a hot dog bun

Longitudinal Section

Is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

Median Plane

The cut is made diagonally across the long axis

Oblique Section

cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a banana into round pieces

Transverse/Cross Section

Is any compartment or space that provides protection to the organs within it

BODY CAVITIES

The body contains two main types of body cavity

1. Dorsal Body Cavity 2. Ventral Body Cavity

Body cavities on the posterior part of the body

DORSAL BODY CAVITY

Encloses organs of the nervous system

DORSAL BODY CAVITY

space inside the bony skull; houses the brain

Cranial Cavity

extends from the cranial cavity to the end of the spinal cord; protects the spinal cord

Spinal Cavity

Houses majority of the internal organs (viscera).

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

Cavities located anteriorly

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

Ventral Body Cavity two subdivisions

o Thoracic Cavity o Abdominopelvic Cavity

Houses the heart and lungs, among other organs

THORACIC BODY CAVITY

encloses a lung and are surrounded by the ribs

2 Lateral Pleural Cavities

separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity; houses the heart, major blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus

Mediastinum

Enclosed by abdominal muscles

ABDOMINOPELVIC BODY CAVITY

Consists of the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity

ABDOMINOPELVIC BODY CAVITY

digestive organs (stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen)

Abdominal

continues below the pelvis (bladder, urethra, rectum and reproductive organs)

Pelvic

cover organs

Visceral Serous Membrane

is the outer membrane

Parietal Serous Membrane

a fluid-filled space between the molecules

Cavity

lines the walls of the cavities

Parietal

layer covering internal organs

Visceral

Contains the heart, is housed in the mediastinum

PERICARDIAL CAVITY

houses the lungs

PLEURAL CAVITY

houses many internal organs (liver, digestive organs and reproductive organs)

PERITONEAL CAVITY