Chap 18: Urinary System Flashcards by Aiah Cayabyab

Major excretory system of the body

URINARY SYSTEM

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a cavity where the hilum opens

Renal Sinus

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bean shaped organ

kidney

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organs of the urinary system

kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

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layer of connective tissue that
surround each kidney

Renal Capsule

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tips of the pyramids; pointing
toward the renal sinus

Renal Papillae

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The kidneys are organized into 2 major regions

○ outer cortex
○ Inner medulla

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where renal artery and nerves enter,
and where the renal vein, ureter, and lymphatic
vessels exit the kidney

Hilum

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location for the blood-filtering structure of
the kidney

Cortex

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contains the renal pyramids

Medulla

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collection of tubes and ducts that
transport fluid throughout the kidney and modify it
into urine

Renal Pyramids

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collects the urine for movement to
the urinary bladder

Renal Sinus

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funnel-shaped chamber; surrounds the tip
of the papilla; where urine leaving the renal papilla
empties into

Calyx

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transports urine from the renal pelvis to the
urinary bladder

Ureter

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single, enlarged, funnel-shaped
chamber where urine from several calyces is
emptied into

Renal Pelvis

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Histological and functional units of the kidney

NEPHRONS

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NEPHRONS Consists of specialized structure including small tubes called

tubules

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Have long loops of Henle which extend deep
into the medulla

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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have renal corpuscles
that are found deep in the cortex near the medulla

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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4 regions of a nephron:

○ Renal Corpuscle
○ Proximal Convoluted Tubule
○ Loop of Henle
○ Distal Convoluted Tubule

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Where blood plasma is filtered

RENAL CORPUSCLE

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Have shorter loops of Henle than
juxtamedullary, and are closer the the outer
edge of the cortex

Cortical Nephrons

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have renal corpuscles that are
distributed throughout the cortex

Cortical Nephrons

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Filtration portion of the nephron

RENAL CORPUSCLE

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inner layer - constructed of specialized cells called

podocytes

Consists of the glomerulus and the Bowman capsule

RENAL CORPUSCLE

network of capillaries twisted around each other like a ball of yarn

Glomerulus

- indented, double-walled chamber surrounding the glomerulus

Bowman Capsule

consists of capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes of the Bowman capsule

filtration membrane

important regulatory structure located next to the glomerulus

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Flow of filtrate through Nephron

○ Renal corpuscle ○ Proximal tubule ○ descending loop of Henle ○ ascending loop of Henle ○ Distal tubule ○ Collecting ducts ○ Papillary duct

plays an important role in the regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure

renin

Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces fluid and small molecules out of the blood to create filtrate

Filtration

Nonspecific process whereby materials are separated based on size or charge

FILTRATION

3 forces or pressure determine the amount of filtrate formed

FILTRATION PRESSURE

active transport of solutes across the nephron walls into the filtrate

Tubular Secretion

movement of substances from the filtrate across the wall of the nephron back into the blood of the peritubular capilliaries

Tubular Reabsorption

main driving force that filters substance

blood pressure

blood pressure inside the glomerular capillaries; outward pressure from blood pressing on fenestrated capillary walls

Glomerular Capillary Pressure

inward pressure that opposes filtration; due to the pressure from the filtrate fluid in the capsular space

Capsular Pressure

inward pressure that opposes filtration; due to the osmotic pressure of palms proteins in the glomerular capillaries

Colloid osmotic Pressure

Transport of water and solutes from the filtrate into the blood

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

primary site of reabsorption

proximal convulated tubule

fluids in separate structures flow in opposite directions relative to each other. As they pass by each other, materials can be exchanged between them

countercurrent mechanism

The countercurrent mechanism creates a very high solute concentration in the medulla compared to the cortex

medullary concentration gradient

Movement of non filtered substances from the blood into the filtrate

TUBULAR SECRETION

ammonia secretion is

passive

3 major hormonal mechanisms involved in regulating urine concentration and volume:

○ Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism ○ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) mechanism ○ Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) mechanism

● Initiated under low blood pressure condition ● When BP decreases, juxtaglomerular apparatuses in the kidneys secrete renin

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE MECHANISM

is secreted by neurons in the posterior pituitary when the solute concentration of blood increases

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE MECHANISM

is secreted from cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium when BP in the right atrium increases above norma

ATRIAL NATRIURETIC HORMONE

small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the posterior inferior portion of the urinary bladder

Ureters

hollow, muscular container that lies in the pelvic cavity just posterior to the pubic symphysis ○ Stores urine

Urinary Bladder

tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Urethra

triangle-shaped portion of the urinary bladder located between the opening of the urethra and urethra

Trigone

contracts to keep the semen from entering the bladded during the intercourse

internal urethral sphincter

consists of all the fluid inside the cells of the body

Intracellular Fluid Compartment

consists of fluid outside all the cells of the body

Extracellular Fluid Compartment

Water intake is controlled by neurons in

hypothalamus

helps in Ca2+ absorption

Vitamin D

Decreased Ca2+ concentrations makes cell membranes more permeable to Na+, thus making them more electrically excitable

Calcium Ions

lowers extracellular Ca2+ levels

Calcitonin

Dehydration causes extracellular K+ concentrations to increases

Potassium Ions

About 90-95% of the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid results from Na+

Sodium Ions:

These are reabsorbed by the active transport in the kidneys

Phosphate and Sulfate Ions

stimulates osteoclasts of reabsorb bone which increases Ca2+ and phosphate;

Parathyroid hormone (PTH

is activated by stretching of the urinary bladder wall.

MICTURITION