Chap 11-13: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
called the “river of life”
BLOOD
the only fluid tissue in the body
BLOOD
allows important substances to be delivered
(as a transport system) to various organs and at the
same time it is a way by which the body can collect
waste products of metabolism
BLOOD
Fluid matrix
PLASMA
pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells
PLASMA
It serves as the liquid base for whole blood
PLASMA
helps maintain water
balance
ALBUMIN
helps immune system
GLOBULIN
aids in clot formation
FIBRINOGEN
is the liquid or undiluted part of the blood, which lacks clotting factors
serum
is the process that produces
formed elements
HEMATOPOIESIS
the layer between RBC and plasma usually composed of WBC and platelets
Buffy Coat
is located at the pelvic bones
and at the ends of long bones
Red bone marrow
the single populations of cells
where all formed elements of the blood is
derived
Hematopoietic stem cells or
hemocytoblasts
where most
formed elements is derived
Myeloid stem cells
gives rise to the
lymphocytes
Lymphoid stem cells
Disk-shaped with thicker edges than the center
RED BLOOD CELL
They make ATP by anaerobic mechanism because they lack mitochondria
RED BLOOD CELL
transport O2 to tissues and CO2 to the lungs
RED BLOOD CELL
An Iron-bearing protein, transports most of the
oxygen that is carried in the blood
HEMOGLOBIN
A hemoglobin with an O2 attached
Oxyhemoglobin
binds to iron in
hemoglobin 210x more readily than O2 and
does not tend to unbind
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
70% of CO2 in the
blood is transported in the form of bicarbonate
ions; 30% of CO2 is transported to either
protein-bind or dissolved in plasma
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
gives rise to the red blood cell line
Proerythroblasts
it is the production of RBCs
Erythropoiesis
starts in the red bone marrow with a precursor
cell called a proerythroblast
Erythropoiesis
remove dead cells and debris by
phagocytosis
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
Fight infections
WHITE BLOOD
CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
Include neutrophils,eosinophils
and basophils
GRANULOCYTES
Functions as phagocytes
at active sites
NEUTROPHILS
destroy parasites
EOSINOPHILS
release histamine that promotes inflammation
and heparin that prevents
clot formation
BASOPHILS
Include lymphocytes and monocytes
AGRANULOCYTES
Function as macrophages when they migrate into tissues
MONOCYTES
Produces antibodies and other
chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms
LYMPHOCYTES
Needed for clotting
process
PLATELETS
When blood vessels are damaged, blood can leak into other tissues and disrupt
normal function
Blood loss
This process stops bleeding from a blood vessel
through a series of interconnected steps
HEMOSTASIS
Blood vessel constriction which is immediate
but temporary
VASCULAR SPASMS
Important in maintaining the integrity of
damaged blood vessels
PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
an important process that prevents excessive
bleeding when a blood vessel is injured
BLOOD CLOTTING (COAGULATION)
A clot that forms within a
blood vessel
Thrombus
network of thread-like
proteins called fibrin that
trap blood cells and fluid
CLOT
are used to prevent clot
formation
Anticoagulants
A clot that travels through
the bloodstream to block another
vessel
Embolus
condensing of clot
Clot retraction
process of dissolving clot
Fibrinolysis
Transfer of blood or blood components from
one individual to another
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
is the introduction of a fluid other than blood, such as saline or glucose solution,
into the blood
Infusion
The clumping of blood cells
Agglutination
These are molecules found on the surface of erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Antigens
The rupture of red blood cells
Hemolysis
These are proteins present in the plasma
Antibodies
named based on the type of
antigen present
Blood groups
has type B antigens
Type B
has type A antigens
Type A
has both types of antigens
Type AB
has neither A nor B antigens
Type O
are universal DONOR since
they lack both the antigens
Type O
a vital, muscular organ responsible
for pumping blood throughout the body
HEART
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through vessels
Pulmonary Circulation
The left side of the heart pumps blood to all other body tissues and back to the right side of the heart through a network of vessels
Systemic Circulation
outer layer of the
pericardium, composed of tough fibrous connective
tissue
Fibrous Pericardium
inner layer and consists of flat
epithelial cells
Serous Pericardium
lines the fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
membrane that covers the surface of the heart
Visceral pericardium( or epicardium)
space around the heart
enclosed by the pericardium
Pericardial cavity
receives oxygenated
blood from the pulmonary veins
left atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from three veins: the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
right atrium
separates the right and left atria
interatrial septum
is a prominent feature of the septum
fossa ovalis
The two upper chambers of the heart are the receiving chambers
The Atria ( Right and left atrium)
The two LOWER chambers of the heart
The Ventricles (Right and left ventricles)
separates
right and left ventricles
Interventricular septum
Is a cavity or chamber that can be filled with fluid
The Ventricles (Right and left ventricles)
receives blood from
the left atrium and PUMPS it to the aorta
left ventricle
receives blood from
the right atrium and PUMPS it to the main pulmonary artery
right ventricle
between RV and pulmonary
trunk
Pulmonary valve
between LV and aorta
Aortic valve
These rings
surround the
atrioventricular and
semilunar valves,
providing them with
strong support
CARDIAC SKELETON
Supply blood to the heart wall
Coronary Arteries
Supplies blood to the right ventricle
Right Coronary Artery
Supplies blood to the anterior heart wall and the left
ventricle
Left Coronary Artery
Drain blood from the cardiac muscle and run parallel
to the coronary arteries
Cardiac Veins
part of the heart responsible for
pumping blood since it is made up mostly the thickness and mass of the heart wall
Myocardium
thick, middle layer composed of
cardiac muscle
Myocardium
surface of heart (outside), helps to lubricate the outside of the heart
Epicardium
covers heart
valves &
vessels
Endocardium
responsible for keeping
blood from sticking to the inside if the heart and forming potentially deadly blood clots
Endocardium
1 centrally located nucleus
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Changes in membrane channels’ permeability are
responsible for producing action potentials and is
called
pacemaker potential
- Na+ channels open
- Ca2+ channels open
Depolarization phase
- Na+ channels close
- Some K+ channels open
- Ca2+ channels remain open
Plateau phase
- K+ channels are open
- Ca2+ channels close
Repolarization phase
Specialized cardiac
muscle cells in the heart wall make up the
conduction system, which coordinates the
contraction of the atria and ventricles
Contraction Coordination
The slow rate of action potential
conduction allows the atria to complete their
contraction before action potentials are delivered
to the ventricles
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Every cell in the
conduction system is capable of generating
spontaneous action potentials
Spontaneous Action Potentials
where action potential originates
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Rapidly transmit action potentials to all ventricular
musc
Purkinje Fibers
action potentials from AV node travel to AV bundle
Atrioventricular bundle
Records heart’s electrical activity
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG)
depolarization of atria
P wave
repolarization of ventricles
T wave
○ depolarization of ventricles
○ contains Q, R, S waves
QRS complex
Summarizes all events in a single heartbeat
Cardiac Cycle
Create pressure changes in heart chambers
Cardiac Muscle Contractions
Drive blood movement
Pressure Changes
Moves from areas of high
to low pressure
Blood Flow Direction
contraction of atria
ATRIAL SYSTOLE
contraction of ventricles
VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
relaxation of atria
ATRIAL DIASTOLE
Occurs when
atrioventricular valves close
First Heart Sound (“lubb”)
Arises from the
closure of semilunar valves
Second Heart Sound (“dupp”)
relaxation of ventricles
VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
The blood volume returning to the heart.
VENOUS RETURN
the degree in which ventricular walls are
stretched at end of diastole
PRELOAD
pressure against which ventricles must pump
blood
STARLING’S LAW OF THE HEART
Describes the relationship between preload and
stroke volume, impacting cardiac output
STARLING’S LAW OF THE HEART
Monitor blood pressure in the aorta and
carotid arteries
Baroreceptors
Involves chemical regulation of heart function
CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX