Chap 10: Endocrine WS Flashcards
Produced in one part of a cell, and travel to another part of the
same cell and attach to receptors.
Intracellular Chemical Signals
Released from one cell, carried in the intercellular fluid, and
bind to their receptors on other cells
Intercellular Chemical Signals
Chemical signals released by cells that have a local effect on the
same cell type from which the chemical signals were released.
Autocrine
Chemical signals released by cells that have effects on other cell
types near the cells from which they are released.
Paracrine
Intercellular chemical signals secreted into the circulatory
system; carried to organs they control, where they bind to
receptors and produce a response.
Hormones and Neurohormones
Intercellular chemical signals, secreted by nerve cells; important
in the function of the nervous system.
Neuromodulators and neurotransmitters
Chemical signals secreted into the environment that modify the
behavior and physiology of other individuals.
Pheromones
Receptors located in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell.
Intracellular receptors
Large, water-soluble chemical signals that do not diffuse across
the cell membrane bind to these receptors.
Membrane-bound receptors
Receptors that extend across the cell membrane and have a
receptor site on the outer surface of the membrane.
Membrane-bound receptors
Relatively small chemical signals that are soluble in lipids bind
to these receptors.
Intracellular Receptors
When chemical signals bind to these receptors, messenger RNA
synthesis is increased, and new proteins are produced
Intracellular receptors
When chemical signals bind to these receptors, many specific
enzymes in the cell may be rapidly activated, producing a
cascade effect.
Membrane-bound receptors
Several hours are required between the time when chemical
signals bind to these receptors and the response.
Intracellular receptors
A hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors may
cause (1) to open or close
Ion Channels
may cause the activity of
(2) inside the cell to increase or decrease.
Enzymes
For example,
when some intercellular chemical signals bind to receptor
sites, a protein complex called (3) on the inner surface of the
cell membrane is activated.
G Protein
GDP is replaced by (4) on the
alpha subunit of the G proteins
GTP
this complex activates
enzymes that produce intracellular chemical signals such as
DAG, IP3, and (5) .
cAMP
Some intercellular chemical signals
directly alter enzyme activity on the inner surface of the cell
membrane, which can increase or decrease synthesis of
intracellular chemical signals such as (6) .
cGMP
Other intercellular
chemical signals alter the activity of an enzyme on the inner
surface of the cell membrane, which, in turn, adds a (7)
group to proteins inside the cell. The proteins with
phosphates attached then produce a response in the cell.
Phosphate
Glands that secrete their chemical signals into the blood, e.g.,
thyroid gland and adrenal glands.
Endocrine Glands
Glands that secrete their products into ducts, e.g., sweat glands
and salivary glands.
Exocrine Glands
Intercellular chemical signals produced in minute amounts,
secreted into the blood, that act on tissues at another site in the
body to influence their activity in a specific way
Hormones
Tissues that respond to each type of hormone.
Target Tissues
Location on or in cells where hormones can bind
Receptors
Hormones such as those secreted by the anterior pituitary
gland.
Protein
Hormones such as those secreted by the posterior pituitary
gland.
Peptide
Hormones such as those secreted by the adrenal medulla.
Amino Acid Derivatives
Lipid hormones derived from cholesterol; secreted mainly by
the adrenal cortex and gonads.
Steroids
Lipid hormones derived from arachidonic acid; produced by
many tissues, generally with a local effect.
Prostaglandins
Important autonomic and endocrine control center of the brain
located inferior to the thalamus.
Hypothalamus
Stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Infundibulum
Part of the pituitary derived from the embryonic oral cavity.
Anterior Pituitary
Part of the pituitary made up of nerve cells.
Posterior Pituitary
Chemical signals produced by nerve cells of the hypothalamus;
influence secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary
Releasing Hormones
Capillary beds and veins that transport releasing hormones to
the anterior pituitary.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal
system
Source of hormones released from the posterior pituitary
Nerve cells in hypothalamus
Stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by
increasing protein synthesis; favors fat breakdown
Growth hormone (GH)
Increases the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)
A gonadotropin that causes ovulation in females and sex
hormone secretion in males and females; sometimes called
ICSH in males.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Increases water reabsorption by the kidney tubules and
constriction of blood vessels; also called vasopressin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
A gonadotropin that stimulates development of eggs in the
ovary and sperm cells in the testis.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
Promotes breast development during pregnancy and causes
milk production.
Prolactin
Small spheres of cuboidal epithelium that synthesize and store
thyroid hormones.
Thyroid Follicles
Hormones produced in the thyroid gland that regulate the rate
of metabolism in the body.
Thyroid Hormones
Causes contraction of muscles of the uterus and milk letdown.
Oxytocin
Cells located in a network of loose connective tissue between
thyroid follicles.
Parafollicular cells
Hormone that decreases calcium ion levels in the body;
synthesized by parafollicular cells.
Calcitonin
Cretinism in infants.
Hypothyroidism
Elevated metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, and chronic
fatigue; Graves disease and exophthalmia.
Hyperthyroidism
Iodine deficiency and goiter.
Hypothyroidism
Excess TSH _____ the size of the thyroid gland
Increases
In adults, a reduced metabolic rate, sluggishness, myxedema,
and a reduced ability to perform routine tasks.
Hypothyroidism
Increased thyroid hormone production ____ TSH production.
Decreases
Decreased TSH production _____ thyroid hormone production
Decreases
Increased calcium ion levels in blood _____ calcitonin secretion.
Increases
Calcitonin _____ calcium ion levels in the blood.
Decreases
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) _____ active vitamin D formation.
Increases
Active vitamin D _____ absorption of calcium ions by the small
intestine.
Increases
Easily fractured bones, fatigue and muscle weakness, or kidney
stones.
Hyperparathyroidism
Inner part of the adrenal gland; releases epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
Adrenal Medulla
PTH _____ the breakdown of bone tissue to release calcium ions
into the blood.
Increases
PTH _____ the rate at which calcium ions are lost in the urine.
Decreases
Outer part of the adrenal gland; releases steroid hormones.
Adrenal Cortex
Decreased calcium ion levels in the blood _____ PTH
production.
Increases
Muscle cramps or tetanus produced by low blood calcium
levels.
Hypoparathyroidism
Adrenal medulla hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
will cause a(n) _____ in blood flow to internal organs and skin.
Decreases
Adrenal medulla hormones _____ heart rate and blood
pressure.
Increase
Adrenal medulla hormones _____ the metabolic rate in skeletal
muscle, cardiac muscle, and nervous tissue.
Increase
Adrenal medulla hormones _____ the diameter of bronchioles
Increase
Adrenal medulla hormones _____ the release of glucose and
fatty acids into the blood.
Increase
Class of steroid hormones that help to regulate blood nutrient
levels in the body.
Glucocorticosteroids
Major glucocorticoid hormone
Cortisol
Class of steroid hormones that help regulate blood volume and
levels of sodium and potassium ions.
Mineralocorticosteroids
Cortisol _____ glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids in blood
Increases
Major mineralocorticoid hormone
Aldosterone
Class of steroid hormones that stimulate the development of
male sexual characteristics.
Androgens
Stress _____ the secretion of cortisol.
Increases
Cortisol _____ the inflammatory response.
Decrease
If ACTH increases, the secretion of cortisol _____.
Increase
Aldosterone _____ sodium ion and water retention in the body.
Increase
Aldosterone _____ potassium ion retention in the body.
Decrease
Aldosterone secretion _____ when blood potassium levels
increase.
Increase
Aldosterone secretion _____ when blood pressure or sodium
levels decrease.
Increase
High blood pressure _____ the release of renin from the kidney
Decrease
Angiotensin II _____ aldosterone production and constriction of
blood vessels.
Increase
Blood pressure _____ when angiotensin II increases.
Increase
Endocrine cell clusters among exocrine cells in the pancreas
Pancreatic Islets
Secreted by beta cells in response to increased blood glucose
levels, parasympathetic stimulation, and increased amino acid
levels in blood.
Insulin
Disorder caused by secretion of too little insulin by pancreas, or
insufficient or defective insulin receptors on target cells.
Diabetes Mellitus
Secreted from alpha cells when blood glucose levels are low.
Glucagon
If blood glucose level decreases below normal, the ability of the
nervous system to function _____.
Decreases
When blood glucose level decreases below normal, the
breakdown of fat _____.
Increases
Increased breakdown of fat _____ the pH of the body fluids,
leading to acidosis.
Decreases
If blood glucose levels are too high, the volume of urine
produced _____, resulting in dehydration
Increases
In people with diabetes mellitus, glucose uptake into tissues
_____.
Decreases
In people with diabetes mellitus, blood glucose level _____.
Increases
In people with diabetes mellitus, glucose is not available for
metabolism, so breakdown of fats and proteins _____.
Increases
In people with diabetes mellitus, appetite and thirst _____.
Increases
In people with diabetes mellitus, energy level and amount of
body tissue _____.
Decreases
Insulin causes glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and fat
synthesis in the body to _____.
Increase
Insulin causes blood glucose level to _____.
Decrease
Glucagon _____ the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
Increase
Glucagon causes blood glucose level to _____.
Increase
When blood glucose levels increase, insulin secretion _____.
Increase
When blood glucose levels decrease, glucagon secretion _____.
Increase
When blood glucose levels increase, secretion of epinephrine,
glucocorticoids, and growth hormone _____.
Decrease
The main hormone produced by the testes in the male is
(1).
Testosterone
It is responsible for growth and development of the
male reproductive structures, a(n) (2) in muscle size and
body hair, voice changes, and sex drive.
Increase
In the female,
(3) contribute to development and function of female
reproductive structures and other female sexual characteristics.
Estrogen and progesterone
Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus _____ FSH and LH
secretion from the anterior pituitary.
Increases
The female (4) is controlled by cyclic release of estrogens and
progesterone from the (5) , and the secretion of these hormones,
in turn, is controlled by (6) .
Menstrual Cycle; Ovaries; Anterior Pituitary Hormones
LH and FSH _____ the secretion of hormones of the ovary and
testis.
Increases
Increases in testosterone, or estrogen and progesterone, _____
secretion of releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary.
Decrease
Assists in the development of white blood cells called T cells;
produced by the thymus.
Thymosin
Hormones produced in the lining of the stomach and small
intestine that increase production of digestive juices and
movement of food through the digestive tract.
Digestive Hormones
Pineal body hormone that decreases releasing hormone for FSH
and LH; linked to the onset of puberty.
Melatonin
Hormone produced in widespread tissues throughout the body
that causes relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle, blood
vessel dilation, swelling, and pain; function mainly as autocrine
or paracrine chemical signals.
Prostaglandins
Hormone produced in the kidney that acts on bone marrow to
increase red blood cell production.
Erythropoietin
Placental hormone similar in structure and function to LH.
Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin
