Chap 10: Endocrine WS Flashcards
Produced in one part of a cell, and travel to another part of the
same cell and attach to receptors.
Intracellular Chemical Signals
Released from one cell, carried in the intercellular fluid, and
bind to their receptors on other cells
Intercellular Chemical Signals
Chemical signals released by cells that have a local effect on the
same cell type from which the chemical signals were released.
Autocrine
Chemical signals released by cells that have effects on other cell
types near the cells from which they are released.
Paracrine
Intercellular chemical signals secreted into the circulatory
system; carried to organs they control, where they bind to
receptors and produce a response.
Hormones and Neurohormones
Intercellular chemical signals, secreted by nerve cells; important
in the function of the nervous system.
Neuromodulators and neurotransmitters
Chemical signals secreted into the environment that modify the
behavior and physiology of other individuals.
Pheromones
Receptors located in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell.
Intracellular receptors
Large, water-soluble chemical signals that do not diffuse across
the cell membrane bind to these receptors.
Membrane-bound receptors
Receptors that extend across the cell membrane and have a
receptor site on the outer surface of the membrane.
Membrane-bound receptors
Relatively small chemical signals that are soluble in lipids bind
to these receptors.
Intracellular Receptors
When chemical signals bind to these receptors, messenger RNA
synthesis is increased, and new proteins are produced
Intracellular receptors
When chemical signals bind to these receptors, many specific
enzymes in the cell may be rapidly activated, producing a
cascade effect.
Membrane-bound receptors
Several hours are required between the time when chemical
signals bind to these receptors and the response.
Intracellular receptors
A hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors may
cause (1) to open or close
Ion Channels
may cause the activity of
(2) inside the cell to increase or decrease.
Enzymes
For example,
when some intercellular chemical signals bind to receptor
sites, a protein complex called (3) on the inner surface of the
cell membrane is activated.
G Protein
GDP is replaced by (4) on the
alpha subunit of the G proteins
GTP
this complex activates
enzymes that produce intracellular chemical signals such as
DAG, IP3, and (5) .
cAMP
Some intercellular chemical signals
directly alter enzyme activity on the inner surface of the cell
membrane, which can increase or decrease synthesis of
intracellular chemical signals such as (6) .
cGMP
Other intercellular
chemical signals alter the activity of an enzyme on the inner
surface of the cell membrane, which, in turn, adds a (7)
group to proteins inside the cell. The proteins with
phosphates attached then produce a response in the cell.
Phosphate
Glands that secrete their chemical signals into the blood, e.g.,
thyroid gland and adrenal glands.
Endocrine Glands
Glands that secrete their products into ducts, e.g., sweat glands
and salivary glands.
Exocrine Glands
Intercellular chemical signals produced in minute amounts,
secreted into the blood, that act on tissues at another site in the
body to influence their activity in a specific way
Hormones
