Chap 10: Endocrine WS Flashcards
Produced in one part of a cell, and travel to another part of the
same cell and attach to receptors.
Intracellular Chemical Signals
Released from one cell, carried in the intercellular fluid, and
bind to their receptors on other cells
Intercellular Chemical Signals
Chemical signals released by cells that have a local effect on the
same cell type from which the chemical signals were released.
Autocrine
Chemical signals released by cells that have effects on other cell
types near the cells from which they are released.
Paracrine
Intercellular chemical signals secreted into the circulatory
system; carried to organs they control, where they bind to
receptors and produce a response.
Hormones and Neurohormones
Intercellular chemical signals, secreted by nerve cells; important
in the function of the nervous system.
Neuromodulators and neurotransmitters
Chemical signals secreted into the environment that modify the
behavior and physiology of other individuals.
Pheromones
Receptors located in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell.
Intracellular receptors
Large, water-soluble chemical signals that do not diffuse across
the cell membrane bind to these receptors.
Membrane-bound receptors
Receptors that extend across the cell membrane and have a
receptor site on the outer surface of the membrane.
Membrane-bound receptors
Relatively small chemical signals that are soluble in lipids bind
to these receptors.
Intracellular Receptors
When chemical signals bind to these receptors, messenger RNA
synthesis is increased, and new proteins are produced
Intracellular receptors
When chemical signals bind to these receptors, many specific
enzymes in the cell may be rapidly activated, producing a
cascade effect.
Membrane-bound receptors
Several hours are required between the time when chemical
signals bind to these receptors and the response.
Intracellular receptors
A hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors may
cause (1) to open or close
Ion Channels
may cause the activity of
(2) inside the cell to increase or decrease.
Enzymes
For example,
when some intercellular chemical signals bind to receptor
sites, a protein complex called (3) on the inner surface of the
cell membrane is activated.
G Protein
GDP is replaced by (4) on the
alpha subunit of the G proteins
GTP
this complex activates
enzymes that produce intracellular chemical signals such as
DAG, IP3, and (5) .
cAMP
Some intercellular chemical signals
directly alter enzyme activity on the inner surface of the cell
membrane, which can increase or decrease synthesis of
intracellular chemical signals such as (6) .
cGMP
Other intercellular
chemical signals alter the activity of an enzyme on the inner
surface of the cell membrane, which, in turn, adds a (7)
group to proteins inside the cell. The proteins with
phosphates attached then produce a response in the cell.
Phosphate
Glands that secrete their chemical signals into the blood, e.g.,
thyroid gland and adrenal glands.
Endocrine Glands
Glands that secrete their products into ducts, e.g., sweat glands
and salivary glands.
Exocrine Glands
Intercellular chemical signals produced in minute amounts,
secreted into the blood, that act on tissues at another site in the
body to influence their activity in a specific way
Hormones
Tissues that respond to each type of hormone.
Target Tissues
Location on or in cells where hormones can bind
Receptors
Hormones such as those secreted by the anterior pituitary
gland.
Protein
Hormones such as those secreted by the posterior pituitary
gland.
Peptide
Hormones such as those secreted by the adrenal medulla.
Amino Acid Derivatives
Lipid hormones derived from cholesterol; secreted mainly by
the adrenal cortex and gonads.
Steroids
Lipid hormones derived from arachidonic acid; produced by
many tissues, generally with a local effect.
Prostaglandins
Important autonomic and endocrine control center of the brain
located inferior to the thalamus.
Hypothalamus
Stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Infundibulum
Part of the pituitary derived from the embryonic oral cavity.
Anterior Pituitary
Part of the pituitary made up of nerve cells.
Posterior Pituitary
Chemical signals produced by nerve cells of the hypothalamus;
influence secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary
Releasing Hormones
Capillary beds and veins that transport releasing hormones to
the anterior pituitary.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal
system
Source of hormones released from the posterior pituitary
Nerve cells in hypothalamus
Stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by
increasing protein synthesis; favors fat breakdown
Growth hormone (GH)
Increases the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)
A gonadotropin that causes ovulation in females and sex
hormone secretion in males and females; sometimes called
ICSH in males.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Increases water reabsorption by the kidney tubules and
constriction of blood vessels; also called vasopressin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
A gonadotropin that stimulates development of eggs in the
ovary and sperm cells in the testis.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
Promotes breast development during pregnancy and causes
milk production.
Prolactin
Small spheres of cuboidal epithelium that synthesize and store
thyroid hormones.
Thyroid Follicles
Hormones produced in the thyroid gland that regulate the rate
of metabolism in the body.
Thyroid Hormones
Causes contraction of muscles of the uterus and milk letdown.
Oxytocin
Cells located in a network of loose connective tissue between
thyroid follicles.
Parafollicular cells