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ANP 101 > Chap 10: Endocrine WS > Flashcards

Chap 10: Endocrine WS Flashcards

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1
Q

Produced in one part of a cell, and travel to another part of the
same cell and attach to receptors.

A

Intracellular Chemical Signals

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2
Q

Released from one cell, carried in the intercellular fluid, and
bind to their receptors on other cells

A

Intercellular Chemical Signals

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3
Q

Chemical signals released by cells that have a local effect on the
same cell type from which the chemical signals were released.

A

Autocrine

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4
Q

Chemical signals released by cells that have effects on other cell
types near the cells from which they are released.

A

Paracrine

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5
Q

Intercellular chemical signals secreted into the circulatory
system; carried to organs they control, where they bind to
receptors and produce a response.

A

Hormones and Neurohormones

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6
Q

Intercellular chemical signals, secreted by nerve cells; important
in the function of the nervous system.

A

Neuromodulators and neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Chemical signals secreted into the environment that modify the
behavior and physiology of other individuals.

A

Pheromones

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8
Q

Receptors located in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell.

A

Intracellular receptors

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9
Q

Large, water-soluble chemical signals that do not diffuse across
the cell membrane bind to these receptors.

A

Membrane-bound receptors

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10
Q

Receptors that extend across the cell membrane and have a
receptor site on the outer surface of the membrane.

A

Membrane-bound receptors

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11
Q

Relatively small chemical signals that are soluble in lipids bind
to these receptors.

A

Intracellular Receptors

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12
Q

When chemical signals bind to these receptors, messenger RNA
synthesis is increased, and new proteins are produced

A

Intracellular receptors

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13
Q

When chemical signals bind to these receptors, many specific
enzymes in the cell may be rapidly activated, producing a
cascade effect.

A

Membrane-bound receptors

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14
Q

Several hours are required between the time when chemical
signals bind to these receptors and the response.

A

Intracellular receptors

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15
Q

A hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors may
cause (1) to open or close

A

Ion Channels

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16
Q

may cause the activity of
(2) inside the cell to increase or decrease.

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

For example,
when some intercellular chemical signals bind to receptor
sites, a protein complex called (3) on the inner surface of the
cell membrane is activated.

A

G Protein

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18
Q

GDP is replaced by (4) on the
alpha subunit of the G proteins

A

GTP

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19
Q

this complex activates
enzymes that produce intracellular chemical signals such as
DAG, IP3, and (5) .

A

cAMP

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19
Q

Some intercellular chemical signals
directly alter enzyme activity on the inner surface of the cell
membrane, which can increase or decrease synthesis of
intracellular chemical signals such as (6) .

A

cGMP

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20
Q

Other intercellular
chemical signals alter the activity of an enzyme on the inner
surface of the cell membrane, which, in turn, adds a (7)
group to proteins inside the cell. The proteins with
phosphates attached then produce a response in the cell.

A

Phosphate

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20
Q

Glands that secrete their chemical signals into the blood, e.g.,
thyroid gland and adrenal glands.

A

Endocrine Glands

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20
Q

Glands that secrete their products into ducts, e.g., sweat glands
and salivary glands.

A

Exocrine Glands

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20
Q

Intercellular chemical signals produced in minute amounts,
secreted into the blood, that act on tissues at another site in the
body to influence their activity in a specific way

A

Hormones

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21
Q

Tissues that respond to each type of hormone.

A

Target Tissues

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22
Q

Location on or in cells where hormones can bind

A

Receptors

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23
Q

Hormones such as those secreted by the anterior pituitary
gland.

A

Protein

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24
Q

Hormones such as those secreted by the posterior pituitary
gland.

A

Peptide

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25
Q

Hormones such as those secreted by the adrenal medulla.

A

Amino Acid Derivatives

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26
Q

Lipid hormones derived from cholesterol; secreted mainly by
the adrenal cortex and gonads.

A

Steroids

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27
Q

Lipid hormones derived from arachidonic acid; produced by
many tissues, generally with a local effect.

A

Prostaglandins

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28
Q

Important autonomic and endocrine control center of the brain
located inferior to the thalamus.

A

Hypothalamus

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29
Q

Stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

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30
Q

Part of the pituitary derived from the embryonic oral cavity.

A

Anterior Pituitary

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31
Q

Part of the pituitary made up of nerve cells.

A

Posterior Pituitary

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32
Q

Chemical signals produced by nerve cells of the hypothalamus;
influence secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

A

Releasing Hormones

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33
Q

Capillary beds and veins that transport releasing hormones to
the anterior pituitary.

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal
system

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34
Q

Source of hormones released from the posterior pituitary

A

Nerve cells in hypothalamus

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35
Q

Stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by
increasing protein synthesis; favors fat breakdown

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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36
Q

Increases the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)

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37
Q

A gonadotropin that causes ovulation in females and sex
hormone secretion in males and females; sometimes called
ICSH in males.

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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37
Q

Increases water reabsorption by the kidney tubules and
constriction of blood vessels; also called vasopressin

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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38
Q

A gonadotropin that stimulates development of eggs in the
ovary and sperm cells in the testis.

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)

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39
Q

Promotes breast development during pregnancy and causes
milk production.

A

Prolactin

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40
Q

Small spheres of cuboidal epithelium that synthesize and store
thyroid hormones.

A

Thyroid Follicles

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40
Q

Hormones produced in the thyroid gland that regulate the rate
of metabolism in the body.

A

Thyroid Hormones

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40
Q

Causes contraction of muscles of the uterus and milk letdown.

A

Oxytocin

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41
Q

Cells located in a network of loose connective tissue between
thyroid follicles.

A

Parafollicular cells

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42
Q

Hormone that decreases calcium ion levels in the body;
synthesized by parafollicular cells.

A

Calcitonin

42
Q

Cretinism in infants.

A

Hypothyroidism

42
Q

Elevated metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, and chronic
fatigue; Graves disease and exophthalmia.

A

Hyperthyroidism

43
Q

Iodine deficiency and goiter.

A

Hypothyroidism

43
Q

Excess TSH _____ the size of the thyroid gland

A

Increases

43
Q

In adults, a reduced metabolic rate, sluggishness, myxedema,
and a reduced ability to perform routine tasks.

A

Hypothyroidism

43
Q

Increased thyroid hormone production ____ TSH production.

A

Decreases

43
Q

Decreased TSH production _____ thyroid hormone production

A

Decreases

43
Q

Increased calcium ion levels in blood _____ calcitonin secretion.

A

Increases

44
Q

Calcitonin _____ calcium ion levels in the blood.

A

Decreases

45
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) _____ active vitamin D formation.

A

Increases

46
Q

Active vitamin D _____ absorption of calcium ions by the small
intestine.

A

Increases

47
Q

Easily fractured bones, fatigue and muscle weakness, or kidney
stones.

A

Hyperparathyroidism

47
Q

Inner part of the adrenal gland; releases epinephrine and
norepinephrine.

A

Adrenal Medulla

47
Q

PTH _____ the breakdown of bone tissue to release calcium ions
into the blood.

A

Increases

47
Q

PTH _____ the rate at which calcium ions are lost in the urine.

A

Decreases

48
Q

Outer part of the adrenal gland; releases steroid hormones.

A

Adrenal Cortex

48
Q

Decreased calcium ion levels in the blood _____ PTH
production.

A

Increases

48
Q

Muscle cramps or tetanus produced by low blood calcium
levels.

A

Hypoparathyroidism

48
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
will cause a(n) _____ in blood flow to internal organs and skin.

A

Decreases

49
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones _____ heart rate and blood
pressure.

A

Increase

50
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones _____ the metabolic rate in skeletal
muscle, cardiac muscle, and nervous tissue.

A

Increase

51
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones _____ the diameter of bronchioles

A

Increase

52
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones _____ the release of glucose and
fatty acids into the blood.

A

Increase

53
Q

Class of steroid hormones that help to regulate blood nutrient
levels in the body.

A

Glucocorticosteroids

53
Q

Major glucocorticoid hormone

A

Cortisol

54
Q

Class of steroid hormones that help regulate blood volume and
levels of sodium and potassium ions.

A

Mineralocorticosteroids

55
Q

Cortisol _____ glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids in blood

A

Increases

55
Q

Major mineralocorticoid hormone

A

Aldosterone

56
Q

Class of steroid hormones that stimulate the development of
male sexual characteristics.

A

Androgens

57
Q

Stress _____ the secretion of cortisol.

A

Increases

58
Q

Cortisol _____ the inflammatory response.

A

Decrease

59
Q

If ACTH increases, the secretion of cortisol _____.

A

Increase

60
Q

Aldosterone _____ sodium ion and water retention in the body.

A

Increase

61
Q

Aldosterone _____ potassium ion retention in the body.

A

Decrease

62
Q

Aldosterone secretion _____ when blood potassium levels
increase.

A

Increase

63
Q

Aldosterone secretion _____ when blood pressure or sodium
levels decrease.

A

Increase

64
Q

High blood pressure _____ the release of renin from the kidney

A

Decrease

65
Q

Angiotensin II _____ aldosterone production and constriction of
blood vessels.

A

Increase

66
Q

Blood pressure _____ when angiotensin II increases.

A

Increase

67
Q

Endocrine cell clusters among exocrine cells in the pancreas

A

Pancreatic Islets

68
Q

Secreted by beta cells in response to increased blood glucose
levels, parasympathetic stimulation, and increased amino acid
levels in blood.

A

Insulin

69
Q

Disorder caused by secretion of too little insulin by pancreas, or
insufficient or defective insulin receptors on target cells.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

70
Q

Secreted from alpha cells when blood glucose levels are low.

A

Glucagon

71
Q

If blood glucose level decreases below normal, the ability of the
nervous system to function _____.

A

Decreases

72
Q

When blood glucose level decreases below normal, the
breakdown of fat _____.

A

Increases

73
Q

Increased breakdown of fat _____ the pH of the body fluids,
leading to acidosis.

A

Decreases

74
Q

If blood glucose levels are too high, the volume of urine
produced _____, resulting in dehydration

A

Increases

75
Q

In people with diabetes mellitus, glucose uptake into tissues
_____.

A

Decreases

76
Q

In people with diabetes mellitus, blood glucose level _____.

A

Increases

77
Q

In people with diabetes mellitus, glucose is not available for
metabolism, so breakdown of fats and proteins _____.

A

Increases

78
Q

In people with diabetes mellitus, appetite and thirst _____.

A

Increases

79
Q

In people with diabetes mellitus, energy level and amount of
body tissue _____.

A

Decreases

80
Q

Insulin causes glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and fat
synthesis in the body to _____.

A

Increase

80
Q

Insulin causes blood glucose level to _____.

A

Decrease

81
Q

Glucagon _____ the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

A

Increase

82
Q

Glucagon causes blood glucose level to _____.

A

Increase

83
Q

When blood glucose levels increase, insulin secretion _____.

A

Increase

84
Q

When blood glucose levels decrease, glucagon secretion _____.

A

Increase

85
Q

When blood glucose levels increase, secretion of epinephrine,
glucocorticoids, and growth hormone _____.

A

Decrease

86
Q

The main hormone produced by the testes in the male is
(1).

A

Testosterone

87
Q

It is responsible for growth and development of the
male reproductive structures, a(n) (2) in muscle size and
body hair, voice changes, and sex drive.

A

Increase

88
Q

In the female,
(3) contribute to development and function of female
reproductive structures and other female sexual characteristics.

A

Estrogen and progesterone

89
Q

Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus _____ FSH and LH
secretion from the anterior pituitary.

A

Increases

89
Q

The female (4) is controlled by cyclic release of estrogens and
progesterone from the (5) , and the secretion of these hormones,
in turn, is controlled by (6) .

A

Menstrual Cycle; Ovaries; Anterior Pituitary Hormones

90
Q

LH and FSH _____ the secretion of hormones of the ovary and
testis.

A

Increases

91
Q

Increases in testosterone, or estrogen and progesterone, _____
secretion of releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary.

A

Decrease

92
Q

Assists in the development of white blood cells called T cells;
produced by the thymus.

A

Thymosin

93
Q

Hormones produced in the lining of the stomach and small
intestine that increase production of digestive juices and
movement of food through the digestive tract.

A

Digestive Hormones

94
Q

Pineal body hormone that decreases releasing hormone for FSH
and LH; linked to the onset of puberty.

A

Melatonin

95
Q

Hormone produced in widespread tissues throughout the body
that causes relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle, blood
vessel dilation, swelling, and pain; function mainly as autocrine
or paracrine chemical signals.

A

Prostaglandins

96
Q

Hormone produced in the kidney that acts on bone marrow to
increase red blood cell production.

A

Erythropoietin

97
Q

Placental hormone similar in structure and function to LH.

A

Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin

ANP 101 (25 decks)

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