Chap 4: Tissues Flashcards by Aiah Cayabyab

a group of similar cells

Tissues

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is the microscopic study of tissue structure

Histology

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provides a covering (skin,
the linings of the various passages inside the
body)

Epithelial Tissue

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supports other tissues
and binds them together (bone, blood, and
lymph tissues)

Connective Tissue

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includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach

Muscle Tissue

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is made up of nerve cells
(neurons) and is used to carry “messages” to
and from various parts of the body

Nervous Tissue

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areas where the membranes of
two adjacent cells join together to form a
barrier; it regulates the flow of solutes and
liquids according to their charge and size

Tight Junction

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Covers internal and external surfaces

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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binds cells to the
basement membrane

Hemidesmosomes

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mechanically binds the cells
together; contain protein filaments that serve as
carrier molecules

Desmosomes

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allow for the transfer of low
molecular-weight substances, ions, and
electrical signals between adjacent cells

Gap Junction

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● 2 or more layers usually

Stratified

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help the tight junctions anchor
the epithelial cells to each other

Adhesion belts

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Main characteristic is
the square cuboidal
shape

Cuboidal

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● 1 Layer
● Separate lines

Simple

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Flat or squashed
appearance of nuclei

Squamous

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Rectangular cell
appearance

Columnar

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Rounded ends of cell
layering similar to
stratified

Transitional

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Single layer of flat hexagonal cell.

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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Single layer of tall, thin cells

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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Single layer of cube-like cells

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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Single layer of tall cells - while some cells reach the
free surface, other do not, making it appear
stratified

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal
layer and progressively flattened toward the surface

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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Special type of stratified epithelium that can stretch

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

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Several layers of cuboidal epithelial cells

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

More than one layer of epithelial cells, but only the surface cells are columnar; deeper layer cells are irregular or cuboidal in shape

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

create the matrix

Blasts

A diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

break it down

Clasts

maintain the matrix

Cytes

WBCs capable of ingesting foreign substances

Macrophages

releases chemicals like histamine that promotes inflammation

Mast cells

Shapeless background which holds the cells and protein fibers

GROUND SUBSTANCE

large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides

Proteoglycans

Consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network

Loose

Has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and dill nearly all of the extracellular space

Dense Connective

Composed of chondrocytes located in spaces called lacunae within an extensive matrix

Cartilage

Hard Tissue

Cartilage

Liquid matrix

Blood

Matrix with mostly collagen and a few elastic fibers

AREOLAR (LOOSE) TISSUE

Consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipids for energy storage

ADIPOSE (LOOSE) TISSUE

Network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells that are loosely arranged

RETICULAR (LOOSE) TISSUE

capable of stretching and recoiling like a rubber band with strength in the direction of fiber orientation

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

Matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers which may be arranged in the same direction (dense regular) or in many different directions (dense irregular

DENSE COLLAGENOUS TISSUE

fibers running the same direction; can withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Most abundant type

HYALINE CARTILAGE

Has more collagen than hyaline cartilage

FIBROCARTILAGE

Has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers

DENSE ELASTIC TISSUE

Contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

has spaces between trabeculae, or plates of the bone and therefore resembles a sponge

Spongy bone

Hard tissue with living cells and mineralized matrix

BONE

more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix

Compact bone

Liquid matrix, enabling blood cells and platelets, collectively called formed elements to move through blood vessels

BLOOD

Produces motion by shortening or contraction

MUSCLE TISSUE

Voluntary muscle and enables body movement.

SKELETAL MUSCLE

contain specialized gap junctions; are important in coordinating the transitions of the cardiac muscle cells

Intercalated disks

Forms the walls of hollow organs

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Specialized tissue for the heart

CARDIAC MUSCLE

Forms the brain, spinal brain, and nerves

NERVOUS TISSUE

sends electrical signals; the functional unit of the nervous system

Neurons

contains the nucleus and is the site of general cell function

Cell Body

usually receive stimuli that lead to electrical changes

Dendrite

supports and protects the neurons because they are not regenerative

Neuroglia

PARTS OF THE NEURON

1. Cell body 2. Dendrites 3. Axon 4. Glial cells

Conduct electrical signals that originate from the base of an axon where it joins the cell body and travel to the end of the axon

Axons

support cells of the nervous system; nourish, protect, and insulate the neurons

Glial Cells

Lines cavities that do not open directly to the exterior and covers organs that lie within these cavities.

SEROUS MEMBRANE

Thin sheets or layers of tissues that cover structure or line cavities

TISSUE MEMBRANES

Lines cavities that open to the outside of the body.

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

found in between joints to reduce friction and allowing smooth movement within the joint

Synovial Membrane

protects the blood vessels that pass through the bones

Periosteum