Chap 10: Endocrine System (Transes) Flashcards
Composed of endocrine glands and specialized
endocrine cells throughout the body
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Dissolves in water
WATER SOLUBLE
They have a positive and negative end
WATER SOLUBLE
They dissolve in water because they have polar molecules
WATER SOLUBLE
Endocrine glands and cells secrete minute amounts of
chemical messengers called
hormones
Insulin, Adrenaline, Glucagon
WATER SOLUBLE
Cannot pass
through the cell
membrane
WATER SOLUBLE
They do not enter
cell instead they
bind to receptors
outside the cell
membrane
WATER SOLUBLE
Need for binding proteins: No
WATER SOLUBLE
Half life of WATER SOLUBLE
Shorter
More easily
degraded (by
enzymes or
pathogens)
WATER SOLUBLE
Dissolves in fats
LIPID SOLUBLE
They dissolve in
lipids because
they have
nonpolar
molecules
LIPID SOLUBLE
They do not have
a positive and
negative charge
LIPID SOLUBLE
Can easily pass
through the cell
membrane
LIPID SOLUBLE
Thyroid, cortisol,
estrogen,
testosterone
LIPID SOLUBLE
Protected by
binding proteins
(from breaking
down)
LIPID SOLUBLE
Half life of LIPID SOLUBLE
Longer (in the
bloodstream)
Need for binding proteins: Yes
LIPID SOLUBLE
The release of hormone is tightly regulated by three
main types of stimuli:
o Humoral
o Neural
o Hormonal
Hormone release in
response to
changes in blood
vessels of ions or
nutrients
Humoral Stimuli
Hormone release
stimulated by nerve
impulses (from the
nervous system)
Neural stimuli
body fluids like the blood
Humoral
where hormones released by
the hypothalamus that stimulates
the Pituitary gland which
then stimulates thyroid gland,
gonads, etc.
Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis (HPA)
Hormone release
regulated by other
hormones
Hormonal Stimuli
AKA PITUITARY GLAND
Hypophysis
Controlled by hypothalamus
PITUITARY GLAND
Master gland
PITUITARY GLAND
75% of the gland
Anterior pituitary
Adenohypophysis
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Pharyngeal
Epithelium
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Releases or inhibits hormones
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Production of Milk
Prolactin
Increased
prolactin in
female
Amenorrhea
Increased
prolactin in
male
Erectile
dysfunction
Growth of
long bones
and soft
tissues
Growth Hormone
Increased GH
at childhood
Gigantism
Increased GH
at adult life
Acromegaly
Decreased
GH at
childhood
Dwarfism
Skin
pigmentation
(melanin)
Melanocyte
stimulate hormone
(MSH)
Regulates
thyroid gland
secretion for
our
metabolism
Thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH)
Follicle maturation
In females: Estrogen
In males: Sperm
Follicle Stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Reabsorption of
water from
kidneys
Antidiuretic
In females: ovulation
In males: testosterone
Lutenizing hormone (LSH)
Stimulates the
adrenal
glands
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Store and release hormone
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Contraction of
uterine wall
Oxytocin
Butterfly-shaped
THYROID GLAND
Requires iodine to function
THYROID GLAND
Is the primary hormone of TG
Thyroxine (T4)
Is the converted, more
active form of T4
Triiodothyronine
(T3)
Decreases calcium in blood
stream
Calcitonin
HYPOTHYROIDISM in adults
Myxedema
HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants
Cretinism
Four, small, pea-sized glands
PARATHYROID GLAND
Increases calcium in blood
stream
Parathyroid
Hormone (PTH
Superior to each kidney
ADRENAL GLAND
Plays a key role in “fight or flight”
response to stress
Adrenal Medulla = Inner
Responsible for regulating metabolism,
saltwater balance and sexual development
Adrenal Cortex = Outer
✓ Inc HR, BP, Energy supply
✓ React quickly
Adrenaline/Epinephrine
✓ Inc BP (by constricting blood
vessels)
✓ Be alert
Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine
Zones of Adrenal Gland: Cortex
o Zone Glomerulosa
o Zone Fasciculata
o Zone Reticularis
It is divided into 3 zones, each with distinct functions
and hormonal productions
ADRENAL GLAND: CORTEX
✓ Reabsorption of
water
✓ Maintaining
electrolytes
✓ Dec bp > Inc Na
Aldosterone
Aldosterone
ZONE GLOMERULOSA
Cortisol
ZONE FASCICULATA
Resistance to stress
Cortisol
Prepares the
body for QUICK
life-threatening
situations
ADRENAL
MEDULLA
Growth of hair
(axillary, pubic,
chest, linea alba)
Androgen
Androgen
ZONA RETICULARIS
Regulates longterm
stress/processes
(metabolism,
immune functions,
blood pressure)
ADRENAL
CORTEX
Maintaining our body’s biological clock (sleep-wake cycle)
PINEAL GLAND
Body’s biological clock
MELATONIN
Specialized organ of the immune system
THYMUS GLAND
Promotes sleep
Dark > Inc
Reduces melatonin production
which signals our body to WAKE
UP
Light > Dec
Maturation of T cells (WBC)
Thymosis
Greater curvature of the stomach (behind; near
small intestine)
PANCREAS
Both exocrine (Enzyme) and endocrine (Hormone)
production
PANCREAS
Secretes digestive
enzymes
EXOCRINE
are dispersed in the exocrine portion which is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate our blood sugar levels
Islets of Langerhans
Lowers the # of glucagon/blood sugar
INSULIN
too little insulin of faulty insulin receptors
DIABETES MELLITUS
What cells are Insulin from
Beta cells
Insulin independent, often found in obese people, can be treated with diet
Type II
Insulin dependent (daily injections required)
Type I
Raises blood sugar level
GLUCAGON
What cells are Glucagon from
Alpha cells
Both reproductive and endocrine glands
GONADS
Either side of uterus
OVARIES
In scrotum
TESTES
Female secondary sexual
characteristics
ESTROGEN
Pregnancy
(prepares it)
PROGESTERONE
Menstrual cycle
(regulate)
PROGESTERONE
Male secondary
sexual characteristics
TESTOSTERONE