Ch 7 Test Yourself

Question 1

What are the functions of bones besides supporting body tissues?

Answer 1

Bones protect vital organs, act as levers for muscle movement, store minerals, and serve as sites for blood cell formation.

Bones play a critical role in various physiological processes beyond structural support.

Question 2

What hormone is released when calcium levels in the blood fall too low?

Answer 2

Parathyroid hormone

This hormone triggers osteoclasts to withdraw calcium from bones.

Question 3

What hormone is secreted when calcium levels in the blood rise too high?

Answer 3

Calcitonin

This hormone encourages calcium deposition in bones.

Question 4

What are the three kinds of bone cells?

Answer 4

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.

Each type has a distinct role in bone formation and remodeling.

Question 5

What is the role of osteoblasts?

Answer 5

They form bone and secrete the bone matrix.

Osteoblasts become osteocytes once trapped in the matrix.

Question 6

What is the matrix of bone made of?

Answer 6

Intercellular substance with calcium and phosphate crystals in the form of hydroxyapatite.

The matrix provides hardness to bones.

Question 7

What distinguishes cancellous bone from compact bone?

Answer 7

Cancellous bone has spicules with spaces, while compact bone is dense and made of Haversian systems.

Cancellous bone is lighter and helps reduce weight without compromising strength.

Question 8

What are Haversian canals?

Answer 8

Part of the Haversian system, running lengthwise and containing blood, lymph, and nerve supply for osteocytes.

They are crucial for the nourishment of bone cells.

Question 9

What is the primary growth center of a bone?

Answer 9

The shaft (diaphysis) where bone development begins.

Secondary growth centers develop in the ends (epiphyses) of the bone.

Question 10

What is the purpose of epiphyseal plates?

Answer 10

Sites for the creation of new bone allowing long bones to lengthen.

They remain as cartilage at birth.

Question 11

What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Answer 11

Red marrow forms blood cells; yellow marrow is primarily adipose tissue and can revert to red marrow.

Red marrow is more prevalent in young animals.

Question 12

Name the external bones of the cranium.

Answer 12

Occipital bone, interparietal bones, parietal bones, temporal bones, frontal bones.

These bones protect the brain and support facial structures.

Question 13

Which skull bone houses the cribriform plate?

Answer 13

Ethmoid bone.

The cribriform plate is involved in the sense of smell.

Question 14

What is the difference between sternal ribs, asternal ribs, and floating ribs?

Answer 14

Sternal ribs connect to the sternum, asternal ribs connect to costal cartilage, floating ribs do not attach.

Each type serves different structural and protective functions.

Question 15

What is the anatomic name for the shoulder blade?

Answer 15

Scapula.

The scapula is crucial for limb movement.

Question 16

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the animal body?

Answer 16

Patella.

The patella protects the knee joint.

Question 17

What are fibrous joints?

Answer 17

Immovable joints united by fibrous tissue.

Examples include sutures in the skull.

Question 18

What is synovial fluid?

Answer 18

A lubricant for synovial joints produced by the joint capsule lining.

It helps reduce friction during movement.

Question 19

What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?

Answer 19

Tendons join muscles to bones; ligaments join bones to bones.

Both are essential for joint stability and movement.

Question 20

What are the brachium and the antebrachium, and which bones form them?

Answer 20

The brachium is the upper forelimb between the elbow and shoulder joints formed by the humerus. The antebrachium is the forelimb formed by the radius and ulna.

Question 21

On which bone is the olecranon process found? What is its purpose?

Answer 21

The olecranon process forms the point of the elbow and is on the ulna. It is the site where the tendon of the powerful triceps brachii muscle attaches.

Question 22

What are the anatomic names for the cannon bone and the splint bones in a horse?

Answer 22

The common name is the metacarpal (cannon) bone of the horse is assumed to be what is left of metacarpal III, and the smaller splint bones on either side of it are vestigial metacarpal bones designated as metacarpals II and IV

Question 23

Which digit is the dewclaw on the front leg of a dog?

Answer 23

Digit 1

Question 24

What is the common name for the distal sesamoid bone in the horse?

Answer 24

Navicular bone

Question 25

Name the bones of the pelvic limb from distal to proximal. (9 bones)

Answer 25

Phalanges, metatarsal bones, tarsal bones, fibula, tibia, patella, femur, and pelvis

Question 26

What three pairs of bones make up the pelvis? What region of the pelvis does each form?

Answer 26

Ilium, ischium, and pubis The ilium is the cranial-most bone of the pelvis. It projects upward in a dorsocranial direction and is the bone that forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum. The ischium is the caudal-most pelvic bone. The pubis is the smallest of the three pelvic bones. It is located medially and forms the cranial portion of the pelvic floor.

Question 27

Which bone is larger and supports more of an animal’s weight, the tibia or the fibula?

Answer 27

Tibia

Question 28

On which bone of the pelvic limb is the calcaneal tuberosity found? What is its purpose?

Answer 28

Fibular tarsal bone The fibular tarsal bone is the point of attachment for the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle and corresponds to the heel.

Question 29

What are the main characteristics of fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints?

Answer 29

Fibrous joints are immovable because the bones are firmly united by fibrous tissue. Examples include joints (sutures) between most bones of the skull. Cartilaginous joints are capable of only a slight rocking movement. Examples include the intervertebral disks between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Synovial joints are freely movable joints such as the shoulder and stifle joints. All synovial joints share some common characteristics, including articular surfaces on the bones, articular cartilage covering the articular surfaces, and a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule.

Question 30

Name some examples of each of synovial joints

Answer 30

Ball-and-socket joint: shoulder and hip joints Gliding joint: carpus and tarsus Hinge joint: elbow joint and atlantooccipital joint (between the skull [occipital bone] and first cervical vertebra [atlas]) Pivot joint: atlantoaxial joint

Question 31

Name the bones of the thoracic limb from proximal to distal. (7 bones)

Answer 31

Scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges Some species also have sesamoid bones

Question 32

What is the xiphoid?

Answer 32

The xiphoid is the caudal most sternebra.

Question 33

What is the manubrium?

Answer 33

The manubrium is the first, most cranial, sternebra.

Question 34

Where in a vertebra is the spinal cord located?

Answer 34

Vertebral foramen formed by the vertebral arch and the vertebral body.

Question 35

What are the three kinds of processes found on vertebrae and what are their characteristics?

Answer 35

The single dorsally projecting spinous process and the two laterally projecting transverse processes vary in size among vertebrae and act as sites for muscle attachment and leverage to move the spine and trunk. The articular processes are located on the cranial and caudal ends of the vertebral arches and help form the joints between adjacent vertebrae.

Question 36

Which groups of vertebrae make up the spinal column dorsal to the following regions?

Answer 36

Neck: cervical Thorax: thoracic Abdomen: lumbar Pelvis: sacral Tail: coccygeal