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Vet Tech A&P 1 > Ch 4 - Cells Physiology > Flashcards

Ch 4 - Cells Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of normal hydration?

A

Consuming the same amount of water that is lost

This includes taking in water through moist foods and drinking fluids.

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2
Q

What is metabolic water?

A

Water produced from the oxidation of nutrients

It is a source of water for animals.

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3
Q

What is insensible water loss?

A

Water loss that cannot be measured

Examples include diffusion from the skin.

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4
Q

What are the two main types of body fluids?

A
  • Intracellular fluid
  • Extracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid includes intravascular and interstitial fluid.

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5
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Particles in body fluids capable of conducting an electrical current

They include cations, anions, acids, and bases.

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6
Q

What is the significance of pH in body fluids?

A

Indicates acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Pure water is neutral (pH 7), while blood is slightly alkaline (pH 7.4).

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7
Q

True or False: Blood has a pH of 7.

A

False

Blood has a pH of approximately 7.4.

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8
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Measurement of solute concentration in fluid

High osmolality indicates a high concentration of solutes.

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9
Q

What is isotonic fluid therapy?

A

Fluid with osmolality comparable to that of normal blood

Example: 0.9% NaCl (normal saline).

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10
Q

What happens to cells in hypotonic fluids?

A

Cells swell and may break

This occurs because the cytoplasm is more concentrated than the extracellular fluid.

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11
Q

What happens to cells in hypertonic fluids?

A

Cells shrink and become shriveled

This is due to water shifting into the extracellular space.

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12
Q

What are the two main categories of solutes in body fluids?

A
  • Electrolytes
  • Organic molecules

Electrolytes are small and abundant, while organic molecules include proteins and lipids.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Any change in the concentration of any solute incurs movement of water from one compartment to another through _______.

A

Osmosis

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14
Q

What is edema?

A

Abnormal, excess accumulation of fluid in tissue

Common types include pulmonary edema and cutaneous edema.

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15
Q

What are the two types of fluid therapy?

A
  • Crystalloids
  • Colloids

Crystalloids are rich in electrolytes, while colloids contain larger molecules.

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16
Q

What is the goal of administering fluids in dehydration?

A

To increase fluid volume

This involves estimating dehydration and fluid deficit.

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17
Q

What are the two main types of membrane processes?

A
  • Passive processes
  • Active processes

Passive processes do not require energy, while active processes do.

18
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Kinetic movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

It occurs along a concentration gradient.

19
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Movement of molecules assisted by carrier proteins

It requires no energy and is limited by the number of carrier proteins.

20
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane

Water moves from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.

21
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

The difference between osmotic pressure of blood and interstitial fluid

It is crucial for maintaining fluid balance.

22
Q

What is the main purpose of active transport?

A

To move molecules against a concentration gradient using energy

It is essential for transporting amino acids and ions.

23
Q

What are the two types of cytosis?

A
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis

Endocytosis involves bringing substances into the cell, while exocytosis involves exporting substances.

24
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis involves solid materials, while pinocytosis involves liquids.

25
Q

What occurs during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle?

A

The cell is actively dividing

This phase includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

26
Q

What are the three sub-phases of interphase?

A
  • Growth 1 (G1) phase
  • Synthetic (S) phase
  • Growth 2 (G2) phase

Interphase is the period between cell divisions.

27
Q

What occurs during DNA replication?

A

A perfect copy of DNA is created for daughter cells

This involves uncoiling the DNA and synthesizing new strands.

28
Q

What are chromatids?

A

Identical DNA strands joined together at a centromere

They are produced during DNA replication.

29
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

It follows the four stages of mitosis.

30
Q

What is the process of cell division called?

A

Mitosis

Mitosis is the process by which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

31
Q

What stage of mitosis involves the condensation of chromatin into discrete X-shaped structures?

A

Prophase

In prophase, chromatin condenses, spindle apparatus forms, and the nuclear envelope disintegrates.

32
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

The centromere of each chromosome attaches to a single spindle fiber.

33
Q

What is the process called when chromatids are pulled apart during mitosis?

A

Anaphase

In anaphase, chromatids are separated by spindle fibers, creating duplicate sets of chromosomes.

34
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A

Chromosomes begin to unravel and the nuclear envelope reappears

Telophase marks the final stage of mitosis where chromosome movement stops.

35
Q

The division of cytoplasm is known as?

A

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis signifies the end of cell division, resulting in two distinct cells.

36
Q

What factors control cell division?

A

Contact inhibition, growth-inhibiting substances, checkpoints, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

These factors ensure proper regulation of the cell division process.

37
Q

What is transcription in protein synthesis?

A

The process of making mRNA from DNA

RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the double helix, and creates mRNA.

38
Q

What is translation in protein synthesis?

A

Making protein from mRNA templates

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where ribosomes synthesize proteins based on mRNA.

39
Q

What are genetic mutations?

A

Errors in genetic replication

Mutagens can cause mutations, including spontaneous mutations, viruses, ionizing radiation, and chemicals.

40
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process by which cells become specialized

Cell differentiation begins from a single cell and involves the turning on or off of specific genes.

41
Q

Fill in the blank: During mitosis, the _______ is the stage where chromosomes align in the center.

A

Metaphase

Metaphase is characterized by chromosomes lining up at the metaphase plate.

42
Q

True or False: In telophase, the chromosomes start to condense.

A

False

In telophase, chromosomes unravel and return to a threadlike form.

Vet Tech A&P 1 (14 decks)

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