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Vet Tech A&P 1 > Ch 4 Test Yourself > Flashcards

Ch 4 Test Yourself Flashcards

1
Q

List three fluid compartments in the body

A

Intracellular, interstitial, intravascular

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2
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A charged particle (an anion or a cation) capable of conducting an electric current in solution

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3
Q

Give specific examples of both cation and anions

A

Cations:
* Potassium (K+)
* Magnesium (Mg2+)
* Calcium (Ca2+)
* Sodium (Na+)
Anions:
* Sulfate (SO42−)
* Hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2−)
* Chloride (Cl−)
* Bicarbonate (HCO3−)

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4
Q

Which electrolytes are normally more concentrated outside the cell and which ones are more concentrated inside the cell?

A

Potassium is more concentrated inside the cell, sodium is more concentrated outside the cell

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5
Q

What is the relationship between solutes and osmolality?

A

Osmolality is a measurement of the concentration of solute in fluid; as the concentration of solute increases, osmolality also increases

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6
Q

Give specific examples of solutes in the body

A

Soluble proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, sulfate, hydrogen phosphate, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium

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7
Q

Why do changes in osmolality cause fluid to move from one compartment to another?

A

Water moves freely between fluid compartments based on changes in osmolality; fluid moves toward the compartment with the highest concentration of solutes

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8
Q

Give two examples of conditions that result from fluid shifts

A

Pulmonary edema, cutaneous edema

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9
Q

How do changes in the osmolality of body fluids affect an animal’s desire to drink?

A

An increase in osmolality stimulates the desire to drink and the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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10
Q

What is diffusion? Is it an active or a passive membrane process?

A

Diffusion is the passive movement of solute down a concentration gradient

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11
Q

What molecules are more likely to diffuse into a cell? What three principles are involved?

A

Molecules: Very small molecules (e.g., water), lipid-soluble molecules (e.g., alcohol, steroids), dissolved gases (e.g., O2, CO2)
Principles:
* Molecular size
* Lipid solubility
* Molecular charge

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12
Q

How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion requires the assistance of an integral protein or carrier protein; the number of available carrier proteins limits the rate of facilitated diffusion

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13
Q

What effect does a hypotonic solution have on a cell?

A

Water flows into the cell causing it to swell and possibly burst

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14
Q

What is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and filtration?

A

Filtration is based on a pressure gradient; liquids are pushed through a membrane if the pressure on one side is greater than the other

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15
Q

What is another name for hydrostatic pressure in the body?

A

Blood pressure

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16
Q

What defines a passive membrane process?

A

A passive membrane process is one that does not require energy (ATP)

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17
Q

When is a membrane process considered active?

A

When the process requires energy

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18
Q

How do electrolytes enter the cell?

A

Via active transport

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19
Q

What is the difference between a symport and an antiport system?

A

Symport moves substances in the same direction; antiport moves substances in opposite directions

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20
Q

Describe how sodium and potassium enter and exit the cell

A

Potassium tends to diffuse out, sodium diffuses in; the cell must actively pump potassium in and sodium out

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21
Q

Describe the three types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis (solid material engulfing), pinocytosis (liquid engulfing), receptor-mediated endocytosis (specific ligands engulfing)

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22
Q

What is the difference between excretion and secretion?

A

Excretion is waste removal; secretion is movement of manufactured molecules; both are examples of exocytosis

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23
Q

What are the principal ions involved in maintaining a cell’s resting membrane potential?

A

Sodium and potassium

24
Q

Is there normally a higher concentration of sodium inside or outside the cell?

A

Outside the cell

25
Q

Where is there a higher concentration of potassium?

A

Inside the cell

26
Q

What are the two major periods that comprise the life cycle of the cell?

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

27
Q

Is interphase a time when the cell is resting? Why or why not?

A

No, interphase is a period of intense metabolic activity

28
Q

What are the four stages of the mitotic phase?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

29
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromatin coils into chromosomes, cytoplasm becomes viscous, and a mitotic spindle forms

30
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle, forming the metaphase plate

31
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Centromeres split, chromatids are pulled apart, and the cell elongates

32
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Chromosomes unwind, nuclear envelopes form, and cytokinesis begins

33
Q

What two major molecular components make up chromatin?

A

DNA and histone proteins

34
Q

Why is it important for chromatin to supercoil and form discrete chromosomes before cell division?

A

To enable equitable division of genetic material without tangling or breaking

35
Q

Why is protein and enzyme synthesis more likely to occur during interphase?

A

Chromosomes unwind, allowing access to DNA for transcription

36
Q

What three factors play a role in the control of cell division?

A

Contact inhibition, growth-inhibiting substances, checkpoints during cell division

37
Q

What is the genetic basis of cellular differentiation?

A

The position of genes in chromosomes determines gene accessibility for transcription

38
Q

Of the thousands of different proteins that a cell could make, how many does it actually produce?

A

A few hundred kinds due to different cell functions

39
Q

Where does protein synthesis begin?

A

In the nucleus

40
Q

What is a nucleotide and how is it structured?

A

A nucleotide consists of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

41
Q

Compare and contrast the structures of DNA and RNA

A

DNA has thymine; RNA has uracil; DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded

42
Q

What are the nucleotides found in DNA?

A

Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T)

43
Q

What are the nucleotides found in RNA?

A

Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), uracil (U)

44
Q

What is the term for mRNA formation?

A

Transcription

45
Q

What are codons and what role do they play in transcription?

A

A codon is a set of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid or signals the end of synthesis

46
Q

Can you describe the events that occur in translation?

A

Translation is the process of making protein from mRNA with the aid of ribosomes in the cytoplasm

47
Q

What is the process of messenger RNA (mRNA) formation called?

A

Transcription

Transcription occurs in the nucleus.

48
Q

What is a codon?

A

A set of three adjacent nucleotides in an mRNA molecule

Codons specify the incorporation of an amino acid or signal the end of peptide synthesis.

49
Q

What role do codons play in transcription?

A

They specify the incorporation of an amino acid into a peptide or signal the end of peptide synthesis.

50
Q

What is the process of making protein from mRNA called?

A

Translation

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm with the aid of ribosomes.

51
Q

Where does translation occur in the cell?

A

In the cytoplasm

Ribosomes facilitate the translation process.

52
Q

What do ribosomes do during translation?

A

They attach to mRNA and read the genetic sequence.

53
Q

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?

A

To bond to mRNA and bring amino acids for protein synthesis.

54
Q

Fill in the blank: The ‘reading’ process in translation involves the bonding of a specific _______ on the tRNA to a complimentary codon on the mRNA.

A

anticodon

55
Q

What forms on the ribosome during translation?

A

A polypeptide chain

This chain forms as amino acids bond together.

56
Q

What happens to the polypeptide chain once it reaches its required length?

A

It disconnects from the ribosomal docking station.

57
Q

When does DNA replication occur in the cell cycle?

A

During the synthetic (S) phase of interphase.

Vet Tech A&P 1 (14 decks)

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