Ch 1 Flashcards
Deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts - what things look like and where they are located.
Anatomy
Deals with the functions of the body and its parts - how things work and what they do.
Physiology
Deals with structures so small we need a microscope to see them clearly, such as cells and tissues.
Microscopic anatomy/histology
Deals with body parts large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, such as organs, muscles, and bones.
Macroscopic anatomy/gross anatomy
The study of individual regions of the body.
Regional anatomy
The study of individual systems of the body. Deals with the systems of the body such as the nervous system and the skeletal system, as separate topics.
Systematic anatomy
Planes of reference:
A plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves.
Sagittal plane
Planes of reference:
A special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves. It could also be called a midsagittal plane, but that term is not commonly used.
Median plane
Planes of reference:
A plane across the body that divides it into cranial (head-end) and caudal (tail-end) parts that are not necessarily equal.
Transverse plane
Planes of reference:
A plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes. It divides the body into dorsal (toward the animal’s back) and ventral (toward the belly) parts that are not necessarily equal.
Dorsal plane
In humans this is known as the frontal plane
Main Body Systems:
Bones and joints
Skeletal
Main Body Systems:
Skin, hair, nails, and hooves
Integumentary
Main Body Systems:
Central nervous system and peripheral nerves
Nervous
Main Body Systems:
Heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular
Main Body Systems:
Lungs and air passageways
Respiratory
Main Body Systems:
Gastrointestinal tube and accessory digestive organs
Digestive
Main Body Systems:
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
Muscular
Main Body Systems:
Organs of general and special sense
Sensory
Main Body Systems:
Endocrine glands and hormones
Endocrine
Main Body Systems:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Urinary
Main Body Systems:
Male and female reproductive structures
Reproductive
Directional Terms:
Individual’s left
Animal = left
Human = left
Directional Terms:
Individual’s right
Animal = right
Human = right
Directional Terms:
Toward the head end of the body
Animal = cranial
Human = superior
Directional Terms:
Toward the tip of the nose (head only)
Animal = rostral
Human = Nasal
Directional Terms:
Toward the tail end of the body
Animal = caudal
Human = inferior
Directional Terms:
Toward the back
Animal = dorsal (up)
Human = posterior
Directional Terms:
Toward the belly
Animal = ventral (down)
Human = anterior
Directional Terms:
Toward the median plane
Animal = medial
Human = medial
Directional Terms:
Away from the median plane
Animal = lateral
Human = lateral
Directional Terms:
Toward the center (whole body or part)
Animal = deep (internal)
Human = deep (internal)
Directional Terms:
Toward the service (whole body or part)
Animal = superficial (external)
Human = superficial (external)
Directional Terms:
Toward the body (extremity)
Animal = proximal
Human = proximal
Directional Terms:
Away from the body (extremity)
Animal = distal
Human = distal
Directional Terms:
“Back” of forelimb from carpus (equivalent to a human wrist) distally
Animal = palmer
Human = palmer
Directional Terms:
“Back” of hindlimb from tarsus (equivalent to a human ankle) distally
Animal = plantar
Human = plantar
Directional Terms:
“Front” of forelimb and hindlimb from carpus and tarsus distally
Animal = dorsal
Human = anterior
Common Regional Terms:
Trunk of the body - formed by the rib cage and the abdomen
Barrel
Common Regional Terms:
Area at the base of the neck btwn the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum
Brisket
Common Regional Terms:
Large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animals
Cannon
Common Regional Terms:
Joint btwn cannon bone (large metacarpal/metatarsal) and the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
Fetlock
Common Regional Terms:
Lateral surface of the abdomen btwn the last rib and the hind legs
Flank
Common Regional Terms:
Tarsus
Hock
Common Regional Terms:
Carpus of hoofed animals
Knee (not the true knee)
Common Regional Terms:
Rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones
Muzzle
Common Regional Terms:
Area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
Pastern
Common Regional Terms:
Top of the head btwn the bases of the ears
Poll
Common Regional Terms:
Femorotibial/femoropatellar joint - equivalent to human knee
Stifle (true knee)
Common Regional Terms:
Dorsal part of the base of the tail
Tailhead
Common Regional Terms:
Area dorsal to scapulas
Withers
General Plan of the Animal Body:
Means that the left and right halves of an animal’s body are essentially mirror images of each other. Paired structures, such as the kidneys, lungs, and legs, are approximately mirror images.
Bilateral Symmetry
General Plan of the Animal Body:
Found near the center of the body, near the median plane. Structures such as the brain, the heart, and the GI tract.
Single Structures
Body Cavity:
Contains the brain and spinal cord: that is the central nervous system. The cranial cavity (cranium) and the spinal cavity (spinal canal).
Dorsal Body Cavity
Body Cavity:
Large than the dorsal cavity. Contains most of the soft organs (viscera) of the body. Divided by the diaphragm muscle into the cranial thoracic cavity (thorax/chest) and the caudal abdominal cavity. Major structures in this cavity are the heart, lungs, esophagus, and major blood vessels.
Ventral Body Cavity
Body Cavity:
All of the organs in the thoracic cavity are covered by a thin membrane called the
Pleura
Body Cavity:
The layer that covers the organs is called the
Visceral layer of pleura
Viscera (the organs)
Body Cavity:
The layer that lines the whole thoracic cavity is called the
Parietal layer of pleura
