Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Vet Tech A&P 1 > Ch 7 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch 7 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the os penis?

A

A bone found in the penis of many mammals but not in humans

Os penis is a specific example of bone terminology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the prefix ‘OSTEO-‘ refer to?

A

Bone

This prefix appears in terms like osteocyte, osteitis, osteoarthritis, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body?

A

Enamel of the teeth

Bone is only second to enamel in terms of hardness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three types of bone cells?

A
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain bone, and osteoclasts break down bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is ossification?

A

The hardening of the matrix (bone)

This process occurs during bone healing and in fetal development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the nutrient foramen?

A

Serves as a passage for blood vessels and nerves to enter and exit the bone

It nourishes the bone and facilitates growth and development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the primary functions of bones?

A
  • Supports the body
  • Protection of organs
  • Leverage for movement
  • Storage of calcium
  • Blood cell formation

These functions highlight the importance of bones in the skeletal system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

Spongy bone made up of tiny spicules

It is light but strong and contains bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Very dense and strong outer layer of all bones

It is made up of Haversian systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a Haversian system?

A

Concentric layers of ossified bone matrix around a central canal

They resemble growth rings in a tree and contain blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Membrane that covers the outer surfaces of bones

It allows bones to increase in diameter and is involved in the healing process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Produce bone and harden the matrix through ossification

They become osteocytes once surrounded by bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts?

A

Resorb or break down old or damaged bone tissue

They create space for new bone formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does most of the blood supply to bones come from?

A

Tiny blood vessels from the periosteum via Volkmann canals

These canals contain blood vessels that join with those in Haversian systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is endochondral bone formation?

A

Cartilage template replaced by bone

Most bones develop this way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What defines a complete fracture?

A

All the way broken

In contrast, an incomplete fracture is not fully broken.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a green fracture?

A

A type of incomplete fracture seen in young animals

It is often due to the flexibility of young bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the four types of bone shapes?

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones

Each type has distinct characteristics and examples.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the primary function of red bone marrow?

A

Produces blood cells

It is most common in younger animals and confined to specific locations in older animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are articular surfaces?

A

Smooth areas of compact bone where bones come in contact with each other

Covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a condyle?

A

Large, round articular surface

Found at the distal end of the humerus and femur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two groups into which the skeletal system is divided?

A
  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton

Some animals may also have a visceral skeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of skull do Greyhounds and Whippets have?

A

Dolichocephalic

This skull type is characterized by a long and narrow shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What bones make up the cranium?

A
  • Occipital (1)
  • Interparietal (2)
  • Parietal (2)
  • Temporal (2)
  • Frontal (2)
  • Sphenoid (1)
  • Ethmoid (1)

A total of 11 bones are included in the cranium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are incisive bones?
The most rostral of the skull bones, housing the incisors ## Footnote There are two incisive bones.
26
What is the function of the ossicles in the ear?
Transmit vibrations (sound) ## Footnote The ossicles consist of the malleus, incus, and stapes.
27
What is responsible for drainage of the eye?
Lacrimal apparatus ## Footnote The lacrimal apparatus is responsible for the production and drainage of tears.
28
What are the zygomatic bones also known as?
Malar bones, cheek bones ## Footnote The zygomatic bones are the widest part of the skull.
29
What is the mandible?
Bottom jaw, houses all bottom jaw teeth ## Footnote The mandible is a major fracture area in dogs, cats, and cattle during head trauma.
30
What is the TMJ?
Junction of the temporal bones and the mandible ## Footnote TMJ stands for temporomandibular joint.
31
What do the palatine bones make up?
Caudal portion of the hard palate ## Footnote The palatine bones are internal, hidden bones.
32
What is the vomer bone?
Located on the midline of the skull, forms the nasal septum ## Footnote The vomer separates the left and right nasal passages.
33
What are turbinates also known as?
Nasal conchae ## Footnote They help warm, humidify air, and trap foreign particles.
34
What is the hyoid bone?
Hyoid apparatus, supports the base of the tongue ## Footnote The hyoid bone is located high in the neck above the larynx.
35
What constitutes a vertebra?
Body, arch, and processes ## Footnote Intervertebral disks separate bodies of adjacent vertebrae.
36
How many cervical vertebrae do nearly all mammals have?
7 ## Footnote C1 is the Atlas, and C2 is the Axis.
37
What is the primary function of thoracic vertebrae?
Provide a stable base for rib attachment, forming the thoracic cage that protects vital organs like the heart and lungs, while also supporting the upper body and allowing for limited movement | Located dorsal to the thorax, number same as pairs of ribs ## Footnote They articulate with the heads of ribs.
38
What characterizes lumbar vertebrae?
Large vertebral bodies, short, thick spinous processes, vertical articular facets, and curved articular surfaces | Located dorsal tothe abdominal region, large and bulky ## Footnote They support weight and have large transverse processes.
39
What do sacral vertebrae fuse to form?
Sacrum ## Footnote Number of fused sacral vertebrae varies among species.
40
What are floating ribs?
Cartilage does not join anything at all ## Footnote They often end in the muscles of the thoracic wall.
41
What is the sternum composed of?
Sternebrae ## Footnote The sternum includes the manubrium and xiphoid process.
42
What is the scapula?
Shoulder blade, flat triangular bone ## Footnote It forms the socket portion of the shoulder joint.
43
What is the primary function of the humerus?
Provides structural support for the upper leg and facilitate movement at the shoulder and elbow joints | Long bone of the brachium, forms the elbow joint ## Footnote The humerus articulates with the radius and ulna.
44
What is the main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium?
Radius ## Footnote It articulates with the humerus and ulna.
45
What are the carpal bones?
Two parallel rows of carpal bones ## Footnote They are equivalent to the wrist in humans.
46
What are phalanges?
The bones that compose the digits ## Footnote Horses have 1 digit (cannon bone) with 3 phalanges (proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, and distal phalanx).
47
What is patellar luxation?
Dislocation or displacement of the patella ## Footnote Most common in small and miniature breeds.
48
What is upward fixation of the patella?
Intermittent locking of the stifle joint in horses ## Footnote It can cause the horse to drag its leg forward.
49
What is canine hip dysplasia?
Abnormal looseness of hip joints in dogs ## Footnote It can lead to degenerative bony changes and osteoarthritis.
50
What is the best prevention for hip dysplasia?
Breed dogs that are hip dysplasia free ## Footnote Over nutrition and rapid growth are contributing factors.
51
What does the OFA certification grade range include?
Excellent, Good, Fair, Borderline, Mild, Moderate, and Severe ## Footnote The grades reflect the conformation and fit of the hip joint.
52
What describes a deep-seated ball that fits tightly into a well-formed socket with minimal joint space?
Good
53
What term is used for a hip joint with minor irregularities and a wider joint space?
Fair
54
Which breeds may show normal findings with a fair hip joint rating?
* Chinese Shar Pei * Chow Chow * Poodle
55
What is the term for a hip joint with no clear consensus among radiologists, where over 50% show no change over time?
Borderline
56
What defines a mild hip dysplasia rating?
Significant subluxation present where the ball is partially out of the socket
57
What characterizes a moderate hip dysplasia rating?
Significant subluxation present with the ball barely seated into a shallow socket and secondary arthritic changes
58
What indicates a severe hip dysplasia rating?
Marked dysplasia with significant subluxation and arthritic changes
59
Is anesthesia required for OFA certification?
No, but it is recommended
60
What are the benefits of using anesthesia during OFA certification?
* Easier patient positioning * Minimal repeat radiographs * Truer representation of hip status
61
How many veterinary radiologists evaluate the radiographs for OFA certification?
3 randomly selected board-certified radiologists
62
What factors are considered during the evaluation of hip radiographs?
* Breed * Sex * Age
63
Name three of the nine anatomical areas evaluated in hip radiographs.
* Craniolateral acetabular rim * Femoral head * Trochanteric fossa
64
What is the term for bones that form in organs?
Visceral skeleton
65
What is os cordis?
A bone found in the heart of cattle and sheep
66
Fill in the blank: Os _____ is found in dogs, beavers, and walrus.
penis
67
What joint terminology refers to the study of joints?
Arthrology
68
What are the three general classifications of joints?
* Fibrous (Synarthroses) * Cartilaginous (Amphiarthroses) * Synovial (Diarthroses)
69
What type of joint is characterized by being immovable and united by fibrous tissue?
Fibrous (Synarthroses)
70
What type of joint allows for slight rocking movement?
Cartilaginous (Amphiarthroses)
71
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
* Articular surfaces on bones * Articular cartilage * Joint cavity * Synovial membrane * Synovial fluid * Ligaments * Meniscus
72
What movement increases or decreases the angle between two bones?
Extension & flexion
73
What type of synovial joint allows only flexion and extension movements?
Hinge joint
74
Give an example of a gliding joint.
Carpus
75
What type of synovial joint allows all six types of movements?
Ball-and-socket joints
76
What is the cervical vertebral formula for dogs?
C7
77
What is the thoracic vertebral formula for cattle?
T13
78
Fill in the blank: The lumbar vertebral formula for horses is L_____
6
79
What is the sacral vertebral formula for humans?
S5
80
What is the coccygeal vertebral formula for cats?
C5-23

Vet Tech A&P 1 (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions