Ch 5 Test Yourself

Question 1

What are the four primary types of tissue?

Answer 1

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Question 2

What is histology?

Answer 2

Histology is the study of the microscopic structures of tissues and organs.

Question 3

List seven functions performed by epithelial cells.

Answer 3

• Protect, cover, and line other tissues
• Filter biochemical substances
• Absorb nutrients
• Provide sensory input
• Manufacture secretions
• Manufacture excretions
• Act as an interface layer that separates and defines the beginning and ending of different types of tissues

Question 4

What four attributes characterize epithelial tissue in general?

Answer 4

• Epithelial cells are polar
• Epithelial cells have lateral surfaces connected by junctional complexes
• All epithelial cells lack blood vessels or capillaries
• Most epithelial cells are innervated

Question 5

List four types of cellular junctions.

Question 6

How does the basement membrane act as a partial barrier between the epithelial cell and the underlying connective tissue?

Answer 6

Oxygen and nutrient molecules diffuse through the basement membrane from capillaries in the underlying connective tissue.

Question 7

Why do some epithelial cells have cilia and microvilli?

Answer 7

Microvilli increase surface area for absorption; cilia enable efficient transport of material.

Question 8

What does simple epithelial tissue mean?

Answer 8

A single layer of epithelial cells.

Question 9

What does stratified epithelial tissue mean?

Answer 9

More than one layer of cells.

Question 10

What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cells?

Answer 10

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.

Question 11

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?

Answer 11

Inner lining of the lung and in the filtration membranes of kidneys.

Question 12

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

Answer 12

On the surface of ovaries, in the secretory portions of glands, and in the lining of ducts.

Question 13

Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?

Answer 13

Lining the length of the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 14

Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

Answer 14

Lining the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum.

Question 15

Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?

Answer 15

In the respiratory tract and in portions of the male reproductive tract.

Question 16

Where can transitional epithelium be found?

Answer 16

In portions of the urinary tract where great changes in volume occur.

Question 17

What is a gland?

Answer 17

A cell or group of cells that has the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion.

Question 18

How do glands develop embryologically?

Answer 18

Multicellular glands form from the infolding of a layer of epithelial cells.

Question 19

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 19

• Endocrine glands: No ducts, secrete hormones into bloodstream
• Exocrine glands: Possess ducts, discharge secretions locally

Question 20

Where are goblet cells found?

Answer 20

Interspersed among columnar cells in the respiratory and digestive tracts.

Question 21

What do goblet cells produce?

Answer 21

Mucin, which becomes mucus when combined with water.

Question 22

How are multicellular exocrine glands constructed?

Answer 22

Consist of a secretory unit and a duct carrying the secretion.

Question 23

Describe merocrine glands.

Answer 23

Secrete via exocytosis without damaging the secretory cells.

Question 24

Describe apocrine glands.

Answer 24

Release secretions by pinching off the apex of the cell.

Question 25

Describe holocrine glands.

Answer 25

Release secretions by destroying the entire secretory cell.

Question 26

How are serous and mucous secretions different?

Answer 26

* Serous: Watery, high enzyme concentration * Mucous: Thick, viscous, composed of glycoproteins

Question 27

How are connective tissue and epithelial tissue similar?

Answer 27

Both may form membranes in the body.

Question 28

What are the three basic constituents of connective tissue?

Answer 28

Extracellular fibers, ground substance, and cells.

Question 29

List seven functions of connective tissue.

Answer 29

* Forms metabolic and structural connections * Forms a protective sheath around organs * Helps insulate the body * Acts as a reserve for energy * Provides structural support * Composes the medium that transports substances * Plays a role in healing and controlling microorganisms

Question 30

What are GAGs?

Answer 30

Glycosaminoglycans, ground substance in soft connective tissue.

Question 31

What role do GAGs play in connective tissue?

Answer 31

Help orient the formation of fibers during healing.

Question 32

Compare collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers.

Answer 32

* Collagenous: Strong, thick, provide tensile strength * Reticular: Thin, branched, support highly cellular organs * Elastic: Coiled, stretchable, found in tissues subject to stretching

Question 33

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 33

Large, irregularly shaped cells that manufacture and secrete fibers and ground substance.

Question 34

What are transient cells in connective tissue?

Answer 34

* Leukocytes * Mast cells * Macrophages

Question 35

What is the common term for adipose tissue?

Answer 35

Fat

Question 36

How is brown fat different from white fat?

Answer 36

Brown fat is involved in heat production; white fat stores energy.

Question 37

What are the two broad categories of connective tissue?

Answer 37

Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue.

Question 38

What happens to adipocyte cells as they fill with lipid?

Answer 38

The organelles and nuclei are pushed to one side, and the cells become large spheres with eccentrically placed nuclei. The cytosol is compressed into a thin rim surrounding the lipid droplet.

Question 39

What is the appearance of adipose tissue under microscopic examination?

Answer 39

It has a 'chicken wire' appearance due to the lipid content being extracted during tissue preparation.

Question 40

What is brown adipose fat and its role?

Answer 40

Brown adipose fat is a specialized form of adipose tissue found in newborns and hibernating animals, playing an important part in temperature regulation and heat production.

Question 41

How does the cytoplasm of brown fat differ from white fat?

Answer 41

In brown fat, the cytoplasm is clearly visible and lipid is stored in multiple small vesicles rather than a single large droplet.

Question 42

What is a key feature of brown fat relating to energy?

Answer 42

Energy from lipid oxidation and electron transport is dissipated as heat, not ATP.

Question 43

Why does brown fat appear dark under microscopy?

Answer 43

It contains an exceptionally high number of mitochondria that become darkly stained.

Question 44

What are the three subtypes of dense connective tissue?

Answer 44

* Dense regular * Dense irregular * Elastic

Question 45

What are three examples of specialized connective tissue?

Answer 45

* Cartilage * Bone * Blood

Question 46

How is cartilage similar to connective tissue proper?

Answer 46

It is composed of cells, fibers, and matrix.

Question 47

What is a key difference between cartilage and dense connective tissue?

Answer 47

Cartilage is more rigid than dense connective tissue.

Question 48

What limits the thickness of cartilage?

Answer 48

Nutrients diffuse from the surrounding perichondrium through the matrix to the chondrocytes.

Question 49

What is the primary reason cartilage is slow to heal?

Answer 49

It is avascular.

Question 50

Describe hyaline cartilage.

Answer 50

The most common type of cartilage, composed of closely packed collagen fibers, tough but more flexible than bone.

Question 51

What distinguishes elastic cartilage from hyaline cartilage?

Answer 51

Elastic cartilage contains an abundance of elastic fibers forming dense branching bundles.

Question 52

Where is fibrocartilage typically found?

Answer 52

Merged with hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue, such as in the spaces between vertebrae.

Question 53

What are the two basic cell types that make up neural tissue?

Answer 53

* Neurons * Supporting neuroglial cells

Question 54

What is the most important function of neural tissue?

Answer 54

To receive and transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body.

Question 55

What portion of a serous membrane covers the outer surface of organs?

Answer 55

The visceral layer.

Question 56

What is an effusion?

Answer 56

The escape of fluid from normal vessels into a body cavity.

Question 57

What is ascites?

Answer 57

The presence of an effusion in the peritoneal space of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 58

What is another name for cutaneous membrane?

Answer 58

Integument or skin.

Question 59

Where are synovial membranes found?

Answer 59

Lining the cavities of joints.

Question 60

What causes the clinical signs of heat, swelling, redness, and tenderness during inflammation?

Answer 60

Increased blood flow, plasma fluid accumulation, and irritation of nerve endings.

Question 61

What is granulation tissue?

Answer 61

A bright pink tissue formed during healing, composed of collagen fibers and small capillaries.

Question 62

Describe first intention wound repair.

Answer 62

Occurs with wounds whose edges are held in close apposition, leading to primary union without significant scarring.

Question 63

Describe second intention wound repair.

Answer 63

Occurs when edges of the wound are separated, allowing granulation tissue to form and resulting in scar formation.

Question 64

What is the role of goblet cells in mucous membranes?

Answer 64

They produce and secrete mucus, which lubricates and protects the lining of organs.

Question 65

How do mucous membranes assist in the body's defenses?

Answer 65

Mucus traps invading pathogens and foreign particles, particularly in the nasal passages.