Ch 4 Powerpoint Part 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of normal hydration?
Consuming the same amount of water that is lost.
This includes water intake from moist foods and drinking fluids.
What is metabolic water?
Water produced from metabolic processes, specifically oxidation.
It is considered a source of water intake in animals.
What is insensible water loss?
Water loss that cannot be measured, such as diffusion from the skin.
Examples include sweating and vocalizing.
What are the two main types of body fluids?
Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
Extracellular fluid includes intravascular and interstitial fluid.
What are electrolytes?
Particles in body fluids capable of conducting an electrical current.
They include cations, anions, acids, and bases.
What is the pH of pure water?
7 (neutral).
Blood has a pH of 7.4, while gastric juice has a pH below 7.
What can affect normal body functions?
Changes in electrolyte concentrations and pH.
This includes effects on nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and respiration.
What does osmolality measure?
The concentration of solutes in a fluid.
High osmolality indicates a high concentration of solutes.
What is isotonic fluid therapy?
Fluid with osmolality comparable to that of normal blood.
Example: 0.9% NaCl (normal saline).
What happens with hypotonic fluids?
Osmolality is less than that of blood, causing cells to swell.
Water flows into the cell, which may lead to rupture.
What happens with hypertonic fluids?
Osmolality is greater than that of blood, causing cells to shrink.
Water shifts into the extracellular space.
What are the two main categories of solutes in body fluids?
Electrolytes and organic molecules.
Electrolytes are small and abundant, while organic molecules are large and less numerous.
What is edema?
Abnormal, excess accumulation of fluid in tissue.
Common signs include pulmonary and cutaneous edema.
What are the three phases of fluid therapy?
Resuscitation, replacement, maintenance.
What is passive membrane process?
Absorption of nutrients or excretion of waste without energy expenditure.
Examples include diffusion and osmosis.
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration.
It is driven by the concentration gradient.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Movement of molecules assisted by selective carrier proteins.
Example: Glucose moving into muscle cells.
What is osmosis?
Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from dilute to concentrated solution.
It aims to achieve concentration balance.
What is oncotic pressure?
The difference between osmotic pressure of blood and interstitial fluid.
It is important for maintaining fluid balance.
What is filtration?
Movement of liquids through a membrane based on a pressure gradient.
Hydrostatic pressure is a key factor.
What is active transport?
Movement of molecules across the cell membrane using energy (ATP).
It is necessary for certain amino acids and ions.
What is endocytosis?
Transport of large particles or liquids into the cell by engulfing them.
Types include phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
What is cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division.
It follows mitosis.
What are the phases of interphase?
Growth 1 (G1), synthetic (S), growth 2 (G2).
Interphase is the period between cell divisions.
