Ch 3 Cell Anatomy Part2 Flashcards
What are the three types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules
What is the function of the centrosome?
Building and breaking down microtubules
What are the components of the centrosome?
Centrioles, Pericentriolar material, Asters
What are centrioles composed of?
Small hollow cylinders composed of 9 triplets of microtubules
In which orientation do centrioles exist in pairs?
Their long axis is perpendicular to one another
What is the largest organelle in the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Produce most of the energy to fuel the cell
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Outer membrane (smooth), Inner membrane (Cristae), DNA, RNA, and enzymes
What are ribosomes known for?
Important site for protein synthesis
What are the two subunits that make up ribosomes?
Protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Rough ER and Smooth ER
What characterizes rough ER?
Ribosomes on the surface and protein production
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modification, packaging, and distribution center for molecules
What do lysosomes contain?
Hydrolytic enzymes enclosed in a protective membrane
What is the function of lysosomes?
Break down nutrient molecules and digest cellular debris
What are proteasomes?
Small barrel-shaped organelles that assist with breakdown and removal of unwanted protein in the cell
How do proteasomes process proteins?
Break down one protein at a time with the help of ubiquitin
What do peroxisomes contain?
Enzymes such as peroxidases and catalases
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Detoxification and removal of free radicals
What are vaults?
Hollow, tiny barrel-shaped structures that transport molecules to and from the nucleus
What are inclusions?
Packaged units of metabolic products or substances that the cell has engulfed
What is the control center of the cell?
The Nucleus
What are the four parts of the anatomy of the nucleus?
Nuclear envelope, Nucleoplasm, Chromatin, Nucleolus
What is the nuclear envelope composed of?
Two lipid bilayers
What is chromatin?
The substance of chromosomes, consisting of DNA and histones
What is the structure of chromatin?
Single strand of DNA winds around 8 histone molecules forming a nucleosome
What role do histones play?
Important role in gene regulation
What is the function of nucleoli?
Location where ribosomal subunits are made
What nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
What nitrogenous base is unique to RNA?
Uracil
True or False: Mature mammalian red blood cells are anucleated.
True
Fill in the blank: The outer layer of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the _______.
Endoplasmic reticulum
What is the function of the inner layer of the nuclear envelope?
Supports the structure of the nucleus
What are the two types of genetic material in the nucleus?
DNA and RNA
What is the structure of DNA?
Two parallel strands of nucleotides twisted around in a double helix
What is the structure of RNA?
Single-stranded molecule with no opposing strand
