Breast cancer

Question 1

Indications for postmastectomy radiation therapy

Answer 1

large tumors (>5 cm),
four or more involved lymph nodes,
positive or close margins,
locally advanced breast cancer

Question 2

suitable cases for nipplesparing mastectomies

Answer 2

tumors >2 cm from thenipple
and no clinical involvement of the skin or nipple

Question 3

there was an increasing the proportion of implant-based breast reconstruction compared with autologous-based breast reconstruction

Answer 3

T

Question 4

gender,
increasing age and genetic mutations are the only substantial risk
factors

Answer 4

T

Question 5

Hereditary breast cancer accounts for up to 20% of breast cancer cases

Answer 5

T

Question 6

NFl (Neurofibromatosis 1 susceptibility
genes for breast cancer

Answer 6

T

Question 7

BRCA 1 and
2 gene mutations percentage in hereditary breast cancer

Answer 7

account for 20% to 40% of the hereditary breast

Question 8

Women with the BRCAl mutation have a 55% to 65% risk
of developing breast cancer and a 39% chance of developing ovarian
cancer by age 70 years

Answer 8

T

Question 9

women with the BRCA2 mutation have a slightly lower risk of 45% for developing breast cancer
and 11% to 17% chance of developing ovarian cancer by age 70 years

Answer 9

T

Question 10

The most common types of breast cancer

Answer 10

include ductal carcinoma
in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.

Question 11

DCIS nad lobular carcinoma can transform into invasive cancer.

Answer 11

F Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) does not transform into invasive
disease but instead increases one’s risk by 7 to 12 times for developing
invasive cancer in either breast

Question 12

Screening mammography is recommended to continue for as long as the patient has a life expectancy of 10 years or
longer.

Answer 12

T

Question 13

no regular clinical breast
examinations for breast cancer are recommended for average-risk
women at any age

Answer 13

T

Question 14

abnormal palpable breast mass or new mammographic finding is
usually followed by an ultrasonic examination

Answer 14

T

Question 15

breast MRis improve overall survival outcomes or improve locoregional recurrence rates.

Answer 15

F Although
breast MRis are generally more sensitive than mammography or
ultrasonography, they have not been found to improve overall survival outcomes or improve locoregional recurrence rates

Question 16

The anatomic borders of the breast

Answer 16

are defined by the midline medially, the latissimus dorsi muscle laterally, the clavicle superiorly, and the insertion of the rectus abdominus
muscle inferiorly.

Question 17

Contraindications
for SSM are

Answer 17

inflammatory carcinomas, locally advanced carcinomas,
and smoking

Question 18

smoking is absolute contraindication to SSM

Answer 18

F smoking (relative contraindication)

Question 19

Local recurrence rates after
SSM is more than other forms of mastectomy.

Answer 19

F Local recurrence rates after
SSM is similar to other forms of mastectomy.

Question 20

The NSM It is performed
by removal of all breast tissue without excision of skin and the nipple-areolar complex

Answer 20

T

Question 21

contraindications for NSM include a

Answer 21

tumor to nipple distance of <2 cm or clinical involvement of the
skin and/or nipple.

Question 22

Partial
or full nipple necrosishas been reported in 2% to 20% ofNSMs

Answer 22

T

Question 23

Overall
survival, disease-free survival, or local recurrence has been shown to be
similar between NSM, SSM, and modified radical mastectomy

Answer 23

T

Question 24

prophylactic mastectomies ofthe breast contralateral to the known unilateral breast cancer are
discouraged

Answer 24

T

Question 25

Postmastectomy radiation therapy is associated with improved outcomes when performed within 6 to 8 weeks
of surgery

Answer 25

T

Question 26

An axillary lymph node
dissection (ALND) has a 16% risk of the development of lymphedema at 5 years

Answer 26

T

Question 27

a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is
minimally invasive, it is still associated with a 20% rate of the development of lymphedema at 5 years.

Answer 27

F 5 %

Question 28

indications
for chemotherapy

Answer 28

tumor’s molecular profile
large tumor size (>2 cm), positive lymph
nodes, ER-negative and PR-negative tumors, HER-2/neu-positive
tumors, and inflammatory breast cancer

Question 29

Tamoxifen, while
reasonably well tolerated, has been shown to be associated with hot
flashes, headaches, menstrual abnormalities, a higher risk for endometrial cancer (cumulative risk 3.1% versus 1.6%), and a twofold
increase in the incidence of pulmonary embolism

Answer 29

T

Question 30

Accelerated partial breast irradiation
(APBI) is a technique that provides a more focused field of radiation after complete surgical excision of in-breast disease

Answer 30

T

Question 31

The benefit of APBI is that it can be administered over
a 1 to 2 week period as compared to the typical 6 to 7 week period
for whole-breast radiation

Answer 31

T