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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 5 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 5 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Chapter 5: Integumentary System

1
Q

integument

A

skin

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2
Q

integument is the largest _____

A

organ

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3
Q

layers of integument (2)

A

epidermis

dermis

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4
Q

what layer is not part of the skin but lies beneath the dermis?

A

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

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5
Q

epidermis

A

superficial layer of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium,
avascular, any composed of many layers

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6
Q

dermis

A

deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissues

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7
Q

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

A

not part of the skin; lies under dermis and is composed of mostly adipose CT as well as areolar CT

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8
Q

functions of integument (7)

A
  1. protection
  2. prevention of water loss
  3. temperature regulation
  4. metabolic regulation
  5. immune defense
  6. sensory reception
  7. excretion by means of secretion
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9
Q

epidermal strata (5) from deep to superficial

A 
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum (thick skin only)
stratum corneum
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10
Q

stratum basale

A

single layer of cells capable of mitosis

adjacent to dermis

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11
Q

stratum basale cell types

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells

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12
Q

keratinocytes in stratum basale

A

most abundant; produce keratin to protect and waterproof the skin

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13
Q

melanocytes in stratum basale

A

produce melanin pigment, which absorbs UV light to prevent DNA damage

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14
Q

tactile cells

A

sensitive to touch

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15
Q

what separates the stratum basale from the connective tissue? (membrane)

A

basement membrane

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16
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several layers thick

daughter cells from basale differentiate into nondividing, highly specialized keratinocytes

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17
Q

what type of cells does stratum spinosum have and what is its function?

A

epidermal dendritic cells (langerhans)

immune cells that fight infection; phagocytes that initiate immune response

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18
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of keratinocytes

cytoplasm fills with keratin filaments, organelles begin degradation

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19
Q

fully keratinized cells are dead but _____ (stratum granulosum)

A

strong

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20
Q

extracellular lipids from epidermal ______ _______ (stratum granulosum)

A

water barrier

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21
Q

stratum lucidum

A

thin, transclucent, two to three layers thick

present only in thick since (plans of hands, soles of feet)

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22
Q

what are the cells of stratum lucidum filled with? what do they lack?

A

eleidin: a transparent, intermediate producto f keratin maturation;
lack organelles

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23
Q

stratum corneum

A

most superficial layer of epidermis
20-30 layers thick dependent on body location
solely dead keratinocytes (sloughed with abrasion)

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24
Q

thick skin

A

palms of hands and soles of feet

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25
thin skin
lacks stratum lucidum, covers most of body
26
stratum corneum in thick skin
thick
27
stratum corneum in thin skin
thin
28
variations in epidermis pigment caused by...
hemoglobin, melanin, carotene
29
hemoglobin
blood pigment; red in color
30
melanin
pigment produced by melanocytes; increases in people exposed to more UV
31
carotene
yellow-orange pigment from food that builds up in the skin
32
melanin can be...
donated to neighboring cells by melanocytes
33
variations in epidermis skin markings include
nevus, hemangioma, friction ridges
34
nevus
aka mole; localized overgrowth of melanocytes
35
hemangioma
proliferation of flood vessels that form a benign tumor
36
friction ridges
folds of epidermis and dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes; increase friction for grasping
37
friction ridges of thick skin
arch, whorl, loop, combination
38
dermis
deep to epidermis | areolar and dense irregular CT
39
layers of dermis (2)
papillary | reticular
40
papillary layer of dermis
superficial; adjacent to epidermis | areolar connective tissue
41
reticular layer of dermis
deeper and thicker layer | dense irregular CT with large bundles of collagen fibers, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerves
42
epidermal ridges and dermal papillae ____ together to keep ___ stuck to dermis. this increases the ____ between the two
lock; epidermis surface area
43
dermal blood vessels in dermal _____ provide ___ to epidermis
papillae; nutrients
44
reticular layer of the dermis forms the ______ of the dermis
majority
45
collagen bundles in reticular layer help connect..
dermis to hypodermis
46
collagen and elastic fibers are oriented in _____ bundles at specific body locations
parallel
47
collagen and elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles function to...
resist routine stresses
48
lines of cleavage
identify the orientation of the fiber bundles
49
clinical importantance of lines of cleavage
incisions across these lines heal more slowly than incisions along these lines
50
striae
form when collagen fibers are town from skin overstretching
51
wrinkles result from
UV light exposure and aging that reduces flexibility and thickness of the dermis
52
Nerve fibers are present in the ____
dermis
53
Functions of nerve fibers in the dermis include... (3)
1. tactile (touch) receptors 2. control blood flow 3. control glandular secretion
54
tactile receptors (2)
``` tactile corpuscle (meissner's) paccinian corpuscle ```
55
tactile corpuscle
located in dermal papilla to detect fine touch
56
___ contains blood vessels
dermis
57
blood vessels in dermis function in (2) ways
1. supply nutrients to avascular epidermis | 2. important in controlling body temperature
58
vasoconstriction
narrowing blood vessel diameter; used to shunt blood away from periphery
59
vasodilation
widening blood vessel diameter; used to move blood toward periphery for releasing heat
60
subcutaneous layer functions (3)
1. protects underlying structures 2. stores energy 3. insulation
61
epidermal derivatives
integumentary structures derived from epidermis
62
(3) epidermal derivatives
1. nails 2. hair 3. exocrine glands of the skin
63
nails
scalelike modifications of the stratum corneum
64
nail parts (8)
``` nail plate nail body nail root nail bed nail matrix lunula eponychium hyponychium ```
65
nail plate
whitish free edge
66
nail body
pinkish (due to dermis underneath)
67
nail root
covered in skin (beneath the skin)
68
nail bed
covers a layer of epidermis | epithelial tissue that nail sits on
69
nail matrix
thickened growing part of the nail bed
70
lunula
white semilunar proximal area of the nail body caused by thickened underlying stratum basale obscuring capillaries in dermis
71
eponychium
cuticle
72
hyponychium
skin around edges of nail
73
hair
columns of keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis or hypodermis
74
(3) types of hair
lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair
75
regions of a hair (deep to surface)
hair bulb, hair root, hair shaft
76
hair bulb
swelling of epithelial cells where the hair originates
77
hair root
portion deep to the skin surface
78
hair shaft
portion extending beyond the skin surface
79
hair follicle
surrounds each hair
80
arrector pili
muscles attach to hair shaft that respond to emotions and cold temperatures by contracting, standing the hair up, therefore producing "goose bumps"
81
follicle has (2) layers creating the hair itself
1. connective tissue root sheath (outer) | 2. epithelial tissue root sheath (inner)
82
functions of hair (5)
1. protection 2. heat retention 3. sensory reception 4. visual identification 5. chemical signal dispersal
83
exocrine glands of skin (2)
1. sweat (sudoriferous) glands | 2. sebaceous glands
84
sudoriferous glands
produce watery solution | merocrine (eccrine) and apocrine
85
sebaceous glands
produce oily secretions
86
merocrine
simple coiled tubular glands that release secretions into a duct with a pore on skin's surface secretions are 99& water, clear, controlled by NS numerous ion palms of hands, soles of feet, and forehead
87
functions of merocrine
thermoregulation secretion protection
88
apocrine
simple coiled tubular glands that secrete into hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), nipples (areola), groin (pubic region), and anus (anal region) secretions are thick, cloudy, composed of protein and lipids and bacterial growth causes distinct odor in these regions
89
Beep Boop
I love you
90
between the two sudoriferous glands, ____ has the smaller lumen, while ___ has the larger
merocrine; apocrine
91
sebaceous glands
secrete oily sebum into hair follicles or directly onto kin surface
92
functions of sebaceous glands
lubrication; preventing drying of hair and skin | supports microbiome
93
Sebaceous glands are relatively ___ during childhood. Sex hormones at puberty cause secretions to _____ significantly
inactive; increase

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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