BIO G220: Ch. 25 Flashcards
Terms and concepts from Ch. 25: Respiratory System
1
Q
anatomic divisions of respiratory system
A
upper and lower respiratory tracts
2
Q
functional divisions of respiratory system
A
conducting portion and respiratory portion
3
Q
main function of respiratory system
A
ventilation
4
Q
ventilation
A
breathing; inhalation and exhalation
5
Q
other respiratory functions (4)
A
gas conditioning
sound production
olfaction
defense
6
Q
upper respiratory tract divisions (3) also part of the.
A
nose and nasal cavities
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
conducting portion of respiratory system
7
Q
nose
A
main conducting airway for inhaled air
8
Q
nasal bones
A
supports the nose superiorly and form the bridge of the nose
9
Q
dorsum nasi
A
fleshy, cartilaginous portion that supports the nose anteroinferiorly from the bridge
10
Q
nasal cavity begins as..
and ends as..
A
the internal component of the nose; openings to the nasopharynx known as choanae
11
Q
nasal septum
A
divides the nasal cavity into right and left portions
12
Q
superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
A
form the lateral wall for each cavity
13
Q
superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae function
A
condition the air within the nasal cavity
14
Q
paranasal sinuses
A
paired air spaces that make the bones lighter in weight and are named after the bones in which they reside
15
Q
paranasal sinuses (4)
A
frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
maxillary
16
Q
pharynx
A
region that is shared by the respiratory and digestive tracts
17
Q
pharynx divisions (3)
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
18
Q
nasopharynx functions
A
conducts air
19
Q
nasopharynx epithelial lining
A
pseudostratified icliated columnar epithelium
20
Q
nasopharynx characteristics (3)
A
posterior to nasal cavity pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) on posterior wall auditory tubes open into lateral walls of nasopharynx to equalize air pressure in middle ear
21
Q
oropharynx functions (2)
A
conducts air; serves as a passageway for food and drink
22
Q
oropharynx epithelial lining
A
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
23
Q
oropharynx characteristics (4)
A
posterior to oral cavity;
paired palatine tonsils on lateral walls between the arches
lingual tonsils on base of tongue (and thus in anterior region or oropharynx)
extends between soft palate and level of hyoid bone
24
Q
opening of the oral cavity into the oropharynx is called
A
fauces
25
fauces
defined by two pairs of muscular arches on the lateral walls of the fauces
26
laryngopharynx functions (2)
conducts air; serves as a passageway for food and drink
27
laryngopharynx epithelial lining
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
28
laryngopharynx characteristics
extends from level of hyoid bone to beginning of esophagus
29
conduction portion of lower respiratory tract (4)
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
30
respiratory portion of lower respiratory tract (3)
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
31
larynx anatomic description
a somewhat cylindrical airway structure between the pharynx and trachae
32
larynx wall support (2)
9 pieces of cartilage; supported by ligaments and skeletal muscle
33
larynx epithelial lining (2)
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium superior to vocal folds; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium inferior to vocal folds
34
larynx functions (4)
conducting air prevents ingested material from entering trachea
produces sounds
assists in increasing pressure in abdominal cavity
participates in both a sneeze and cough reflex
35
trachae anatomic description
flexible, semirigid tubular organ connecting larynx to main bronchi
36
trachea wall support
C-shaped cartilage rings keep trachea patent (open)
37
trachea epithelial lining
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
38
trachea function
conducts air
39
bronchi anatomical description
largest airways of bronchial tree consisting of main, lobar, segmental, and smaller bronchi
40
bronchi wall support (2)
incomplete rings and irregular plates of cartilage; some smooth muscle
41
bronchi epithelial lining (smaller and larger)
larger bronchi lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; smaller bronchi lined by simple columnar epithelium
42
bronchi function
conducts air
43
bronchioles anatomic description (3)
smaller conducting airways of bronchial tree; larger bronchioles branch into smaller bronchioles; terminal bronchioles are last part of conducting portion
44
bronchiole wall support (2)
no cartilage; proportionately greater amounts of smooth muscle in walls
45
bronchioles epithelial lining
ranging from simple ciliated columnar epithelium (for larger) to simple cuboidal epithelium (for smaller)
46
bronchioles function (2)
conducts air; smooth muscle in walls allow bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
47
respiratory bronchioles anatomic description (2)
smallest conducting airways; begin the respiratory portion
48
respiratory bronchioles wall support (2)
no cartilage; smooth muscle is scarce in walls
49
respiratory bronchioles epithelial lining
simple cuboidal epithelium
50
respiratory bronchioles function
gas exchange
51
alveolar ducts anatomic description (2)
tiny airways that branch off respiratory bronchioles; multiple alveoli found along walls of alveolar duct
52
alveolar ducts wall support (2)
no cartilage; no smooth muscle
53
alveolar ducts epithelial lining
simple squamous epithelium
54
alveolar ducts function
gas exchange
55
alveoli anatomic description
tiny miroscopic air sacs
56
alveoli wall support (2)
no cartilage; no smooth muscle
57
alveoli epithelial linng
simple squamous epithelium
58
alveoli function
gas exchange
59
thyroid cartilage is the __ cartilage
largest
60
thyroid has anterior and lateral wall, but no __ wall
posterior
61
laryngeal prominence aka
v-shape anterior projection on thyroid; adam's apple
62
cricoid cartilage
ring-shaped cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage
63
epiglottis
spoon-shaped cartilage the projects superiorly into pharynx
64
swallowing causes the epiglottis to close the opening to the..
larynx
65
paired cartilages in larynx responsible for sound production (3)
arytenoid cartilages
corniculate cartilages
cuneiform cartilages
66
__ ___ are found in the larynx and are comprised of ___ covered by a mucous membrane
vocal folds; vocal ligaments
67
the opening between the vocal folds is the
rima glottidis
68
glottis
vocal folds + rima glottidis
69
when air is forced through the rima glottidis, it causes vibration of the ___ ___, which results in the production of ___
vocal folds; sound
70
trachea is aka
windpipe
71
trachea is supported by C-shaped __ ___ connected by __ ___
tracheal cartilages; annular ligaments
72
trachealis muscle
connects the end of the tracheal cartilages posteriorly
73
trachea mucosa is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium and..
mucin-secreting goblet cells
74
bronchial tree
highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the main bronchi and progres through narrower tubes before ending in terminal bronchioles
75
trachea brances into left and right
main bronchi
76
each main bronchus divides into
lobar bronchi
77
lobar bronchi further divide into
segmental bronchi
78
as branching continues, the following are observed (4):
1. incomplete rings of cartilage become smaller and less numerous
2. all bronchi are lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
3. bronchi branch into bronchioles, which lack rings of cartilage and are lined not with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, but simple columnar or simple squamous epithelium
79
bronchioles
less than 1 mm in diameter; smaller and smaller tubules of bronchi
80
bronchiole walls are composed of relatively ___ layer of smooth muscle
thick
81
bronchoconstriction/
| bronchodilation
contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle of bronchioles, respectively
82
terminal bronchioles
last portions of the conduction part of the respiratory system
83
terminal bronchioles branch into...
respiratory bronchioles
84
respiratory bronchioles branch into..
alveolar ducts
85
The thin wall of the alveolus is the structure where respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon)...
diffuse between the blood and the air in the lungs
86
the alveolar wall is formed from _ types of cells
2
87
alveolar type I cells
simple squamous epithelial cells promote rapid diffusion of gases
88
alveolar type II cells
almost cuboidal in shape and product pulmonary surfactant
89
pulmonary surfactant
decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli
90
alveolar macrophages (dust, cells)
may be fixed or free; engulf any microorganism or particulate matter that makes its way into the alveolus
91
respiratory membrane
diffusion barrier across which respiratory gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the alveoli
92
respiratory membranes components (3)
1. plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell
2. plasma membrane of the capillary cell
3. fused basement membrane of both cells
93
the lungs are located in __ ___ on the lateral sides of the thorax, separated by the mediastinum
pleural cavities
94
pleura
lines the pleural cavities and the outer surface of the lung
95
visceral pleura
tightly adheres to the outside of the lung
96
parietal pleura
lines the pleural cavity itself
97
pleural cavity
space between the two membranes that are continuous with each other
98
each lung is conical in shape, has a ____ inferiorly that rests on the diaphragm, and an ___ that is superior most portion of the lung
base; apex
99
the __ ___ comes in contact with the ribs and the slightly concave __ ___ faces medially toward the mediastinum
costal surface; mediastinal surface
100
hilum
concave region housed by the mediastinal surface
101
what passes through the hilum?
bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves
102
all structures within the hilum are term the __ of the lung
root
103
the left lung is slightly ___ than right lung because the heart projects slightly to the left of midline
smaller
104
cardiac impression
medial surface indentation in left lung made by the heart
105
cardiac notch
anterior indented region in left lung
106
oblique fissure of left lung
dices the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung
107
lingula
region in left lung
108
fissures that divide the right lung
oblique and horizontal fissures
109
lobes of right lung
superior, middle, inferior
110
there are ___ bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung and _-_ in the left lung
10; 8-10
111
each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by its own __ bronchus and a branch of the pulmonary artery and vein
tertiary
112
each bronchopulmonary segment is surrounded by and isolated from..
other segments by connective tissue
