BIO G220: Ch. 25 Flashcards
Terms and concepts from Ch. 25: Respiratory System
anatomic divisions of respiratory system
upper and lower respiratory tracts
functional divisions of respiratory system
conducting portion and respiratory portion
main function of respiratory system
ventilation
ventilation
breathing; inhalation and exhalation
other respiratory functions (4)
gas conditioning
sound production
olfaction
defense
upper respiratory tract divisions (3) also part of the.
nose and nasal cavities
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
conducting portion of respiratory system
nose
main conducting airway for inhaled air
nasal bones
supports the nose superiorly and form the bridge of the nose
dorsum nasi
fleshy, cartilaginous portion that supports the nose anteroinferiorly from the bridge
nasal cavity begins as..
and ends as..
the internal component of the nose; openings to the nasopharynx known as choanae
nasal septum
divides the nasal cavity into right and left portions
superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
form the lateral wall for each cavity
superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae function
condition the air within the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
paired air spaces that make the bones lighter in weight and are named after the bones in which they reside
paranasal sinuses (4)
frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
maxillary
pharynx
region that is shared by the respiratory and digestive tracts
pharynx divisions (3)
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
nasopharynx functions
conducts air
nasopharynx epithelial lining
pseudostratified icliated columnar epithelium
nasopharynx characteristics (3)
posterior to nasal cavity pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) on posterior wall auditory tubes open into lateral walls of nasopharynx to equalize air pressure in middle ear
oropharynx functions (2)
conducts air; serves as a passageway for food and drink
oropharynx epithelial lining
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
oropharynx characteristics (4)
posterior to oral cavity;
paired palatine tonsils on lateral walls between the arches
lingual tonsils on base of tongue (and thus in anterior region or oropharynx)
extends between soft palate and level of hyoid bone
opening of the oral cavity into the oropharynx is called
fauces
fauces
defined by two pairs of muscular arches on the lateral walls of the fauces
laryngopharynx functions (2)
conducts air; serves as a passageway for food and drink
laryngopharynx epithelial lining
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
laryngopharynx characteristics
extends from level of hyoid bone to beginning of esophagus
conduction portion of lower respiratory tract (4)
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
respiratory portion of lower respiratory tract (3)
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
larynx anatomic description
a somewhat cylindrical airway structure between the pharynx and trachae
larynx wall support (2)
9 pieces of cartilage; supported by ligaments and skeletal muscle
larynx epithelial lining (2)
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium superior to vocal folds; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium inferior to vocal folds
larynx functions (4)
conducting air prevents ingested material from entering trachea
produces sounds
assists in increasing pressure in abdominal cavity
participates in both a sneeze and cough reflex
trachae anatomic description
flexible, semirigid tubular organ connecting larynx to main bronchi
trachea wall support
C-shaped cartilage rings keep trachea patent (open)
trachea epithelial lining
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
trachea function
conducts air
bronchi anatomical description
largest airways of bronchial tree consisting of main, lobar, segmental, and smaller bronchi
bronchi wall support (2)
incomplete rings and irregular plates of cartilage; some smooth muscle
bronchi epithelial lining (smaller and larger)
larger bronchi lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; smaller bronchi lined by simple columnar epithelium
bronchi function
conducts air
bronchioles anatomic description (3)
smaller conducting airways of bronchial tree; larger bronchioles branch into smaller bronchioles; terminal bronchioles are last part of conducting portion
bronchiole wall support (2)
no cartilage; proportionately greater amounts of smooth muscle in walls
bronchioles epithelial lining
ranging from simple ciliated columnar epithelium (for larger) to simple cuboidal epithelium (for smaller)
bronchioles function (2)
conducts air; smooth muscle in walls allow bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
respiratory bronchioles anatomic description (2)
smallest conducting airways; begin the respiratory portion
respiratory bronchioles wall support (2)
no cartilage; smooth muscle is scarce in walls
respiratory bronchioles epithelial lining
simple cuboidal epithelium
respiratory bronchioles function
gas exchange
alveolar ducts anatomic description (2)
tiny airways that branch off respiratory bronchioles; multiple alveoli found along walls of alveolar duct
alveolar ducts wall support (2)
no cartilage; no smooth muscle
alveolar ducts epithelial lining
simple squamous epithelium
alveolar ducts function
gas exchange
alveoli anatomic description
tiny miroscopic air sacs
alveoli wall support (2)
no cartilage; no smooth muscle
alveoli epithelial linng
simple squamous epithelium
alveoli function
gas exchange
thyroid cartilage is the __ cartilage
largest
thyroid has anterior and lateral wall, but no __ wall
posterior
laryngeal prominence aka
v-shape anterior projection on thyroid; adam’s apple
cricoid cartilage
ring-shaped cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage
epiglottis
spoon-shaped cartilage the projects superiorly into pharynx
swallowing causes the epiglottis to close the opening to the..
larynx
paired cartilages in larynx responsible for sound production (3)
arytenoid cartilages
corniculate cartilages
cuneiform cartilages
__ ___ are found in the larynx and are comprised of ___ covered by a mucous membrane
vocal folds; vocal ligaments
the opening between the vocal folds is the
rima glottidis
glottis
vocal folds + rima glottidis
when air is forced through the rima glottidis, it causes vibration of the ___ ___, which results in the production of ___
vocal folds; sound
trachea is aka
windpipe
trachea is supported by C-shaped __ ___ connected by __ ___
tracheal cartilages; annular ligaments
trachealis muscle
connects the end of the tracheal cartilages posteriorly
trachea mucosa is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium and..
mucin-secreting goblet cells
bronchial tree
highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the main bronchi and progres through narrower tubes before ending in terminal bronchioles
trachea brances into left and right
main bronchi
each main bronchus divides into
lobar bronchi
lobar bronchi further divide into
segmental bronchi
as branching continues, the following are observed (4):
- incomplete rings of cartilage become smaller and less numerous
- all bronchi are lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- bronchi branch into bronchioles, which lack rings of cartilage and are lined not with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, but simple columnar or simple squamous epithelium
bronchioles
less than 1 mm in diameter; smaller and smaller tubules of bronchi
bronchiole walls are composed of relatively ___ layer of smooth muscle
thick
bronchoconstriction/
bronchodilation
contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle of bronchioles, respectively
terminal bronchioles
last portions of the conduction part of the respiratory system
terminal bronchioles branch into…
respiratory bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles branch into..
alveolar ducts
The thin wall of the alveolus is the structure where respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon)…
diffuse between the blood and the air in the lungs
the alveolar wall is formed from _ types of cells
2
alveolar type I cells
simple squamous epithelial cells promote rapid diffusion of gases
alveolar type II cells
almost cuboidal in shape and product pulmonary surfactant
pulmonary surfactant
decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli
alveolar macrophages (dust, cells)
may be fixed or free; engulf any microorganism or particulate matter that makes its way into the alveolus
respiratory membrane
diffusion barrier across which respiratory gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the alveoli
respiratory membranes components (3)
- plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell
- plasma membrane of the capillary cell
- fused basement membrane of both cells
the lungs are located in __ ___ on the lateral sides of the thorax, separated by the mediastinum
pleural cavities
pleura
lines the pleural cavities and the outer surface of the lung
visceral pleura
tightly adheres to the outside of the lung
parietal pleura
lines the pleural cavity itself
pleural cavity
space between the two membranes that are continuous with each other
each lung is conical in shape, has a ____ inferiorly that rests on the diaphragm, and an ___ that is superior most portion of the lung
base; apex
the __ ___ comes in contact with the ribs and the slightly concave __ ___ faces medially toward the mediastinum
costal surface; mediastinal surface
hilum
concave region housed by the mediastinal surface
what passes through the hilum?
bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves
all structures within the hilum are term the __ of the lung
root
the left lung is slightly ___ than right lung because the heart projects slightly to the left of midline
smaller
cardiac impression
medial surface indentation in left lung made by the heart
cardiac notch
anterior indented region in left lung
oblique fissure of left lung
dices the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung
lingula
region in left lung
fissures that divide the right lung
oblique and horizontal fissures
lobes of right lung
superior, middle, inferior
there are ___ bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung and - in the left lung
10; 8-10
each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by its own __ bronchus and a branch of the pulmonary artery and vein
tertiary
each bronchopulmonary segment is surrounded by and isolated from..
other segments by connective tissue
