Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220/220L: Ch. 2 > Flashcards

BIOL G220/220L: Ch. 2 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Lecture 2: The Cell and lab slides/models Pictures and bit of concepts from Lab 2: The Cell

1
Q

cytology

A

the study of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cells are measured in _____

A

micrometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

size range of human cells and examples

A

7 micrometers (RBC) to 120 micrometers (oocyte)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

light microscopy (LM)

A

visible light passes through the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

a beam of electrons passes through a thin slice of specimen 2D image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

beam of electrons bounces off surface of the cell to provide a 3D image of the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cell functions (8)

A
  • covering
  • lining
  • storage
  • movement
  • connection
  • defense
  • communication
  • reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what functional category does epidermal skin cells fall under?

A

covering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what functional category does collagen fibers from fibroblasts fall under?

A

connection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what functional category do epithelial cells in the small intestine fall under?

A

lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what functional category do lymphocytes fall under?

A

defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what functional category do adipocytes fall under?

A

storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what functional category do neurons fall under?

A

communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what functional category do muscle cells of the heart fall under?

A

movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what functional category do bone marrow stem cells fall under?

A

reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A prototypical cell has three basic parts:

A
  1. plasma membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

plasma membrane

A

an extremely thin outer corner on the cell that serves as a selective barrier that regulates the passage of gases, nutrients, and waste between the internal and external environments of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Plasma membrane and membrane within the cell are primarily composed of ___ and _____

A

lipids proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PM lipids include…

A

phospholipids cholesterol glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PM proteins include…

A

integral peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hydrophobic tails are higher in _______

A

thermodynamic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Proteins associate to allow for…

A

1) enzymatic activities 2) signaling between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Components of cytoskeleton will interact with ____ proteins

A

transmembrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

phospholipids

A

most common lipid in PM contains a polar and nonpolar region (amphipathic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Phospholipids in water spontaneously form

A

phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cholesterol is ____ of all membrane lipids

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cholesterol

A

strengthens and stabilizes membrane against extreme temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

glycolipids are about __ to __ of all membrane lipids

A

5%, 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

glycolipids

A

lipids with carbohydrate molecules attached facing out **forms the glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

membrane proteins are responsible for..

A

most of the membrane functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

proteins

A

complex molecules made of amino acid chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

integral proteins can have _____ attached to the outer surface. ____ and glycolipids form the glycocalyx on the external surface of the PM

A

glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

peripheral proteins are loosely attached to..

A

the external or internal surface of the PM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Protein-specific functions of the PM (6)

A
  • transport
  • intercellular connection
  • anchorage for the cytoskeleton
  • enzyme activity
  • cell-cell recognition
  • signal transduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

If cells of the body are not connected, they

A

die (apoptosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

cytoplasm

A

all materials between plasma membrane and nucleus, including cytosol, inclusions, and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

cytosol

A

viscous, syrup like fluid containing many different dissolved substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

inclusions

A

large storage aggregates of complex molecules found in the cytosol i.e. melanin - pigment in skin cells or glycogen - long chains of sugars in the liver and skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

organelles

A

performing different functions, the type and number of organelles within a cell is a reflection of the cell’s function two types: membrane bound and non-membrane bound

40
Q

membrane-bound organelles

A

biochemical activity in organelle is isolated from cytosol and other organelles ex: endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria

41
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of intracellular membrane-bound tunnels

42
Q

cisternae

A

enclosed spaces

43
Q

types of ER

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

44
Q

smooth ER

A

walls with smooth appearance continuous with rough ER functions:

  1. synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids, including steroid hormones
  2. metabolism of carbohydrates
  3. detoxification of drugs, alcohol, and poisons
45
Q

rough ER

A

walls rough due to attachment of ribosomes on outside of the RER membrane functions:

  1. synthesize, transport, or store proteins for secretion by the cell
  2. or incorporation into the plasma membrane
  3. or creation of lysosomes
46
Q

golgi apparatus

A

function: receives proteins and lipids from the RER for modification, sorting, and packaging stacked cisternae whose lateral edges bulge, pinch off, and give rise to small transport and secretory vesicles

47
Q

cis-face of Golgi

A

receiving region

48
Q

trans-face of Golgi

A

shipping region

49
Q

protein flow through the golgi (5 steps)

A
  1. proteins synthesized in RER packaged into transport vesicles
  2. transport vesicles pinch from RER and fuse with cis-face of Golgi
  3. proteins move between and are modified in the cisternae of the Golgi
  4. modified proteins are packaged in secretory vesicles
  5. secretory vesicles either participate in exocytosis or become lysosomes in cell
50
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicles generated by golgi apparatus contain enzymes used for digestion, removal, and self destruction

51
Q

autolysis

A

cell release of lysosomal enzymes to digest cell when dying

52
Q

autophagy

A

lysosomes contain enzymes used to digest ad remove waste products and damaged organelles within the cell

53
Q

peroxisomes

A

vesicles formed by pinching off from the rough ER smaller than lysosomes use O2 and the enzyme catalase to detoxify harmful molecules taken into the cell -*detoxify reaction oxygen species by converting hydrogen peroxide to water - also breaks down fatty acid molecules

54
Q

mitochondria

A

double membrane produces ATP on cristae

55
Q

cristae

A

inner membrane of mitochondria folded shelf-like

56
Q

matrix

A

internal fluid of mitochondria

57
Q

ATP-synthase

A

protein complex creating ATP in mitochondria

58
Q

non-membrane bound organelles

A

ribosomes cytoskeleton centrosomes and centrioles cilia and flagella microvilli

59
Q

ribosomes

A

large and small subunit responsible for protein synthesis free and fixed ribosomes

60
Q

free ribosomes

A

float unattached within the cytosol create proteins destined to stay into the cytosol

61
Q

fixed ribosomes

A

attached to the outer surface of rough ER proteins destined to be incorporated into PM, exported from cell, or housed within lysosomes

62
Q

cytoskeleton

A

proteins organized in the cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes

63
Q

cytoskeletal components (3)

A

microfilaments (actin) intermedia filaments microtubules (tubulin)

64
Q

microfilament

A

thinner, weaker

65
Q

intermediate filament

A

really strong

66
Q

microtubule

A

dynamic, grow and shrink, conveyor belt for movement of proteins

67
Q

cytoskeleton functions

A
  1. structural support and organization: maintaining cell shape; protein support of microvilli, cilia, and flagella; stabilizes cell junctions; organizes organelles
  2. cell division: separates chromosomes during cell division; cytokinesis
  3. movement: cytoplasmic streaming; involved with movement of vesicles within cell; participates in muscle contraction
68
Q

centrosomes

A

nonmembranous, spehrical structure adjacent tothe nucleus pair of centrioles at right angles to each other spindle fiber made from here

69
Q

centriole:

A

nine sets of MT triplets involved in organizing microtubules attached to chromosomes during cell division causing chromosomal migration do NOT grow and shrink; special type of MT

70
Q

functions of centrosomes/centrioles

A
  1. MT support: organize MTs and support their growth in nondividing cells 2. cell division: directs formation of mitotic spindle in dividing cells
71
Q

cilia and flagella are..

A

projections of the cell containing cytoplasm and MTs capable of movement

72
Q

cilia

A

grouped on cells that move objects across their surface

73
Q

flagella

A

longer than cilia and usually singular; used to propel a cell

74
Q

cilia movement

A

back and forth *pertussis attacks ciliated cells –> cells no longer able to move mucus

75
Q

microvilli

A

thin, microscopic projects extending from the plasma membrane extensions of cell NOT capable of motion increase the surface area for membrane transport

76
Q

nucleus

A

control center for cellular activity

77
Q

three major components of nucleus

A

nuclear envelope nucleoli dna, chromatin, and chromosomes

78
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane structure controls entry and exit of molecules from nucleus and cytoplasm outer membrane continuous with ER

79
Q

nuclear pores

A

selectively permeable channels that allow specific molecules in and out of the nucleus

80
Q

nucleoli

A

dark-staining bodies within the nucleus composed of RNA, enzymes, and various proteins responsible for making the components of the small and large units of the ribosome (rRNA)

81
Q

nucleus functions

A
  1. cellular regulation: houses genetic material, which directs all cellular activities and regulates cellular structure
  2. production: produces ribosomal subunits in nucleolus and exports them into cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes
82
Q

DNA

A

complex molecule containing genetic material

83
Q

when the cell is not dividing..

A

nuclear DNA is unwound into fine filaments called chromatin

84
Q

during cell division, chromatin coils tightly to form

A

chromosomes

85
Q

chromatin is wrapped around ___ which is important for _____

A

histones gene regulation

86
Q

mitosis

A

parent cell gives rise to two daughter cells

87
Q

interphase

A

cell is nondividing DNA exists as chromatin two growth phases and a synthesis phase (DNA replication)

88
Q

prophase

A

nuclear envelope disintegrates and chromosomes form formation of mitotic spindle

89
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in middle at the equatorial plate spindle fibers are seen penetrating the chromsomes

90
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids are pulled apart

91
Q

telophase

A

reformation of nuclear envelope in newly forming daughter cells

92
Q

cytokinesis

A

cleavage furrowing and separation of two daughter cells

93
Q

ID image. What cell cycles are present?

A

white fish blastula

cytokinesis

94
Q

ID image. Identify the nucleus.

A

white fish blastua

nucleus are dark spots

95
Q

ID image. what cells are present?

A

human blood cells

red blood cells and white blood cells

96
Q

Label all 16 structures

A
  1. condenser
  2. iris diaphragm lever
  3. base
  4. eyepieces
  5. diopter adjustment ring
  6. head
  7. nosepiece
  8. arm
  9. objective lenses
  10. mechanical stage
  11. coare focus adjustment knob
  12. fine focus adjustment knob
  13. mechanical stage controls
  14. power switch/light control
  15. base
  16. substage lamp epieces
97
Q

Label all 12 structures

ID PM, cytosol, and smooth ER (not labeled)

A

1: nucleoli
2: nuclear envelope
3: nuclear pore

(whole is nucleus)

4: free ribosomes

5/6: rough ER (ID smooth too)

7: mitochondria
8: vesicle
9: centrioles/centrosome
10: golgi apparatus
11: peroxisome
12: lysosome

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions