BIOL G220/220L: Ch. 2 Flashcards
Terms and concepts from Lecture 2: The Cell and lab slides/models Pictures and bit of concepts from Lab 2: The Cell
1
Q
cytology
A
the study of cells
2
Q
cells are measured in _____
A
micrometers
3
Q
size range of human cells and examples
A
7 micrometers (RBC) to 120 micrometers (oocyte)
4
Q
light microscopy (LM)
A
visible light passes through the cell
5
Q
transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
A
a beam of electrons passes through a thin slice of specimen 2D image
6
Q
scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
A
beam of electrons bounces off surface of the cell to provide a 3D image of the cell surface
7
Q
cell functions (8)
A
- covering
- lining
- storage
- movement
- connection
- defense
- communication
- reproduction
8
Q
what functional category does epidermal skin cells fall under?
A
covering
9
Q
what functional category does collagen fibers from fibroblasts fall under?
A
connection
10
Q
what functional category do epithelial cells in the small intestine fall under?
A
lining
11
Q
what functional category do lymphocytes fall under?
A
defense
12
Q
what functional category do adipocytes fall under?
A
storage
13
Q
what functional category do neurons fall under?
A
communication
14
Q
what functional category do muscle cells of the heart fall under?
A
movement
15
Q
what functional category do bone marrow stem cells fall under?
A
reproduction
16
Q
A prototypical cell has three basic parts:
A
- plasma membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. nucleus
17
Q
plasma membrane
A
an extremely thin outer corner on the cell that serves as a selective barrier that regulates the passage of gases, nutrients, and waste between the internal and external environments of the cell
18
Q
Plasma membrane and membrane within the cell are primarily composed of ___ and _____
A
lipids proteins
19
Q
PM lipids include…
A
phospholipids cholesterol glycolipids
20
Q
PM proteins include…
A
integral peripheral
21
Q
Hydrophobic tails are higher in _______
A
thermodynamic energy
22
Q
Proteins associate to allow for…
A
1) enzymatic activities 2) signaling between cells
23
Q
Components of cytoskeleton will interact with ____ proteins
A
transmembrane
24
Q
phospholipids
A
most common lipid in PM contains a polar and nonpolar region (amphipathic)
25
Phospholipids in water spontaneously form
phospholipid bilayer
26
Cholesterol is ____ of all membrane lipids
20%
27
cholesterol
strengthens and stabilizes membrane against extreme temperature
28
glycolipids are about __ to __ of all membrane lipids
5%, 10%
29
glycolipids
lipids with carbohydrate molecules attached facing out \*\*forms the glycocalyx
30
membrane proteins are responsible for..
most of the membrane functions
31
proteins
complex molecules made of amino acid chains
32
integral proteins can have _____ attached to the outer surface. ____ and glycolipids form the glycocalyx on the external surface of the PM
glycoproteins
33
peripheral proteins are loosely attached to..
the external or internal surface of the PM
34
Protein-specific functions of the PM (6)
* transport
* intercellular connection
* anchorage for the cytoskeleton
* enzyme activity
* cell-cell recognition
* signal transduction
35
If cells of the body are not connected, they
die (apoptosis)
36
cytoplasm
all materials between plasma membrane and nucleus, including cytosol, inclusions, and organelles
37
cytosol
viscous, syrup like fluid containing many different dissolved substances
38
inclusions
large storage aggregates of complex molecules found in the cytosol i.e. melanin - pigment in skin cells or glycogen - long chains of sugars in the liver and skeletal muscles
39
organelles
performing different functions, the type and number of organelles within a cell is a reflection of the cell's function two types: membrane bound and non-membrane bound
40
membrane-bound organelles
biochemical activity in organelle is isolated from cytosol and other organelles ex: endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria
41
endoplasmic reticulum
network of intracellular membrane-bound tunnels
42
cisternae
enclosed spaces
43
types of ER
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
44
smooth ER
walls with smooth appearance continuous with rough ER functions:
1. synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids, including steroid hormones
2. metabolism of carbohydrates
3. detoxification of drugs, alcohol, and poisons
45
rough ER
walls rough due to attachment of ribosomes on outside of the RER membrane functions:
1. synthesize, transport, or store proteins for secretion by the cell
2. or incorporation into the plasma membrane
3. or creation of lysosomes
46
golgi apparatus
function: receives proteins and lipids from the RER for modification, sorting, and packaging stacked cisternae whose lateral edges bulge, pinch off, and give rise to small transport and secretory vesicles
47
cis-face of Golgi
receiving region
48
trans-face of Golgi
shipping region
49
protein flow through the golgi (5 steps)
1. proteins synthesized in RER packaged into transport vesicles
2. transport vesicles pinch from RER and fuse with cis-face of Golgi
3. proteins move between and are modified in the cisternae of the Golgi
4. modified proteins are packaged in secretory vesicles
5. secretory vesicles either participate in exocytosis or become lysosomes in cell
50
lysosomes
vesicles generated by golgi apparatus contain enzymes used for digestion, removal, and self destruction
51
autolysis
cell release of lysosomal enzymes to digest cell when dying
52
autophagy
lysosomes contain enzymes used to digest ad remove waste products and damaged organelles within the cell
53
peroxisomes
vesicles formed by pinching off from the rough ER smaller than lysosomes use O2 and the enzyme catalase to detoxify harmful molecules taken into the cell -\*detoxify reaction oxygen species by converting hydrogen peroxide to water - also breaks down fatty acid molecules
54
mitochondria
double membrane produces ATP on cristae
55
cristae
inner membrane of mitochondria folded shelf-like
56
matrix
internal fluid of mitochondria
57
ATP-synthase
protein complex creating ATP in mitochondria
58
non-membrane bound organelles
ribosomes cytoskeleton centrosomes and centrioles cilia and flagella microvilli
59
ribosomes
large and small subunit responsible for protein synthesis free and fixed ribosomes
60
free ribosomes
float unattached within the cytosol create proteins destined to stay into the cytosol
61
fixed ribosomes
attached to the outer surface of rough ER proteins destined to be incorporated into PM, exported from cell, or housed within lysosomes
62
cytoskeleton
proteins organized in the cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes
63
cytoskeletal components (3)
microfilaments (actin) intermedia filaments microtubules (tubulin)
64
microfilament
thinner, weaker
65
intermediate filament
really strong
66
microtubule
dynamic, grow and shrink, conveyor belt for movement of proteins
67
cytoskeleton functions
1. structural support and organization: maintaining cell shape; protein support of microvilli, cilia, and flagella; stabilizes cell junctions; organizes organelles
2. cell division: separates chromosomes during cell division; cytokinesis
3. movement: cytoplasmic streaming; involved with movement of vesicles within cell; participates in muscle contraction
68
centrosomes
nonmembranous, spehrical structure adjacent tothe nucleus pair of centrioles at right angles to each other spindle fiber made from here
69
centriole:
nine sets of MT triplets involved in organizing microtubules attached to chromosomes during cell division causing chromosomal migration do NOT grow and shrink; special type of MT
70
functions of centrosomes/centrioles
1. MT support: organize MTs and support their growth in nondividing cells 2. cell division: directs formation of mitotic spindle in dividing cells
71
cilia and flagella are..
projections of the cell containing cytoplasm and MTs capable of movement
72
cilia
grouped on cells that move objects across their surface
73
flagella
longer than cilia and usually singular; used to propel a cell
74
cilia movement
back and forth \*pertussis attacks ciliated cells --\> cells no longer able to move mucus
75
microvilli
thin, microscopic projects extending from the plasma membrane extensions of cell NOT capable of motion increase the surface area for membrane transport
76
nucleus
control center for cellular activity
77
three major components of nucleus
nuclear envelope nucleoli dna, chromatin, and chromosomes
78
nuclear envelope
double membrane structure controls entry and exit of molecules from nucleus and cytoplasm outer membrane continuous with ER
79
nuclear pores
selectively permeable channels that allow specific molecules in and out of the nucleus
80
nucleoli
dark-staining bodies within the nucleus composed of RNA, enzymes, and various proteins responsible for making the components of the small and large units of the ribosome (rRNA)
81
nucleus functions
1. cellular regulation: houses genetic material, which directs all cellular activities and regulates cellular structure
2. production: produces ribosomal subunits in nucleolus and exports them into cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes
82
DNA
complex molecule containing genetic material
83
when the cell is not dividing..
nuclear DNA is unwound into fine filaments called chromatin
84
during cell division, chromatin coils tightly to form
chromosomes
85
chromatin is wrapped around ___ which is important for \_\_\_\_\_
histones gene regulation
86
mitosis
parent cell gives rise to two daughter cells
87
interphase
cell is nondividing DNA exists as chromatin two growth phases and a synthesis phase (DNA replication)
88
prophase
nuclear envelope disintegrates and chromosomes form formation of mitotic spindle
89
metaphase
chromosomes line up in middle at the equatorial plate spindle fibers are seen penetrating the chromsomes
90
anaphase
sister chromatids are pulled apart
91
telophase
reformation of nuclear envelope in newly forming daughter cells
92
cytokinesis
cleavage furrowing and separation of two daughter cells
93
ID image. What cell cycles are present?
white fish blastula
cytokinesis
94
ID image. Identify the nucleus.
white fish blastua
nucleus are dark spots
95
ID image. what cells are present?
human blood cells
red blood cells and white blood cells
96
Label all 16 structures
1. condenser
2. iris diaphragm lever
3. base
4. eyepieces
5. diopter adjustment ring
6. head
7. nosepiece
8. arm
9. objective lenses
10. mechanical stage
11. coare focus adjustment knob
12. fine focus adjustment knob
13. mechanical stage controls
14. power switch/light control
15. base
16. substage lamp epieces
97
Label all 12 structures
ID PM, cytosol, and smooth ER (not labeled)
1: nucleoli
2: nuclear envelope
3: nuclear pore
(whole is nucleus)
4: free ribosomes
5/6: rough ER (ID smooth too)
7: mitochondria
8: vesicle
9: centrioles/centrosome
10: golgi apparatus
11: peroxisome
12: lysosome
