BIOL G220: Ch. 23 Flashcards
Lectures and terms from Ch. 23: Blood Vessels
three classes of blood vessels
arteries
veins
capillaries
arteries carry blood…
away from the heart and become progressively smaller as they branch and finally result in capillaries
veins return blood..
to the heart and become progressively larger as they merge and are closer to the heart
tunics
layers covering blood vessels
tunics (inner to outer)
- tunica intima
- tunic media
- tunica externa
tunica intima
composed of endothelium and a subendothelial layer of areola connective connective tissue
endothelium
simple squamous epithelium lining the blood vessel lumen
tunic media
comprised of circularly arranged smooth muscle;
Sympathetic input causes smooth muscle to contract resulting in _____ whereas parasympathetic input results in ____
vasoconstriction; vasodilation
tunica externa
connective tissue that helps anchor the blood vessel to an organ
larger blood vessels require the own ___ ___
blood supply
smaller arteries that supply the larger arteries are called ___ ____, which run through the tunica externa
vaso vasorum
artery vs. vein: lumen diameter
artery: narrower than vein lumen
vein: wider than artery lumen; often appears collapsed when cut in cross section
artery vs. vein: general wall thickness
artery: thicker than companion vein
vein: thinner than companion artery
artery vs. vein: cross-sectional shape
artery: retains its circular cross-sectional shape
vein: cross section ends to flatten (collapse) if no blood is in the vein
artery vs. vein: thickest tunic
artery: tunica media
vein: tunica externa
artery vs. vein: elastic and collagen fibers in tunics
artery: more than in vein
vein: less than in artery
artery vs. vein: valves
artery: valves
vein: present in most veins
artery vs. vein: blood pressure
artery: higher than in veins (larger arteries is typically > 90 mm Hg)
vein: lower than arteries (about 2 mm Hg)
artery vs. vein: blood flow
artery: transports blood away from heart
vein: transports blood to heart
artery vs. vein: blood oxygen levels
artery: systemic arteries transport blood high in oxygen, pulmonary arteries transport blood low in oxygen
vein: systemic veins transport blood low in oxygen, pulmonary veins transport blood high in oxygen
types of arteries (3)
- elastic arteries
- muscular arteries
- arterioles
elastic arteries
largest arteries with elastic fibers in all three tunics allowing arteries to stretch under increased pressure generated by blood ejected from the heart
elastic arteries branch into..
muscular arteries
muscular arteries
medium-sized arteries that possess elastic fibers in two concentric rings between the three tunics;
concentric rings between the three tunics of muscular arteries (2)
- internal elastic lamina
2. external elastic lamina
internal elastic lamina
separates tunica intima and tunica media
external elastic lamina
separates tunica media and tunica externa
muscular arteries have proportionately thicker ___ _____
tunica media
arterioles
smallest arteries
arterioles have less than __ cell layers of smooth muscle in their ___ ____
six; tunica media
in arterioles, sympathetic innervation to the muscle fiber cells of the __ ___ causes ____ resulting in ____ of blood pressure
tunica media; vasoconstriction; elevation
in arterioles, parasympathetic innervation causes ____ in tunica media and a ____ of blood pressure
vasodilation; lowering
capillaries
smallest blood vessels with diameter only slightly larger than an erythrocyte
capillary walls consists solely of..
tunica intima (single layer of endothelial cells)
capillaries at the only type of blood vessel..
where metabolic exchange can occur between blood and tissues
capillaries form..
capillary beds
capillary beds are fed by…
metarterioles
in capillary beds, a thoroughfare channel connects to a ___ ___
postcapillary venule
true capillaries
branches from the metarteriole the begin with a ring of smooth muscles on their walls
when sphincters are relaxed, capillary beds are..
well perfused
when sphincters are contracted,
blood bypasses capillary bed
types of capillaries (3)
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoids
continuous capillaries
most common; endothelial cells form a continuous and complete lining aided by the presence of tight junctions
fenestrated capillaries
contain pores called fenestrations that allow fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
sinusoids capillaries
have large gaps between endothelial cells; allows transport of large molecules and cells to and from the blood
fenestrated capillaries basement membrane
remains intact
sinusoids capillaries basement membrane
discontinuous or absent
vein pressure is much ___ then in arteries
lower
at rest, the body’s veins hold about____ of the body’s blood
60%
because the body’s vein hold about 60% of the body’s blood, veins function as
blood reservoirs
venules
smallest veins which are companion vessels with arterioles
postcapillary venules
smallest venules
diapedesis
passage of blood cells through the intact walls of capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation
diapedesis occurs through the walls of the…
postcapillary venules
venules merge to form…
veins
veins are larger than..
venules
veins (smaller and medium sized vs. larger)
smaller and medium-sized veins travel with muscular arteries; larger veins travel with elastic arteries
blood pressure in veins is low, so most contain ___ to prevent pooling formed from the tunica intima
valves
as skeletal muscles contract, they help move blood toward the heart by use of the __ __ ___
skeletal muscle pump
venous return is also assisted by..
respiratory pump
when inhaling, there is an increase in blood flow into the thoracic veins. there is ___ intrathoracic pressure and ____ intra-abdominal pressure. There is ____ at the veins and the diaphragm _____
decreased; increased; compression; contracts
when exhaling, there is an increase in blood flow into the heart and abdominal veins. there is ___ intrathoracic pressure and ____ intra-abdominal pressure. There is ____ at the veins and the diaphragm _____
increased; decreased; release of compression; relaxes
blood pressure
force per unit area that blood places on the inside of a blood vessel
blood pressure is measured by..
sphygmomanometer
systolic blood pressure
pressure during ventricular systole
diastolic blood pressure
pressure during ventricular diastole
blood pressure is ____ until it reaches capillaries
pulsatile
blood pressure ____ from aorta to the venae cavae
decreases
systemic circulation
consists of blood vessels that extend to all body regions
oxygenated blood is pumped out of left ventricle into ___ ___ from which two branches emerge
ascending aorta
two branches emerging from ascending aorta
- left coronary artery
2. right coronary artery
three arterial branches emerge from the ___ ___
aortic arch
arterial branches (3) from aortic arch
- brachiocephalic trunk
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
____ ____ ____ follows the aortic arch and several arteries emerge to thoracic wall
descending thoracic aorta
the descending thoracic aorta is called the __ ___ ___ when it passes inferior and posterior to the diaphragm
descending abdominal aorta
at the __th lumbar vertebra, the aorta bifurcates into ___ and ___ common ___ ____
4; left; right; iliac
___ ___ ____ is formed from a fusion of the ___ and ____ brachiocephalic veins and drains into the right atrium
superior vena cava
right; left
___ ___ ___ returns blood to the right atrium from the lower limbs, pelvis and perineum, and abdominal structures
inferior vena cava
left and right common ___ arteries supply most of the blood to the head and neck
carotid
at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage, left and right common carotid arteries divide into ___ and ____ carotid arteries
external; internal
external carotid artery provides blood to several branches such as.. (6)
- superior thyroid artery
- ascending pharyngeal artery
- lingual artery
- facial artery
- occipital artery
- posterior auricular artery
external carotid artery divides into the ___ ____ and ___ ___ ___
maxillary artery; superficial temporal artery
venous blood return through the head and neck is through the __ ___ ___ or the __ __ ___
internal jugular vein;
external jugular vein
the internal jugular vein and the external jugular vein drain into the ___ ____ and then into the ___ ____
subclavian vein; brachiocephalic vein
Internal ___ arteries enter the cranium through the ___ canal
carotid; carotid
the internal carotid arteries divide into ___ and ___ ___ ___, which suppply the brain, and the __ ___, which supply the eyes
anterior; middle cerebral arteries; ophthalmic arteries
___ ____ branch from the subclavian arteries and enter the cranium through the foramen magnum where they merge to form the ___ ____
vertebral arteries; basilar artery
The basilar artery and the internal carotid arteries provide blood to several branches that create an ___ called the __ ___ ___
anastomosis; cerebral arterial circle
anastomosis
cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes, fibers, or other parts of network
Most cranial venous blood drains through the ___ ___ ____
dural venous sinuses
there are no ___ in the dural venous sinus system so blood can flow in more than one direction
valves
dural venous sinus system includes… (5)
- superior sagittal sinus
- inferior sagittal sinus
- straight sinus
- left and right transverse sinuses
- left and right sigmoid sinuses
in blood flow through the thoracic and abdominal walls, the ___ ___ ____ from the subclavian artery
internal thoracic artery
the internal thoracic artery gives rise to the upper ___ ___ ___ (1-6) and then continues on to become the ___ ___ ___ , which supplies blood to the superior abdominal wall
anterior intercostal arteries; superior epigastric artery
the ___ ___ ___ is a branch of the external iliac artery and supplies blood to the inferior abdominal wall and forms an anastomosis with the superior epigastric artery
inferior epigastric artery
All venous drainage through the thoracic and abdominal walls drains on the left side into the __ and __ ___ veins
hemiazygos; accessory hemiazygos
Venous drainage from the right side of the thoracic and abdominal wall areas drain into the ___ ____
azygos vein
the azygos vein receives blood from…
hemiazygos and accessory gemiazygos veins
Blood from the azygos vein drains into the ___ __ ___ just before the ___ ___ ___ enters the right atrium
superior vena cava; superior vena cava
the lungs are supplied by several ___ ____ that branch from the descending thoracic aorta
bronchial arteries
the esophagus is mostly supplied by ___ ____ that branch from the descending aorta
esophageal arteries
the diaphragm is supplied from three sources.. (3)
- superior phrenic arteries
- musculophrenic arteries
- inferior phrenic arteries
three unpaired arteries emerge from the anterior wall of the __ ___ ___ and are responsible for supplying the organs of the gastrointestinal tract
descending abdominal aorta
unpaired arteries responsible for supplying the organs of the GI tract (3)
- celiac trunk
- superior mesenteric artery
- inferior mesenteric artery `
in the arterial supply to the abdomen, the celiac trunk gives off three branches.. (3)
- left gastric artery
- splenic artery
- common hepatic artery
left gastric artery
supplies lesser curvature of stomach and lower esophagus
splenic artery
supplies the spleen and part of the stomach
common hepatic artery
supplies the liver, gall bladders, and a portion of the stomach
in the arterial supply to the abdomen, the superior mesenteric artery provides blood to.. (5)
- inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
- intestinal arteries
- ileocolic artery
- right colic artery
- middle colic artery
inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
supplies portions of the pancreas and duodenum
intestinal arteries
supply the jejunum and ileum
ileocolic artery
supplies the ileum, cecum, and appendix
right colic artery
supplies the ascending colon
middle colic artery
supplies most of the transverse colon
in arterial supply of the abdomen the ___ __ ___ provides blood to three branches
inferior mesenteric artery
branches to which inferior mesenteric artery provides blood (3)
- left colic artery
- sigmoid arteries
- superior rectal artery
left colic artery
supplies distal part of transverse colon and proximal part of descending colon
sigmoid arteries
supplies the distal descending colon and the sigmoid colon
superior rectal artery
supplies the rectum and upper half of the anal canal
hepatic portal system
network of veins that drains blood form the gastrointestinal organs and shunts the blood to the liver
hepatic portal vein
delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver and is formed by a fusion of thee abdominal veins
veins of hepatic portal vein (3)
- inferior mesenteric vein
- splenic vein
- superior mesenteric vein
inferior mesenteric vein
drains the distal part of the colon
splenic veins
drains the spleen, pancreas, and stomach
superior mesenteric vein
drains blood from the small intestines, proximal pat of colon, pancreas, and stomach
hepatic veins
collect blood from liver and return it to the inferior vena cava
in blood flow through the posterior abdominal organs, pelvis, and perineum, there are three paired arteries issued from the __ ___ ___
descending abdominal aorta
three paired arteries from the descending abdominal aorta responsible in blood flow thru posterior ab organs, pelvis, and perineum
- middle suprarenal arteries
- renal arteries
- gonadal arteries
middle suprarenal arteries
supply the adrenal gland
renal arteries
supply the kidneys
gonadal arteries
either the testicular or ovarian arteries supplying the gonads
in the blood flow through the posterior abdominal organs, pelvis, and perineum, there are branches of the __ __ ___
internal iliac artery
branches of the internal iliac artery (5)
- superior and inferior gluteal arteries
- obturator artery
- internal pudendal artery
- middle rectal artery
- uterine and vaginal arteries
superior and inferior gluteal arteries
supply the gluteal region
obturator artery
supplies the medial thigh
internal pudendal artery
supplies the anal canal
middle rectal artery
supplies the rectum
uterine and vaginal arteries
supply the uterus and vagina
blood flow through the upper limb is supplied by the __ and __ ___ ___
right; left subclavian arteries
as the subclavian artery passes over the lateral order of the first rib, its name changes to the..
axillary artery
the axillary artery supplies the ___ and ____ region
shoulder; thoracic
as the axillary artery passes the inferior border of the teres major muscle, its name changes to..
the brachial artery
in the cubital fossa with blood flow through the upper limb, the brachial artery bifurcates into..
ulnar and radial arteries
ulnar and radial arteries of the forearm anastomose and form __ and ___ ___ ___
superficial and deep palmar arches
__ ___ emerge from the arches to supply the fingers
digital arteries
superficial venous drainage of the upper limb on the dorsum of the hand contains that __ __ ___ that drains into the ___ and ___ veins
dorsal venous network; basilic; cephalic
in the cubital fossa during superficial venous drainage of the upper limb, the __ and ___ veins are connected by the __ __ __, which is a common vein used for venipuncture
basilic; cephalic; median cubital vein
in deep venous drainage of the upper limb, the digital veins and __ and ___ __ __ __ drain into pairs of __ and __ veins in the forearm
superficial; deep palmer venous arches; radial; ulnar
during deep venous drainage of the upper limb at the cubital fossa, the radial and ulnar veins merge to form a pair of __ ___
brachial veins
the brachial veins merge with the __ vein to form the ___ vein
basilic; axillary
the axillary vein changes its name to the ___ ___ as it crosses superior to the lateral border of the first rib
subclavian vein
the __ and ___ external __ arteries supply blood to the lower limb
right; left
as the external iliac passes inferior to the inguinal ligament, its name changes to the __ __, which provides a branch called the ___ ___ ___
femoral artery; deep femoral artery
the deep femoral artery supplies the ___ ___ via medial and lateral ___ arteries
hip joint; circumflex
the femoral artery enters the posterior popliteal fossa, where its named is changed to the..
popliteal artery
the popliteal artery supplies the __ ___ and muscles in that region
knee joint
the popliteal artery divides into the ___ and ___ __ ___, which supply the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg, respectively
anterior; posterior tibial arteries
in blood flow through the lower limb, the posterior tibial artery provides a branch called the __ ____, which supplies the lateral compartment of the leg
fibular artery
the posterior tibia artery divides into the ___ and ___ ___ ___ in the foot
medial; lateral plantar arteries
the anterior tibial artery becomes the ___ ___ ___ at the anterior surface of the ankle
dorsalis pedis artery
the dorsalis pedis artery and a branch of the lateral plantar artery unite to form the..
plantar arch
__ ___ extend from the arch to supply the toes
digital arteries
with superficial venous drainage of the lower limb, on the dorsum of the foot, a __ __ __ drains into the __ __ __ medially and the __ __ __ laterally
dorsal venous arch; great saphenous vein; small saphenous vein
the great saphenous vein drains into the __ ___ and the small saphenous vein drains into the __ ___
femoral vein; popliteal vein
with deep venous drainage of the lower limb, digital veins and deep veins of the foot drain into pairs of __ and ___ __ ___
medial; lateral plantar veins
medial and lateral plantar veins drain into a pair of __ ___ ___
posterior tibial veins
on the dorsum of the foot and ankle (deep venous drainage), deep veins drain into a pair of..
anterior tibial veins
the anterior and posterior tibial veins merge to form the __ ____ in the popliteal fossa
popliteal vein
the popliteal vein curves onto the anterior thigh and becomes the..
femoral vein
once the femoral vein passes superior to the inguinal ligament, it becomes the __ ___ ___
external iliac vein
when the external iliac vein fuses with the internal iliac vein, the new vein becomes the ___ ___ ____
common iliac vein
the left and right common iliac veins merge to form the __ __ ___
inferior vena cava
pulmonary circulation
responsible for carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and returning newly oxygenated to the left side of the heart
in pulmonary circulation, arteries carry ___ ____ and veins carry ___ ___
deoxygenated blood; oxygenated blood
deoxygenated blood exits the right ventricle into the __ ___, which bifurcates into __ and ___ ___ ___ that go to the lungs
pulmonary trunk; right; left pulmonary arteries
arteries in pulmonary circulation branch into arterioles and then capillaries and finally return to the left atrium as __ ____
pulmonary veins
