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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 23 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 23 Flashcards

Lectures and terms from Ch. 23: Blood Vessels

1
Q

three classes of blood vessels

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

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2
Q

arteries carry blood…

A

away from the heart and become progressively smaller as they branch and finally result in capillaries

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3
Q

veins return blood..

A

to the heart and become progressively larger as they merge and are closer to the heart

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4
Q

tunics

A

layers covering blood vessels

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5
Q

tunics (inner to outer)

A
  1. tunica intima
  2. tunic media
  3. tunica externa
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6
Q

tunica intima

A

composed of endothelium and a subendothelial layer of areola connective connective tissue

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7
Q

endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium lining the blood vessel lumen

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8
Q

tunic media

A

comprised of circularly arranged smooth muscle;

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9
Q

Sympathetic input causes smooth muscle to contract resulting in _____ whereas parasympathetic input results in ____

A

vasoconstriction; vasodilation

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10
Q

tunica externa

A

connective tissue that helps anchor the blood vessel to an organ

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11
Q

larger blood vessels require the own ___ ___

A

blood supply

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12
Q

smaller arteries that supply the larger arteries are called ___ ____, which run through the tunica externa

A

vaso vasorum

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13
Q

artery vs. vein: lumen diameter

A

artery: narrower than vein lumen
vein: wider than artery lumen; often appears collapsed when cut in cross section

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14
Q

artery vs. vein: general wall thickness

A

artery: thicker than companion vein
vein: thinner than companion artery

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15
Q

artery vs. vein: cross-sectional shape

A

artery: retains its circular cross-sectional shape
vein: cross section ends to flatten (collapse) if no blood is in the vein

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16
Q

artery vs. vein: thickest tunic

A

artery: tunica media
vein: tunica externa

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17
Q

artery vs. vein: elastic and collagen fibers in tunics

A

artery: more than in vein
vein: less than in artery

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18
Q

artery vs. vein: valves

A

artery: valves
vein: present in most veins

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19
Q

artery vs. vein: blood pressure

A

artery: higher than in veins (larger arteries is typically > 90 mm Hg)
vein: lower than arteries (about 2 mm Hg)

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20
Q

artery vs. vein: blood flow

A

artery: transports blood away from heart
vein: transports blood to heart

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21
Q

artery vs. vein: blood oxygen levels

A

artery: systemic arteries transport blood high in oxygen, pulmonary arteries transport blood low in oxygen
vein: systemic veins transport blood low in oxygen, pulmonary veins transport blood high in oxygen

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22
Q

types of arteries (3)

A
  1. elastic arteries
  2. muscular arteries
  3. arterioles
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23
Q

elastic arteries

A

largest arteries with elastic fibers in all three tunics allowing arteries to stretch under increased pressure generated by blood ejected from the heart

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24
Q

elastic arteries branch into..

A

muscular arteries

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25
Q

muscular arteries

A

medium-sized arteries that possess elastic fibers in two concentric rings between the three tunics;

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26
Q

concentric rings between the three tunics of muscular arteries (2)

A
  1. internal elastic lamina

2. external elastic lamina

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27
Q

internal elastic lamina

A

separates tunica intima and tunica media

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28
Q

external elastic lamina

A

separates tunica media and tunica externa

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29
Q

muscular arteries have proportionately thicker ___ _____

A

tunica media

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30
Q

arterioles

A

smallest arteries

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31
Q

arterioles have less than __ cell layers of smooth muscle in their ___ ____

A

six; tunica media

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32
Q

in arterioles, sympathetic innervation to the muscle fiber cells of the __ ___ causes ____ resulting in ____ of blood pressure

A

tunica media; vasoconstriction; elevation

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33
Q

in arterioles, parasympathetic innervation causes ____ in tunica media and a ____ of blood pressure

A

vasodilation; lowering

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34
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels with diameter only slightly larger than an erythrocyte

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35
Q

capillary walls consists solely of..

A

tunica intima (single layer of endothelial cells)

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36
Q

capillaries at the only type of blood vessel..

A

where metabolic exchange can occur between blood and tissues

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37
Q

capillaries form..

A

capillary beds

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38
Q

capillary beds are fed by…

A

metarterioles

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39
Q

in capillary beds, a thoroughfare channel connects to a ___ ___

A

postcapillary venule

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40
Q

true capillaries

A

branches from the metarteriole the begin with a ring of smooth muscles on their walls

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41
Q

when sphincters are relaxed, capillary beds are..

A

well perfused

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42
Q

when sphincters are contracted,

A

blood bypasses capillary bed

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43
Q

types of capillaries (3)

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoids

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44
Q

continuous capillaries

A

most common; endothelial cells form a continuous and complete lining aided by the presence of tight junctions

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45
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

contain pores called fenestrations that allow fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

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46
Q

sinusoids capillaries

A

have large gaps between endothelial cells; allows transport of large molecules and cells to and from the blood

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47
Q

fenestrated capillaries basement membrane

A

remains intact

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48
Q

sinusoids capillaries basement membrane

A

discontinuous or absent

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49
Q

vein pressure is much ___ then in arteries

A

lower

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50
Q

at rest, the body’s veins hold about____ of the body’s blood

A

60%

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51
Q

because the body’s vein hold about 60% of the body’s blood, veins function as

A

blood reservoirs

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52
Q

venules

A

smallest veins which are companion vessels with arterioles

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53
Q

postcapillary venules

A

smallest venules

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54
Q

diapedesis

A

passage of blood cells through the intact walls of capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation

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55
Q

diapedesis occurs through the walls of the…

A

postcapillary venules

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56
Q

venules merge to form…

A

veins

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57
Q

veins are larger than..

A

venules

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58
Q

veins (smaller and medium sized vs. larger)

A

smaller and medium-sized veins travel with muscular arteries; larger veins travel with elastic arteries

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59
Q

blood pressure in veins is low, so most contain ___ to prevent pooling formed from the tunica intima

A

valves

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60
Q

as skeletal muscles contract, they help move blood toward the heart by use of the __ __ ___

A

skeletal muscle pump

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61
Q

venous return is also assisted by..

A

respiratory pump

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62
Q

when inhaling, there is an increase in blood flow into the thoracic veins. there is ___ intrathoracic pressure and ____ intra-abdominal pressure. There is ____ at the veins and the diaphragm _____

A

decreased; increased; compression; contracts

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63
Q

when exhaling, there is an increase in blood flow into the heart and abdominal veins. there is ___ intrathoracic pressure and ____ intra-abdominal pressure. There is ____ at the veins and the diaphragm _____

A

increased; decreased; release of compression; relaxes

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64
Q

blood pressure

A

force per unit area that blood places on the inside of a blood vessel

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65
Q

blood pressure is measured by..

A

sphygmomanometer

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66
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

pressure during ventricular systole

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67
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

pressure during ventricular diastole

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68
Q

blood pressure is ____ until it reaches capillaries

A

pulsatile

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69
Q

blood pressure ____ from aorta to the venae cavae

A

decreases

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70
Q

systemic circulation

A

consists of blood vessels that extend to all body regions

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71
Q

oxygenated blood is pumped out of left ventricle into ___ ___ from which two branches emerge

A

ascending aorta

72
Q

two branches emerging from ascending aorta

A
  1. left coronary artery

2. right coronary artery

73
Q

three arterial branches emerge from the ___ ___

A

aortic arch

74
Q

arterial branches (3) from aortic arch

A
  1. brachiocephalic trunk
  2. left common carotid artery
  3. left subclavian artery
75
Q

____ ____ ____ follows the aortic arch and several arteries emerge to thoracic wall

A

descending thoracic aorta

76
Q

the descending thoracic aorta is called the __ ___ ___ when it passes inferior and posterior to the diaphragm

A

descending abdominal aorta

77
Q

at the __th lumbar vertebra, the aorta bifurcates into ___ and ___ common ___ ____

A

4; left; right; iliac

78
Q

___ ___ ____ is formed from a fusion of the ___ and ____ brachiocephalic veins and drains into the right atrium

A

superior vena cava

right; left

79
Q

___ ___ ___ returns blood to the right atrium from the lower limbs, pelvis and perineum, and abdominal structures

A

inferior vena cava

80
Q

left and right common ___ arteries supply most of the blood to the head and neck

A

carotid

81
Q

at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage, left and right common carotid arteries divide into ___ and ____ carotid arteries

A

external; internal

82
Q

external carotid artery provides blood to several branches such as.. (6)

A
  1. superior thyroid artery
  2. ascending pharyngeal artery
  3. lingual artery
  4. facial artery
  5. occipital artery
  6. posterior auricular artery
83
Q

external carotid artery divides into the ___ ____ and ___ ___ ___

A

maxillary artery; superficial temporal artery

84
Q

venous blood return through the head and neck is through the __ ___ ___ or the __ __ ___

A

internal jugular vein;

external jugular vein

85
Q

the internal jugular vein and the external jugular vein drain into the ___ ____ and then into the ___ ____

A

subclavian vein; brachiocephalic vein

86
Q

Internal ___ arteries enter the cranium through the ___ canal

A

carotid; carotid

87
Q

the internal carotid arteries divide into ___ and ___ ___ ___, which suppply the brain, and the __ ___, which supply the eyes

A

anterior; middle cerebral arteries; ophthalmic arteries

88
Q

___ ____ branch from the subclavian arteries and enter the cranium through the foramen magnum where they merge to form the ___ ____

A

vertebral arteries; basilar artery

89
Q

The basilar artery and the internal carotid arteries provide blood to several branches that create an ___ called the __ ___ ___

A

anastomosis; cerebral arterial circle

90
Q

anastomosis

A

cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes, fibers, or other parts of network

91
Q

Most cranial venous blood drains through the ___ ___ ____

A

dural venous sinuses

92
Q

there are no ___ in the dural venous sinus system so blood can flow in more than one direction

A

valves

93
Q

dural venous sinus system includes… (5)

A
  1. superior sagittal sinus
  2. inferior sagittal sinus
  3. straight sinus
  4. left and right transverse sinuses
  5. left and right sigmoid sinuses
94
Q

in blood flow through the thoracic and abdominal walls, the ___ ___ ____ from the subclavian artery

A

internal thoracic artery

95
Q

the internal thoracic artery gives rise to the upper ___ ___ ___ (1-6) and then continues on to become the ___ ___ ___ , which supplies blood to the superior abdominal wall

A

anterior intercostal arteries; superior epigastric artery

96
Q

the ___ ___ ___ is a branch of the external iliac artery and supplies blood to the inferior abdominal wall and forms an anastomosis with the superior epigastric artery

A

inferior epigastric artery

97
Q

All venous drainage through the thoracic and abdominal walls drains on the left side into the __ and __ ___ veins

A

hemiazygos; accessory hemiazygos

98
Q

Venous drainage from the right side of the thoracic and abdominal wall areas drain into the ___ ____

A

azygos vein

99
Q

the azygos vein receives blood from…

A

hemiazygos and accessory gemiazygos veins

100
Q

Blood from the azygos vein drains into the ___ __ ___ just before the ___ ___ ___ enters the right atrium

A

superior vena cava; superior vena cava

101
Q

the lungs are supplied by several ___ ____ that branch from the descending thoracic aorta

A

bronchial arteries

102
Q

the esophagus is mostly supplied by ___ ____ that branch from the descending aorta

A

esophageal arteries

103
Q

the diaphragm is supplied from three sources.. (3)

A
  1. superior phrenic arteries
  2. musculophrenic arteries
  3. inferior phrenic arteries
104
Q

three unpaired arteries emerge from the anterior wall of the __ ___ ___ and are responsible for supplying the organs of the gastrointestinal tract

A

descending abdominal aorta

105
Q

unpaired arteries responsible for supplying the organs of the GI tract (3)

A
  1. celiac trunk
  2. superior mesenteric artery
  3. inferior mesenteric artery `
106
Q

in the arterial supply to the abdomen, the celiac trunk gives off three branches.. (3)

A
  1. left gastric artery
  2. splenic artery
  3. common hepatic artery
107
Q

left gastric artery

A

supplies lesser curvature of stomach and lower esophagus

108
Q

splenic artery

A

supplies the spleen and part of the stomach

109
Q

common hepatic artery

A

supplies the liver, gall bladders, and a portion of the stomach

110
Q

in the arterial supply to the abdomen, the superior mesenteric artery provides blood to.. (5)

A
  1. inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
  2. intestinal arteries
  3. ileocolic artery
  4. right colic artery
  5. middle colic artery
111
Q

inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

A

supplies portions of the pancreas and duodenum

112
Q

intestinal arteries

A

supply the jejunum and ileum

113
Q

ileocolic artery

A

supplies the ileum, cecum, and appendix

114
Q

right colic artery

A

supplies the ascending colon

115
Q

middle colic artery

A

supplies most of the transverse colon

116
Q

in arterial supply of the abdomen the ___ __ ___ provides blood to three branches

A

inferior mesenteric artery

117
Q

branches to which inferior mesenteric artery provides blood (3)

A
  1. left colic artery
  2. sigmoid arteries
  3. superior rectal artery
118
Q

left colic artery

A

supplies distal part of transverse colon and proximal part of descending colon

119
Q

sigmoid arteries

A

supplies the distal descending colon and the sigmoid colon

120
Q

superior rectal artery

A

supplies the rectum and upper half of the anal canal

121
Q

hepatic portal system

A

network of veins that drains blood form the gastrointestinal organs and shunts the blood to the liver

122
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver and is formed by a fusion of thee abdominal veins

123
Q

veins of hepatic portal vein (3)

A
  1. inferior mesenteric vein
  2. splenic vein
  3. superior mesenteric vein
124
Q

inferior mesenteric vein

A

drains the distal part of the colon

125
Q

splenic veins

A

drains the spleen, pancreas, and stomach

126
Q

superior mesenteric vein

A

drains blood from the small intestines, proximal pat of colon, pancreas, and stomach

127
Q

hepatic veins

A

collect blood from liver and return it to the inferior vena cava

128
Q

in blood flow through the posterior abdominal organs, pelvis, and perineum, there are three paired arteries issued from the __ ___ ___

A

descending abdominal aorta

129
Q

three paired arteries from the descending abdominal aorta responsible in blood flow thru posterior ab organs, pelvis, and perineum

A
  1. middle suprarenal arteries
  2. renal arteries
  3. gonadal arteries
130
Q

middle suprarenal arteries

A

supply the adrenal gland

131
Q

renal arteries

A

supply the kidneys

132
Q

gonadal arteries

A

either the testicular or ovarian arteries supplying the gonads

133
Q

in the blood flow through the posterior abdominal organs, pelvis, and perineum, there are branches of the __ __ ___

A

internal iliac artery

134
Q

branches of the internal iliac artery (5)

A
  1. superior and inferior gluteal arteries
  2. obturator artery
  3. internal pudendal artery
  4. middle rectal artery
  5. uterine and vaginal arteries
135
Q

superior and inferior gluteal arteries

A

supply the gluteal region

136
Q

obturator artery

A

supplies the medial thigh

137
Q

internal pudendal artery

A

supplies the anal canal

138
Q

middle rectal artery

A

supplies the rectum

139
Q

uterine and vaginal arteries

A

supply the uterus and vagina

140
Q

blood flow through the upper limb is supplied by the __ and __ ___ ___

A

right; left subclavian arteries

141
Q

as the subclavian artery passes over the lateral order of the first rib, its name changes to the..

A

axillary artery

142
Q

the axillary artery supplies the ___ and ____ region

A

shoulder; thoracic

143
Q

as the axillary artery passes the inferior border of the teres major muscle, its name changes to..

A

the brachial artery

144
Q

in the cubital fossa with blood flow through the upper limb, the brachial artery bifurcates into..

A

ulnar and radial arteries

145
Q

ulnar and radial arteries of the forearm anastomose and form __ and ___ ___ ___

A

superficial and deep palmar arches

146
Q

__ ___ emerge from the arches to supply the fingers

A

digital arteries

147
Q

superficial venous drainage of the upper limb on the dorsum of the hand contains that __ __ ___ that drains into the ___ and ___ veins

A

dorsal venous network; basilic; cephalic

148
Q

in the cubital fossa during superficial venous drainage of the upper limb, the __ and ___ veins are connected by the __ __ __, which is a common vein used for venipuncture

A

basilic; cephalic; median cubital vein

149
Q

in deep venous drainage of the upper limb, the digital veins and __ and ___ __ __ __ drain into pairs of __ and __ veins in the forearm

A

superficial; deep palmer venous arches; radial; ulnar

150
Q

during deep venous drainage of the upper limb at the cubital fossa, the radial and ulnar veins merge to form a pair of __ ___

A

brachial veins

151
Q

the brachial veins merge with the __ vein to form the ___ vein

A

basilic; axillary

152
Q

the axillary vein changes its name to the ___ ___ as it crosses superior to the lateral border of the first rib

A

subclavian vein

153
Q

the __ and ___ external __ arteries supply blood to the lower limb

A

right; left

154
Q

as the external iliac passes inferior to the inguinal ligament, its name changes to the __ __, which provides a branch called the ___ ___ ___

A

femoral artery; deep femoral artery

155
Q

the deep femoral artery supplies the ___ ___ via medial and lateral ___ arteries

A

hip joint; circumflex

156
Q

the femoral artery enters the posterior popliteal fossa, where its named is changed to the..

A

popliteal artery

157
Q

the popliteal artery supplies the __ ___ and muscles in that region

A

knee joint

158
Q

the popliteal artery divides into the ___ and ___ __ ___, which supply the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg, respectively

A

anterior; posterior tibial arteries

159
Q

in blood flow through the lower limb, the posterior tibial artery provides a branch called the __ ____, which supplies the lateral compartment of the leg

A

fibular artery

160
Q

the posterior tibia artery divides into the ___ and ___ ___ ___ in the foot

A

medial; lateral plantar arteries

161
Q

the anterior tibial artery becomes the ___ ___ ___ at the anterior surface of the ankle

A

dorsalis pedis artery

162
Q

the dorsalis pedis artery and a branch of the lateral plantar artery unite to form the..

A

plantar arch

163
Q

__ ___ extend from the arch to supply the toes

A

digital arteries

164
Q

with superficial venous drainage of the lower limb, on the dorsum of the foot, a __ __ __ drains into the __ __ __ medially and the __ __ __ laterally

A

dorsal venous arch; great saphenous vein; small saphenous vein

165
Q

the great saphenous vein drains into the __ ___ and the small saphenous vein drains into the __ ___

A

femoral vein; popliteal vein

166
Q

with deep venous drainage of the lower limb, digital veins and deep veins of the foot drain into pairs of __ and ___ __ ___

A

medial; lateral plantar veins

167
Q

medial and lateral plantar veins drain into a pair of __ ___ ___

A

posterior tibial veins

168
Q

on the dorsum of the foot and ankle (deep venous drainage), deep veins drain into a pair of..

A

anterior tibial veins

169
Q

the anterior and posterior tibial veins merge to form the __ ____ in the popliteal fossa

A

popliteal vein

170
Q

the popliteal vein curves onto the anterior thigh and becomes the..

A

femoral vein

171
Q

once the femoral vein passes superior to the inguinal ligament, it becomes the __ ___ ___

A

external iliac vein

172
Q

when the external iliac vein fuses with the internal iliac vein, the new vein becomes the ___ ___ ____

A

common iliac vein

173
Q

the left and right common iliac veins merge to form the __ __ ___

A

inferior vena cava

174
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

responsible for carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and returning newly oxygenated to the left side of the heart

175
Q

in pulmonary circulation, arteries carry ___ ____ and veins carry ___ ___

A

deoxygenated blood; oxygenated blood

176
Q

deoxygenated blood exits the right ventricle into the __ ___, which bifurcates into __ and ___ ___ ___ that go to the lungs

A

pulmonary trunk; right; left pulmonary arteries

177
Q

arteries in pulmonary circulation branch into arterioles and then capillaries and finally return to the left atrium as __ ____

A

pulmonary veins

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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