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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 27 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 27 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 27: Urinary System

1
Q

urinary system is composed of.. (4)

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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2
Q

functions of urinary system (5)

A 
storage of urine
excretion of urine
regulation of blood volume
regulation of erythrocyte production
regulation of ion balance/acid-base balance
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3
Q

kidneys

A

paired, bean-shaped organs composed of outer cortex and inner medulla

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4
Q

kidneys function

A

filters blood and processes filtrate into a tubular fluid, then urine

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5
Q

ureters

A

paired thin, fibromuscular tubes composed of inner mucosa, middle muscularis of smooth muscle, and an outer adventitia

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6
Q

ureters function

A

transport urine from kidney to urinary bladder via peristalsis

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7
Q

urinary bladder

A

muscular distensible sac composed of inner mucosa, a submucosa, a muscularis, and an outer adventitia or serosa; the neck of the bladder is the inferior constricted region where bladder and urethra meet; contains internal urethral sphincter

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8
Q

urinary bladder function

A

reservoir for urine until micturition occurs

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9
Q

urethra

A

single muscular tube; 3-5 cm in females; 18-20 cm in males

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10
Q

urethra function

A

transports urine from urinary bladder to outside of body

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11
Q

superior pole of left kidney

A

same level as T12

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12
Q

superior pole of right kidney

A

2 cm lower than left kidney (T12) to accommodate large size of liver

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13
Q

hilum

A

concave medial border where vessels, nerves, and the ureter connect with the kidney

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14
Q

renal sinus

A

internal space of kidney continuous with hilum

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15
Q

tissue layers of kidney (4)

A
  1. fibrous capsule
  2. perinephric fat
  3. renal fascia
  4. paranephric fat
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16
Q

fibrous capsule

A

dense irregular CT that covers outer surface of kidney

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17
Q

perinephric fat

A

provides cushioning and insulation to the kidney

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18
Q

renal fascia

A

anchors kidney to posterior abdominal wall

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19
Q

paranephric fat

A

outermost layer surrounding the kidney between renal fascia and peritoneum

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20
Q

the kidney is divided into an outer __ ___ and an inner __ __

A

renal cortex; renal medulla

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21
Q

renal columns

A

extensions of renal cortex projecting into the renal medulla

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22
Q

renal columands project into the renal medulla and subdivide the medulla into..

A

renal pyramids

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23
Q

a typical kidney contains - renal pyramids

A

8-15

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24
Q

corticomedullary junction

A

region where the wide base of the renal pyramid makes contact with the cortex

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25
Q

renal papilla

A

apex of the renal pyramid

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26
Q

minor calyx

A

hollow funnel-shaped structure in which the renal papilla projects into

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27
Q

major calyx

A

formed by the fusion of several minor calyces

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28
Q

renal pelvis

A

fusion of major calyces

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29
Q

renal pelvis function

A

collects total urine output from one kidney and transports it into the ureter

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30
Q

renal arteries

A

blood entering kidneys

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31
Q

segmental arteries

A

branches of renal arteries

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32
Q

interlobar arteries

A

branches of segmental arteries

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33
Q

arcuate arteries

A

branches of interlobar arteries

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34
Q

interlobular arteries

A

branches of arcuate arteries

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35
Q

afferent arterioles

A

small branch extensions of interlobular arteries as they enter the kidney cortex

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36
Q

glomerulus

A

ball of capillaries formed from afferent arterioles within the renal corpuscle

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37
Q

some plasma is filtered out of the capillaries into the __ __ within the renal corpuscle

A

capsular space

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38
Q

efferent arteriole

A

remaining blood exiting the glomerulus and renal corpuscle

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39
Q

efferent arterioles branch into one of two capillary networks called (2)

A

peritubular capillaries

vasa recta

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40
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

surround the convoluted tubules and reside primarily in the cortex

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41
Q

vasa reta

A

associated mainly with the nephron loop and primarily reside in the medulla

42
Q

peritubular capillaries and vasa recta drain into a network of ___

43
Q

interlobular veins

A

smallest veins

44
Q

arcuate veins

A

formed from interlobular veins

45
Q

interlobar veins

A

formed from arcuate veins

46
Q

renal vein

A

formed from interlobar veins as they merge into the renal sinus

47
Q

renal plexus

A

mass of sensory and autonomic fibers that innervate the kidney, entering at the hilum

48
Q

pain from kidneys is usually referred to dermatomes..

49
Q

nephron

A

functional filtration unit of the kidney

50
Q

each nephron consists of (4)

A

renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubules

51
Q

types of nephrons (2)

A
  1. cortical nephrons

2. juxtamedullary nephrons

52
Q

cortical nephrons

A

bout 85% of all nephrons; the bulk of the nephron structures reside in the kdieny cortex

53
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

renal corpuscle lies near the corticomedullary junction and their long nephron loops extend deep into the medulla

54
Q

three processes in which nephrons form urine

A
  1. filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
55
Q

glomerular filtration

A

movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space

56
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood

57
Q

tubular secretion

A

movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid

58
Q

glomerulus

A

thick tangle of fenestrated capillaries

59
Q

glomerular capsule

A

an epithelial capsule surrounding the glomerulus

60
Q

glomerulus has a ____ where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole exits

A

vascular pole

61
Q

glomerulus has a ______ where the proximal convoluted tubule exits

A

tubular pole

62
Q

glomerular capsule is composed of 2 layers called..

A
  1. visceral layer

2. parietal layer

63
Q

visceral layer

A

directly overlies and comes in contact with the glomerulus; comprised of specialized cells called podocytes

64
Q

parietal layer

A

formed from a simple squamous epithelium

65
Q

podocytes

A

have long processes called pedicels that wrap around the glomerular capillaries

66
Q

filtration slits

A

thin spaces from pedicels separating from each other

67
Q

filtration membrane

A

composed of filtration slits and the fenestrated capillary wall

68
Q

it is the role of the remainder of the nephron to adjust..

A

the contents of the urine

69
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

begins at tubular pole of renal corpuscle

70
Q

PCT walls

A

composed of simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvilli

71
Q

PCT functions (2)

A

cells reabsorb almost all nutrients leaked through the filtration membrane; reabsorbed nutrients and water enter the peritubular capillaries and are returned to the general circulation

72
Q

nephron loop AKA

A

loop of Henle

73
Q

nephron loop projects into the medulla and contains two parts..

A

descending limb

ascending limb

74
Q

descending limb of nephron loop

A

extends from the cortex into the medulla

75
Q

ascending limb of nephron loop

A

returns from medulla into cortex

76
Q

both limbs of nephron loop..

A

facilitate reabsorption of water and solutes; reabsorbs NA+ and Cl-; secretes some H+ ions

77
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

found in renal cortex

78
Q

DCT functions

A

secretes K+ and H+ from peritubular capillaries into tubular fluids; responds to ADH and aldosterone

79
Q

increasing levels of ADH and aldosterone will..

A

increase water and sodium reabsorption in the DCT

80
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

important in regulation of blood pressure

81
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus contains two components:

A

juxtaglomerular cells

macula densa

82
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

83
Q

macula densa

A

group of modified epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule that come in contact with the juxtaglomerular

84
Q

urinary tract (3)

A

ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

85
Q

ureters originate at the __ ___ as it exits the hilum of the kidney then enter the posterolateral wall of the base of the __ __

A

renal pelvis; urinary bladder

86
Q

wall of ureter (3)

A

mucosa
muscularis
adventitia

87
Q

urinary bladder is located immediately posterior to the __ ___

A

pubic symphysis

88
Q

in females, the urinary bladder lies anterioinferior to the __ and directly anterior or the ___

A

uterus; vagina

89
Q

in males, the urinary bladder lies anterior to the __ and superior to the __ ___

A

rectum; prostate gland

90
Q

trigone

A

posteroinfeiror triangular area of the urinary bladder

91
Q

urinary bladder is defined by the..

A

two ureteral openings and the urethral opening

92
Q

urinary bladder tunics (4)

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
adventitia

93
Q

mucosa of urinary bladder

A

transitional epithelium that lines the internal surface of the bladder; rugae allow for distension of bladder

94
Q

submucosa of urinary bladder

A

supports urinary bladder wall

95
Q

muscularis of urinary bladder

A

three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the detrusor muscle; an internal urethral sphincter muscle is present at the urethral opening

96
Q

adventitia of urinary bladder

A

outer layer of areolar connective tissue

97
Q

sphincters of urethra that control the release of urine from the urinary bladder into the urethra (2)

A
  1. internal urethral sphincter

2. external urethral sphincter

98
Q

female urethra function

A

transport urine out of the body

99
Q

male urethra function

A

urinary and reproductive functions; serving to transport both urine and semen

100
Q

male urethra segments (3)

A
  1. prostatic urethra
  2. membranous urethra
  3. spongy urethra
101
Q

urethra ends as an opening called the..

A

external urethral orifice

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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