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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 26 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 26 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 26: Digestive System

1
Q

The digestive system includes organs that.. (5)

A
  1. ingest the food
  2. transport the ingested material
  3. digest the material into smaller usable components
  4. absorb the necessary digested nutrients into the blood stream
  5. expel waste products from the body
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2
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

not part of long GI tube, but often develop as outgrowths of that tube

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3
Q

accessory digestive organs (6)

A 
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
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4
Q

digestive system functions (6)

A 
ingestion
digestion
propulsion
secretion
absorption
elimination
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5
Q

propulsion

A

involves peristalsis and segmentation

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6
Q

peristalsis

A

ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract

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7
Q

segmentation

A

churning and mixing of material helping to disperse the material and mix it and combine it with digestive organ secretions

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8
Q

oral cavity contains… (4)

A

cheeps, lip, and palate
tongue
salivary glands
teeth

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9
Q

cheeks

A

form the lateral wall of the oral cavity and are comprised mainly of the buccinator muscles

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10
Q

cheeks end anteriorly as..

A

lips

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11
Q

gingivae

A

cover the alveolar processes of the teeth

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12
Q

labial frenulum

A

thin, midline mucosa on the internal surface of the upper and lower lips that are attached to the gingivae

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13
Q

palate

A

forms the roof of the oral cvity

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14
Q

hard palate

A

anterior two-thirds of the palate comprised of bone

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15
Q

soft palate

A

posterior one-third of palate; soft and muscular

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16
Q

uvula

A

extending from the soft palate posteriorly, it elevates during swallowing and closes off the posterior entrance to the nasopharynx

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17
Q

fauces

A

represent the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx

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18
Q

fauces are bounded laterally by paired muscular folds: (2)

A

palatoglossal arch

palatopharyngeal arch

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19
Q

palatine tonsils

A

housed by the two arches that bound fauces

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20
Q

tongue

A

manipulates and mixes ingested materials during chewing and helps compress the partially digested materials into a bolus

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21
Q

bolus

A

globular mass of ingested materials that can be more easily dwallowed

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22
Q

lingual frenulum

A

thin, midline mucous membrane that attaches the inferior surface of the tongue and the floor of the oral cavity

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23
Q

salivary glands

A

produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity

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24
Q

saliva functions (5)

A
  • moistens ingested materials to become a slick bolus
  • moistens, cleanses, and lubricates the structures of the oral cavity
  • chemical digestion of ingested materials
  • antibacterial action
  • dissolves materials so that taste receptors on the tongue can be stimulated
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25
Q

saliva production rate

A

1-1.5 L/day

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26
Q

saliva solute components (3)

A

immunoglobin A
lysozyme
mucin

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27
Q

immunoglobin A

A

helps decrease bacterial infections

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28
Q

lysozyme

A

antibacterial enzyme

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29
Q

salivary glands are located..

A

external to the oral cavity

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30
Q

pairs of salivary glands (3)

A
  1. parotid glands
  2. submandibular glands
  3. sublingual glands
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31
Q

parotid salivary glands are the __ of the three

A

largest

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32
Q

parotid salivary glands secrete -% of total saliva

A

25-30%

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33
Q

parotid salivary glands include a __ ___ that runs parallel to the zygomatic arch and pierces the ___ muscle

A

parotid duct; buccinator

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34
Q

parotid salivary glands also secrete..

A

amalase

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35
Q

submandibular salivary glands produce the __ of the saliva (-%)

A

majority; 60-70%

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36
Q

submandibular salivary glands contain a __ ___ that transports saliva from each gland through a papilla in the floor of the mouth

A

submandibular duct

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37
Q

sublingual salivary glands contribute -% of total saliva

A

3-5%

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38
Q

sublingual salivary glands contain multiple, tiny __ ___ that open into the inferior surface of the oral cavity

A

sublingual ducts

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39
Q

types of secretory cells found in salivary glands (2)

A

mucous cells

serous cells

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40
Q

mucous cells

A

secrete mucin, which forms mucus upon hydration

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41
Q

serous cells

A

secrete a watery fluid containing ions, lysozyme, and salivary amylase

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42
Q

parotid (type of secretion)

A

only serous

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43
Q

submandibular (type of secretion)

A

both mucus and serous

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44
Q

sublingual (type of secretion)

A

both mucus and serous

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45
Q

teeth are collectively known as

A

dentition

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46
Q

a tooth has an exposed ___, a constricted __, and one or more ___ that fit into __ ___

A

crown; neck; roots; dental alveoli

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47
Q

dentin

A

forms the primary mass of the tooth; harder than bone

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48
Q

each root of a tooth is covered with..

A

cementum

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49
Q

enamel

A

covers the external surface of the dentin and forms the crown of the tooth

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50
Q

pulp cavity

A

center of the tooth

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51
Q

pulp

A

connective tissue contained in the pulp cavity of a tooth

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52
Q

root canal

A

opens into the connective tissue (pulp) of the tooth

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53
Q

apical foramen

A

opening throughwhich a root canal opens into the connective tissue

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54
Q

apical foramen has.. which are housed by the ___

A

blood vessels and nerves passing through; pulp

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55
Q

teeth surfaces (6)

A 
mesial
distal
buccal
labial
lingual
occlusal
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56
Q

sets of teeth (2)

A
  1. deciduous

2. permanent

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57
Q

deciduous teeth

A

erupt between 6-30 months, are 20 in numbers, and are often called milk teeth

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58
Q

permanent teeth

A

replace the deciduous teeth and are 32 in number

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59
Q

permanent teeth types (4)

A

incisors
canines
premolars
molars

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60
Q

incisors

A

most anteriorly placed, shaped like chisels, and have a single root

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61
Q

canines

A

posterolateral to the incisors, pointed tips for puncturing and tearing

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62
Q

premolars

A

posterolateral to canines, have flat crowns with prominent ridges called cusps for crushing and grinding

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63
Q

cusps (premolars)

A

prominent ridges for crushing and grinding

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64
Q

molars

A

thickest and most posterior teeth, also adapted for rushing and grinding of ingested materials

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65
Q

gingivae composed of..

A

dense irregular connective tissue and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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66
Q

gingivae function

A

surrounds necks of teeth and cover alveolar processes

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67
Q

hard plate composed of..

A

bony shelf covered by dense CT and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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68
Q

lips are covered with..

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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69
Q

lips function to..

A

close oral cavity during chewing

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70
Q

soft palate is covered with..

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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71
Q

teeth are..

A

hard structures projecting from the alveolar processes of the maxillae and mandible

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72
Q

teeth function

A

masticate (chew food)

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73
Q

tongue is

A

primarily skeletal muscle and covered by stratified squamous epithelium; surface covered in papillae

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74
Q

tonsils are..

A

aggregates of partially encapsulated lymphatic tissue

75
Q

tonsils function to

A

detect antigens in swallowed food and drink and initiate immune response if necessary

76
Q

vestibule is..

A

space between cheek and gums

77
Q

vestibule function

A

space between lips/checks and gums where ingested materials are mixed with saliva and mechanically digested

78
Q

pharynx is shared by..

A

the respiratory and digestive system

79
Q

pharyngeal constrictors (3)

A

superior, middle, and inferior

80
Q

pharyngeal constrictors

A

form the wall of the pharynx and participate in swallowing

81
Q

CN _ innervates most pharyngeal muscles

A

X

82
Q

the abdominopelvic cavity is lined with moist __ membranes

A

serous

83
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines the inside surface of the body walls

84
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers the surface of internal organs within the cavity

85
Q

intraperitoneal organs

A

organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum

86
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

organs in direct contact with the posterior abdominal and pelvic walls and are only covered on their anterolateral surfaces with visceral peritoneum

87
Q

mesenteries

A

folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize intraperitoneal GI tract organs

88
Q

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves are sandwiched between the two fold and supply the __ organs

A

digestive

89
Q

greater omentum

A

extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs

90
Q

lesser omentum

A

conects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver

91
Q

mesentery proper

A

suspends most of the small intestines from the posterior abdominal wall

92
Q

mesocolon

A

peritoneal fold that attaches parts of the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

93
Q

tunics of GI wall (deep to superficial, 4)

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
adventitia or serosa

94
Q

mucosa

A

superficial epithelium with an underlying connective tissue called lamina propria and a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae

95
Q

submucosa

A

composed of lymphatic ducts, mucin-secreting glands, blood vessels, and nerves including the submucosal nerve plexus

96
Q

muscularis

A

two layers of smooth muscle (inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer)

97
Q

inner circular layer

A

constricts the lumen and forms sphincters

98
Q

outer longitudinal layer

A

shortens the tube

99
Q

nerve fibers and associated ganglia between the two smooth muscle layers of muscularis tunic is called the..

A

myenteric nerve plexus

100
Q

adventitia or serosa

A

outermost layer composed of areolar CT with collagen and elastic fibers

101
Q

serosa

A

same as adventitia but is covered by visceral peritoneum

102
Q

unpaired arteries supplying the abdominal GI tract (3)

A
  1. celiac trunk
  2. superior mesenteric artery
  3. inferior mesenteric artery
103
Q

lacteals

A

lymph ducts that are present in villi of small intestine

104
Q

lacteals transport lymph to..

A

cisterna chyli, which drains into the thoracic duct

105
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

106
Q

MALT are lymphatic structures found..

A

in the small intestine and appendix and are called Peyer patches

107
Q

autonomic plexuses following unpaired arteries (3)

A
  1. celiac plexus
  2. superior mesenteric plexus
  3. inferior mesenteric plexus
108
Q

esophagus

A

a tubular passageway that conducts ingested materials from the pharynx to the stomach

109
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

opening in the diaphragm allowing passage of the esophagus as it connects to the stomach

110
Q

esophagus length

A

25 cm

111
Q

esophagus sphincters (2)

A

superior esophageal sphincter

inferior esophageal sphincter

112
Q

superior esophageal sphincter

A

junction of the pharynx `and the esophagus; closes during inhalation preventing air from entering the GI tract

113
Q

inferior esophageal sphincter

A

junction of the esophagus and the stomach; prevents material from regurgitating from the stomach into the esophagus

114
Q

stomach

A

continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of the bolus

115
Q

bolus is eventually processed into..

A

chyme

116
Q

four regions of stomach

A
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pyloris
117
Q

greater curvature of stomach

A

inferior border of stomach

118
Q

inferior curvature of stomach

A

superior border of stomach

119
Q

gastric folds (rugae)

A

internal surface of the stomach thrown into folds

120
Q

stomach is line by..

A

simple columnar epithelium

121
Q

gastric pits

A

numerous depressions indented within stomach lining

122
Q

gastric glands

A

several branched tubular glands at the base of each gastric pit

123
Q

secretory cells (gastric epithelium, 5)

A
  1. surface mucous cells
  2. mucous neck cells
  3. parietal cells
  4. chief cells
  5. enteroendocrine cells
124
Q

surface mucous cells secrete..

A

alkaline mucin for protection and armor (thick)

125
Q

mucous neck cells secrete..

A

acid mucin that helps break down food (thin)

126
Q

parietal cells secrete..

A

hcl

127
Q

chief cells secrete..

A

pepsinogen and lipase

128
Q

enteroendocrine cells secrete..

A

hormone gastrin

129
Q

small intestine

A

finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients

130
Q

ingested materials spend at least _ hours in the small intestine as chemical digestion and absorption are completed

A

12

131
Q

segments of small intestine (3)

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
132
Q

duodenum

A

c-shaped portion found in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen; is continuous with jejunum at duodenojejunal flexure and contains the major duodenal papilla

133
Q

duodenal papilla

A

site where bile and pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum

134
Q

jejenum

A

middle portion of the small intestine that is primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

135
Q

ileum

A

last segment of the small intestine with its distal end terminating at the ileocecal valve

136
Q

ileocecal valve

A

a sphincter that controls the entry of materials into the large intestine

137
Q

circular folds

A

folds of mucosal and submucosal tunics in small intestine

138
Q

villi

A

microscopic fingerlike projections seen on the surface of circular folds

139
Q

microvilli

A

microscopic fingerlike projections seen on the surface of the villli (apical surface of columnar epithelial cells)

140
Q

circular folds function to..

A

slow down the passage of materials undergoing digestion; increases surface area for both absorption and chemical digestion

141
Q

villi function

A

increase surface area for absorption and chemical digestion

142
Q

microvilli

A

increase surface area for both absorption and digestion

143
Q

intestinal glands

A

invaginations into mucosa between villi

144
Q

intestinal glands (function)

A

increase surface area for both absorption and chemical digestion; enteroendocrine cells lining intestinal glands secrete digestive hormones

145
Q

submucosal glands

A

coiled tubular glands within submucosa with ducts opening into intestinal lumen

146
Q

submucosal glands function

A

secrete alkaline mucin to protect and lubricate lining of small intestine

147
Q

large intestine

A

forms three-sided perimeter around the centrally located small intestine

148
Q

large intestine function (2)

A

absorbs fluids and ions and compacts undigestable wastes and solidifies them into feces; stores feces until defecation

149
Q

large intestine structures (7)

A 
cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal
150
Q

cecum

A

first part of large intestine; blind sac located in lower right quadrant of abdomen

151
Q

ileocecal valve represents..

A

junction between small intestine and large intestine

152
Q

acsending colon

A

originates at the ileocecal valve and ascends right side of the abdomen

153
Q

right colic flexure (hepatic flexure)

A

90-degree turn toward left side of abdominal cavity of the ascending colon

154
Q

transverse colon

A

originates at the right colic flexure and approaches the spleen in the upper left abdominal quadrant

155
Q

transverse colon is suspended by..

A

transverse mesocolon

156
Q

left colic flexure (splenix flexure)

A

transverse colon making 90-degree turn inferiorly

157
Q

descending colon

A

originates at the left colic flexure and makes contact with iliac fossa and termiantes into the sigmoid colon

158
Q

sigmoid colon

A

shape resembles the letter S; turns inferomedially and is sudpended by the sigmoid mesentery

159
Q

sigmoid colon terminates at the ..

A

rectum

160
Q

rectum

A

muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation

161
Q

rectal valves

A

three thick, transverse folds of the rectum that ensure fecal material is retained during the passage of gas

162
Q

rectum terminates at the..

A

anal canal

163
Q

anal canal

A

terminal few centimeters of the large intestine

164
Q

anal columns

A

lines the internal surface of the anal canal

165
Q

internal and external anal sphincters

A

open and close the anal canal during defecation

166
Q

large intestine is lined with

A

simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells, which secrete mucin to lubricate the fecal material

167
Q

longitudinal muscle is incomplete in large intestine and form bundles called..

A

teniae coli

168
Q

teniae coli bunch up the large intestine into many sacs collectively called..

A

haustra

169
Q

omental appendices

A

lobules of fat extending off the external surface of the haustra

170
Q

lobes of liver (4)

A
  1. right lobe
  2. left lobe
  3. caudate lobe
  4. quadrate lobe
171
Q

structures found on inferior surface of liver (5)

A 
inferior vena cava
ligamentum venosum
gall bladder
round ligament
porta hepatis
172
Q

porta hepatis

A

where the blood and lymph vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter and leave the liver

173
Q

portal triad

A

bile ductule, branch of hepatic portal vein, brain of hepatic artery

174
Q

gall bladder

A

functions to store and concentrate bile

175
Q

cystic duct

A

connects the gall bladder to the common bile duct

176
Q

pancreas

A

has both endocrine and exocrine functions

177
Q

exocrine functions of pancreas

A

involve secreting digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, collectively called pancreatic juices, into the duodenum via the pancreatic ducts

178
Q

biliary apparatus

A

network of thin ducts that transport bile from liver and gall bladder to duodenum

179
Q

left and right lobes of the liver drain bile into the..

A

left and right hepatic ducts

180
Q

left and right hepatic ducts merge to form the..

A

common hepatic duct

181
Q

cystic duct and common hepatic duct merge to form..

A

common bile duct

182
Q

common bile duct and main pancreatic duct enter the duodenum through the..

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

183
Q

intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal/serosa or adventitia:

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectu,

A

cecum - intraperitoneal (serosa)
ascending colon - retroperitoneal (adventitia)
transverse colon - intraperitoneal (serosa)
descending colon - retroperitoneal (adventitia)
sigmoid colon - intraperitoneal (serosa)
rectum - retroperitoneal (adventitia)

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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