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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 4 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 4 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Chapter 4: Tissues and lab slides/models

1
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells and extracellular products that perform a common function

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2
Q

four types of tissue in the body

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

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3
Q

tissues vary in structure, function and the content of their ______

A

extracellular matrix

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4
Q

extracellular matrix

A

a substance produced by the cells of a specific tissue and can contain protein, salts, water, and dissolved macromolecules
located outside of cells

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5
Q

epithelial tissue general characteristics (6)

A 
cellular
polar
attached
avascular
innervated
high regeneration capacit
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6
Q

organs are line on the ____ and ___ by epithelial tissues

A

outside, inside

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7
Q

The majority of ____ are derived from epithelial tissue

A

glands

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8
Q

How much ECM does epithelial tissue hold?

A

little to none

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9
Q

cellularity

A

composed almost entirely of cells with little extracellular matrix

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10
Q

cells are bound together by _____

A

intercellular junctions

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11
Q

polarity

A

epithelial cells have an apical and basal surface where they attach to underlying cells

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12
Q

attachment

A

basal surface is attached to a thing basement membrane

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13
Q

basement membrane

A

an acellular structure product by both epithelial and underlying connective tissue cells

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14
Q

avascularity

A

lacking blood vessels

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15
Q

where does epithelial tissue gain their nutrients from if it is avascular?

A

receive nutrients by diffusion from underlying tissues

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16
Q

innervation in epithelia

A

richly innervated to detect changes in environment at a body or organ region

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17
Q

epithelial tissue’s regeneration capacity and why

A

high because apical surface is constantly exposed to the environment
epithelial cells are frequently damaged/die and are replaced as quickly as they are lost

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18
Q

three different surfaces of epithelium

A

apical surface, lateral surface, basal surface

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19
Q

functions of epithelial tissue (4)

A

physical protection
selective permeability
secretion
sensation

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20
Q

physical protection with epithelial tissue

A

from dehydration and abrasion, as well as physical, chemical, and biological agents

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21
Q

selectively permeability with epithelial tissue

A

regulate the passage of certain molecules in or out of certain region of the body

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22
Q

secretion with epithelial tissue

A

some epithelial cells called exocrine (and endocrine) cells produce secretions such as sweat or oil

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23
Q

sensation with epithelial tissue

A

possession of nerve endings that can detect light, taste, sound, smell, and hearing

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24
Q

basement membrane function

A

provides physical support and anchoring of epithelium tissue

acts as a barrier to regulate passage of large molecules between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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25
Q

intercellular junctions

A

membrane specializations found on the lateral surfaces of epithelial cells

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26
Q

types of junctions (4)

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. adhering junctions
  3. desmosomes
  4. gap junctions
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27
Q

tight junctions (what it is and its function)

A

stitch one cell to another
encircle cells near apical surface
prevent molecules from traveling between cells (molecules must go through rather than between)
“gatekeepers”

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28
Q

adhering junctions (what is it and its function)

A

mechanical strength - connecting to each other
formed completely around the cell deep to the tight junction
**microfilaments act to stabilize the apical surface of the cell

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29
Q

desmosomes (what is it and its function)

A

like a button or snap between adjacent cells
appears at locations of mechanical stress between cells
thickened protein plaque on each of the apposed cell membranes with a fine network of proteins spanning the intercellular space between the plaques
on cytoplasmic side, intermediate filaments attach to the plaques and produce support and stability to the structure shared between the two cells

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30
Q

gap junctions

A

fluid-filled channels that directly connect the cytoplasms of apposed cells sharing these structures
allow adjacent cells to communicate with each other by flow of ions and other small molecular messengers

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31
Q

epithelial tissue is classified by ____ and ____

A

number of layers of cells. shape of cells

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32
Q

classification by number of cell layers

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

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33
Q

simple epithelium

A

single layer of cells with all cells having an apical surface and attached to the basement membrane

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34
Q

stratified epithelium

A

two or more layers of cells; not all cells have an apical surface nor do all cells attach to the basement membrane

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35
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

cell nuclei give the appearance of a multilayered epithelium, not all cells reach the apical surface

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36
Q

classification by cell shape

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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37
Q

squamous

A

flat, wide, and somewhat irregular in shape

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38
Q

cuboidal

A

about the same size on all sides; nucleus is usually centrally located

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39
Q

columnar

A

taller then they are wide; nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell

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40
Q

types of epithelium (10)

A 
simple squamous 
simple cuboidal
simple columnar, nonciliated
simple columnar, ciliated 
stratified squamous, keratinized
stratified squamous, non-keratinized
stratified cuboidal
stratified columnar 
pseudostratified columnar (ciliated with goblet cells or non-ciliated without goblet cells)
transitional
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41
Q

transitional epithelium

A

oddly shaped cells on apical surface found in areas of distension

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42
Q

when transitional epithelium is stretched, it will appear more ____, whereas when epithelium is wrinkled, cells will appear more ____.

A

squamous; cuboidal

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43
Q

glands

A

individual cells or multicellular organs that perform a secretory function (i.e. mucin, hormones, enzymes, waste products)

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44
Q

two categories of glands

A

endocrine glands

exocrine glands

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45
Q

endocrine glands

A

do not possess ducts and secret directly into the interstitial fluid or the bloodstream

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46
Q

exocrine glands

A

possess ducts and their cells secrete their products into their ducts

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47
Q

structures of exocrine glands (8)

A 
acinus 
duct
lobules
loves
septum
capsule
lobe
parenchyma
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48
Q

acinus

A

secretory portion (sac)

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49
Q

duct

A

conducting portion

50
Q

stroma

A

septum and capsule

51
Q

lobules

A

within a lobe

52
Q

connective tissue

A

most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and structurally varied of all four tissue types
“glue”/”filler”

53
Q

examples of connective tissue

A

tendons, ligaments, fat, bones, cartilage, and blood

54
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

cells, protein fibers, ground substance

55
Q

cells in connective tissue

A

different cells for different types of connective tissue (i.e. fibroblasts, osteocytes, adipocytes)

56
Q

proteins fibers in connective tissue

A

elastic fibers, collagen, reticular fibers

57
Q

ground substance in connective tissue

A

a mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salts and water

58
Q

protein fibers and ground substance comprise the ____ of connective tissue

A

extracellular matrix

59
Q

mesenchymal cell

A

stem cell

60
Q

fibroblast

A

builds fibers

61
Q

functions of connective tissue (6)

A
  1. physical protection
  2. support and structural framework
  3. binding of structures
  4. storage
  5. transport
  6. immune protection
62
Q

classification of connective tissue

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. supporting connective tissue
  3. fluid connective tissue
63
Q

cell types in connective tissue proper

A
  1. resident cells (i.e. fibroblasts, adipocytes, fixed macrophages, and mesenchymal cells
    * staying permanently
  2. wandering cells (i.e. mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages, and other leukocytes)
    * floating about and leaving to destination as needed
64
Q

mast cells

A

small cells with granule-filled cytoplasm

65
Q

there are three general types of _______ produced by CT cells and secreted into the extracellular matrix

A

protein fibers

66
Q

collagen fibers

A

long, unbranching, strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching

67
Q

collagen fibers make up _____ of all protein in the human body, making the collagen the most abundant protein

A

25%

68
Q

elastic fibers

A

thinner than collagen, stretch easily, branch, and rejoin (wavy)

69
Q

reticular fibers

A

thinner than collagen fibers; form a branching, woven framework

70
Q

reticular fibers are found in the ____ of organs with abundant spaces such as liver, lymph nodes, and spleen

A

stroma

71
Q

ground substance of connective tissue proper

A

combination of proteins and carbohydrates
gelatinous
additional content like water or salts can result in varying texture (semi-fluid like adipose to hard like bone)

72
Q

categories of connective tissue proper

A
  1. loose connective tissue

2. dense connective tissue

73
Q

loose connective tissue

A

serves as the body’s packing material, found in spaces around organs

74
Q

dense connective tissue

A

strong, has fibers (mostly collagen) packed tightly together

75
Q

types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, or reticular

76
Q

types of dense connective tissue

A

dense regular, dense irregular, or elastic

77
Q

areolar connective tissue structure

A

fibroblasts; lesser amounts of collagen and elastic fibers; viscous ground substance

78
Q

areolar connective tissue function

A

binds and packs around organs

79
Q

adipose connective tissue structure

A

adipocytes

80
Q

adipose connective tissue function

A

protects; stores fat; insulates

81
Q

reticular connective tissue structure

A

meshwork of reticular fibers; contains fibers, fibroblasts, and leukocytes

82
Q

reticular connective tissue function

A

forms stroma of lymphatic organs

83
Q

dense regular connective tissue structure

A

densely packed collagen fibers are parallel to directions of stress

84
Q

dense regular connective tissue function

A

provides great strength and flexibility primarily in a single direction

85
Q

dense irregular connective tissue structure

A

densely packed collagen fibers are interwoven; fibers are irregularly clumped together and project in all directions

86
Q

dense irregular connective tissue function

A

provides tensile strength in all directions

87
Q

elastic connective tissue structure

A

elastic and collagen fibers are arranged irregularly

88
Q

elastic connective tissue function

A

provides framework and supports organs; elastic fibers provide ability to stretch and recoil

89
Q

supporting connective tissue types (2)

A
  1. cartilage

2. bone

90
Q

cartilage

A

firm, gel-like extracellular matrix composed of protein and ground substance

91
Q

cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

92
Q

chondrocytes occupy small spaces enclosed by their ECM called ______

A

lacunae

93
Q

cartilage function

A

support and withstand deformation

94
Q

types of cartilage (3)

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. fibrocartilage
  3. elastic cartilage
95
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common type, but also the weakest
found at articulations
glassy matrix

96
Q

articulation

A

bone meets bone (joint)

97
Q

fibrocartilage

A

densely interwoven collagen fibers contribute to the durability

98
Q

elastic cartilage

A

abundant elastic fibers

99
Q

bone cells

A

osteocytes

100
Q

ECM of bone

A

mixture of collagen and calcium salts providing flexibility from organic components and compressional strength from inorganic components

101
Q

bone structure

A

calcified matrix arranged in osteons

102
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

blood

103
Q

fluid connective tissue composition

A

plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

104
Q

plasma

A

water ground substance containing proteins fibers in blood; contains soluble proteins

105
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

106
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

107
Q

platelets

A

fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting

108
Q

muscle tissues

A

comprised of cells called fibers; when stimulated by the nervous system, fibers shorten causing movement

109
Q

classification of muscle tissues

A
  1. skeletal muscle tissue
  2. cardiac muscle tissue
    3 . smooth muscle tissue
110
Q

skeletal muscle tissue cell structure

A

cylindrical and long
multinucleated
striated, parallel, unbranched, and voluntary

111
Q

skeletal muscle tissue location

A

attached to bones of skeleton and sometimes skin

112
Q

cardiac muscle tissue cell structure

A

branched, Y-shaped, shorter than skeletal fiber cells
striated, involuntary, attached end to end by strong gab junctions at intercalated discs that allow rapid passage of electrical current from one cell to the next during each heartbeat

113
Q

cardiac muscle tissue location

A

wall of the heart (myocardium), causes movement of blood

114
Q

smooth muscle tissue cell structure

A

relatively short, wide in the middle, and tapered at the ends (fusiform)
non-striated and involuntary

115
Q

smooth muscle tissue location

A

walls of most internal organs (i.e. stomach, intestines, urinary bladder)
contraction causes movement of food, blood, sperm

116
Q

nervous tissue

A

function in communication and control of body functions

117
Q

nervous tissue location

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

118
Q

types of nervous tissue cells

A

neurons

glial cells

119
Q

neurons

A

cells that are capable of initiating and conducting electrical activity throughout the body; contain cell processes called axons and dendrites

120
Q

glial cells

A

cells that support and protect neurons; lacks axons and dendrites

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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