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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 14 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 14 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 14: Nervous Tissue

1
Q

two structural subdivisions of nervous system

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

central nervous system includes .. (2)

A

brain

spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system includes .. (3)

A

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
ganglia

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4
Q

general functions of CNS and PNS (3)

A
  1. collecting information
  2. processing and evaluating information
  3. responding to information
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5
Q

collection information function

A

detect changes in the internal and external environment; pass the information on to the CNS

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6
Q

processing and evaluating information function

A

CNS determines the required response

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7
Q

responding to information function

A

CNS initiates nerve impulses to effectors to react to changes in the body’s environment

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8
Q

two functional subdivisions of nervous system

A
  1. sensory nervous system

2. motor nervous system

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9
Q

sensory nervous system is aka

A

afferent nervous system

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10
Q

sensory nervous system receives ____ information from ___ in the ____ and transmits it to the CNS

A

sensory; receptors; PNS

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11
Q

two subdivisions of sensory nervous system

A

somatic sensory

visceral sensory

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12
Q

somatic sensory

A

general senses such as touch, pain, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

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13
Q

visceral sensory

A

impulses from viscera

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14
Q

motor nervous system is aka

A

efferent nervous system

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15
Q

motor nervous systems sends ___ from ____ to ____ and glands

A

impulses; CNS; muscles

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16
Q

two subdivisions of motor nervous system

A

somatic motor

autonomic motor

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17
Q

somatic motor

A

impulses from the CNS that cause contraction of skeletal muscles

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18
Q

autonomic motor

A

impulses from CNS that regulate smooth and cardiac muscles, as well as glands

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19
Q

cell types within the NS (2)

A

neurons (nerve cells)

glial cells

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20
Q

neurons (nerve cells)

A

electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses

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21
Q

glial cells

A

nonexcitable cells that support and protect the neurons

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22
Q

neurons are the ___ structural unit of the NS

A

basic

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23
Q

neurons conduct ___ from on part of the body to another

A

impulses

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24
Q

special characteristics of neurons (3)

A

high metabolic rate
extreme longevity
nonmitotic

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25
Q

main structural regions of neuron (3)

A

cell body
dendrites
axon

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26
Q

another name for a cell body is the ___

A

soma

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27
Q

the cell body contains typical organelles such as … (5)

A

nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, free ribosomes, and rough ER (free ribos and rough ER = Nissl bodies)

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28
Q

dendrites

A

short processes that branch from the cell body and receive nerve impulses to carry them to the cell body

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29
Q

axons

A

transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body and transmit information to other cells;

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30
Q

neurons have either ____ or no axon at all

A

one

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31
Q

anaxonic

A

neurons without an axon

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32
Q

axon hillock

A

triangular region where the axon connects to the cell body

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33
Q

structures associated with axons (3)

A

axon collaterals
telodendria
synaptic knobs

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34
Q

axon collaterals

A

side branches off the main axon

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35
Q

telodendria

A

fine terminal extensions at the end of the axon and its collaterals

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36
Q

synaptic knobs

A

expanded regions at the tip of telodendria

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37
Q

cell body

A

nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm of a neuron (Excluding dendrites and axon)

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38
Q

perikaryon

A

most often refers to the cytoplasm within the cell body. sometimes used to describe the entire cell body

39
Q

neurotubules

A

microtubules that form the cytoskeleton

40
Q

neurofilaments

A

intermediate filaments that aggregate to form bundles called neurofibrils

41
Q

neurofibrils

A

aggregates of neurofilaments that extend as a complex network into dendrites and axons, their tensile strength provides support for the processes

42
Q

structural classifications of neurons (3)

A

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

43
Q

structurally, neurons are classified into 3 types, depending on the number of ____ ______ emanating directly form the cell body

A

cell processes

44
Q

unipolar

A

single, short process that branches like a T; common, usually sensory neurons

45
Q

bipolar

A

two processes, one dendrite and on axon; uncommon, some special sense neurons

46
Q

multipolar

A

many dendrites and a single axon, most common type of neuron; interneurons, motor neurons

47
Q

functionally, neurons are classified according to the ____ that the nerve impulse is traveling relative to the CNS

A

direction

48
Q

functional classification of neurons (3)

A

sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)
interneurons

49
Q

sensory (afferent) fxnl classification

A

transmit impulse from sensory receptors to the CNS

50
Q

motor (efferent) fxnl classification

A

transmit impulses from CNS to muscles or glands

51
Q

interneurons

A

facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons

52
Q

ganglion

A

group of cells bodies in PNS

53
Q

glial cells are sometimes referred to as

A

neuroglia

54
Q

glial cells are found in both the

A

CNS and PNS

55
Q

glial cells are ____ than neurons and capable of

A

smaller; mitosis

56
Q

glial cells function to … (2)

A

physically protect and nourish neurons

57
Q

glial cells are more ___ than neurons

A

numerous

58
Q

brain tumors are more likely to be derived from ___ than neurons

A

glial cells

59
Q

types of glial cells in CNS (4)

A

astrocytes
ependymal cells
microglial cells
oligodendrocytes

60
Q

astrocytes are the most ____ glial cells in the CNS

A

abundant

61
Q

astrocyte functions (6)

A
  1. helping to form the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  2. regulating tissue fluid composition
  3. helping regulate synaptic transmission
  4. forming a structural network
  5. replacing damaged neurons
  6. assisting neuronal development
62
Q

BBB

A

provides high level of control of what material leaves blood and enters neurons
protection from toxins through a selectively permeable membrane of the neuron

63
Q

ependymal cells

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells that lines that ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

64
Q

ependymal cells function

A

produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and form the choroid plexus

65
Q

microglial cells

A

small cells that are motile

66
Q

microglial cells function

A

wander through the CNS and exhibit phagocytic activity, removing cellular debris from dead or dying cells

67
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

associated with CNS axons ONLY; wrap themselves around the axons

68
Q

oligodendrocytes function

A

produce myelin, insulator of electrical activity

69
Q

glial cells of PNS (2)

A
  1. satellite cells

2. neurolemmocytes

70
Q

satellite cells

A

flattened cells arranged round neuronal cell bodies in ganglia

71
Q

neurolemmocytes are aka

A

schwann cells

72
Q

neurolemmocytes are associated with ___ axons only

A

PNS

73
Q

neurolemmocytes ____ themselves around the ___

A

wrap; axons

74
Q

neurolemmocytes function

A

same structure and function as oligodendrocytes; produce myelin, insulator of electrical activity

75
Q

myelination of axons affects the ability of neurons to conducts ___ _____, also called __ ____

A

nerve impulses; action potentials

76
Q

myelination

A

process of wrapping the axon with a myelin sheath, serving as insulation

77
Q

myelination is formed by ____ in PNS and ____ in CNS

A

neurolemmocytes; oligodendrocytes

78
Q

breaks in myelin are necessary to allow…

A

action potentials to jump from one spot to the next

79
Q

spaces in between myelination are called

A

neurofibril nodes

80
Q

axon regeneration can occur if…

A

the cell body is intact and a critical amount of neurilemma remains

81
Q

regeneration depends on….

A

extent and site of damage

82
Q

____ play an important role in the axon regeneration process

A

neurolemmocytes

83
Q

wallerian degeneration occurs when…

A

a proximal portion of a severed axon seals off and swells, while the distal portion of the axon and myelin sheath disintegrate.

84
Q

in wallerian degeneration, the ___ survives

A

neurilemma

85
Q

neurilemme and endonerium will form a ___ _____ during wallerian degeneration

A

regeneration tube

86
Q

after axon regenerate and remyleination occurs in wallerian degeneration, _____ to effector is restored

A

innervation

87
Q

nerves

A

cablelike bundle of parallel axons

88
Q

nerves are surrounded by three connective tissue wrappings called …

A

endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

89
Q

endoneurium

A

around each axon

90
Q

perineurium

A

around individual fascicles

91
Q

epineurium

A

around the entire nerve

92
Q

synapses

A

specialized junctions between one axon and another neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell

93
Q

a typical synapse consists of… (3)

A

presynaptic neuron
postsynaptic neuron
synaptic cleft

94
Q

action potential in the _____ neuron rising will lead to _____ diffusion across the synpatic ______ which NTs released will be picked up by receptor proteins in the ______ neuron

A

presynaptic; vesicle; cleft; postsynaptic

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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