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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 14 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 14 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 14: Nervous Tissue (94 cards)

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1
Q

two structural subdivisions of nervous system

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

central nervous system includes .. (2)

A

brain

spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system includes .. (3)

A

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
ganglia

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4
Q

general functions of CNS and PNS (3)

A
  1. collecting information
  2. processing and evaluating information
  3. responding to information
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5
Q

collection information function

A

detect changes in the internal and external environment; pass the information on to the CNS

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6
Q

processing and evaluating information function

A

CNS determines the required response

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7
Q

responding to information function

A

CNS initiates nerve impulses to effectors to react to changes in the body’s environment

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8
Q

two functional subdivisions of nervous system

A
  1. sensory nervous system

2. motor nervous system

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9
Q

sensory nervous system is aka

A

afferent nervous system

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10
Q

sensory nervous system receives ____ information from ___ in the ____ and transmits it to the CNS

A

sensory; receptors; PNS

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11
Q

two subdivisions of sensory nervous system

A

somatic sensory

visceral sensory

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12
Q

somatic sensory

A

general senses such as touch, pain, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

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13
Q

visceral sensory

A

impulses from viscera

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14
Q

motor nervous system is aka

A

efferent nervous system

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15
Q

motor nervous systems sends ___ from ____ to ____ and glands

A

impulses; CNS; muscles

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16
Q

two subdivisions of motor nervous system

A

somatic motor

autonomic motor

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17
Q

somatic motor

A

impulses from the CNS that cause contraction of skeletal muscles

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18
Q

autonomic motor

A

impulses from CNS that regulate smooth and cardiac muscles, as well as glands

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19
Q

cell types within the NS (2)

A

neurons (nerve cells)

glial cells

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20
Q

neurons (nerve cells)

A

electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses

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21
Q

glial cells

A

nonexcitable cells that support and protect the neurons

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22
Q

neurons are the ___ structural unit of the NS

A

basic

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23
Q

neurons conduct ___ from on part of the body to another

A

impulses

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24
Q

special characteristics of neurons (3)

A

high metabolic rate
extreme longevity
nonmitotic

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25
main structural regions of neuron (3)
cell body dendrites axon
26
another name for a cell body is the ___
soma
27
the cell body contains typical organelles such as ... (5)
nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, free ribosomes, and rough ER (free ribos and rough ER = Nissl bodies)
28
dendrites
short processes that branch from the cell body and receive nerve impulses to carry them to the cell body
29
axons
transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body and transmit information to other cells;
30
neurons have either ____ or no axon at all
one
31
anaxonic
neurons without an axon
32
axon hillock
triangular region where the axon connects to the cell body
33
structures associated with axons (3)
axon collaterals telodendria synaptic knobs
34
axon collaterals
side branches off the main axon
35
telodendria
fine terminal extensions at the end of the axon and its collaterals
36
synaptic knobs
expanded regions at the tip of telodendria
37
cell body
nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm of a neuron (Excluding dendrites and axon)
38
perikaryon
most often refers to the cytoplasm within the cell body. sometimes used to describe the entire cell body
39
neurotubules
microtubules that form the cytoskeleton
40
neurofilaments
intermediate filaments that aggregate to form bundles called neurofibrils
41
neurofibrils
aggregates of neurofilaments that extend as a complex network into dendrites and axons, their tensile strength provides support for the processes
42
structural classifications of neurons (3)
unipolar bipolar multipolar
43
structurally, neurons are classified into 3 types, depending on the number of ____ ______ emanating directly form the cell body
cell processes
44
unipolar
single, short process that branches like a T; common, usually sensory neurons
45
bipolar
two processes, one dendrite and on axon; uncommon, some special sense neurons
46
multipolar
many dendrites and a single axon, most common type of neuron; interneurons, motor neurons
47
functionally, neurons are classified according to the ____ that the nerve impulse is traveling relative to the CNS
direction
48
functional classification of neurons (3)
sensory (afferent) motor (efferent) interneurons
49
sensory (afferent) fxnl classification
transmit impulse from sensory receptors to the CNS
50
motor (efferent) fxnl classification
transmit impulses from CNS to muscles or glands
51
interneurons
facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons
52
ganglion
group of cells bodies in PNS
53
glial cells are sometimes referred to as
neuroglia
54
glial cells are found in both the
CNS and PNS
55
glial cells are ____ than neurons and capable of
smaller; mitosis
56
glial cells function to ... (2)
physically protect and nourish neurons
57
glial cells are more ___ than neurons
numerous
58
brain tumors are more likely to be derived from ___ than neurons
glial cells
59
types of glial cells in CNS (4)
astrocytes ependymal cells microglial cells oligodendrocytes
60
astrocytes are the most ____ glial cells in the CNS
abundant
61
astrocyte functions (6)
1. helping to form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) 2. regulating tissue fluid composition 3. helping regulate synaptic transmission 4. forming a structural network 5. replacing damaged neurons 6. assisting neuronal development
62
BBB
provides high level of control of what material leaves blood and enters neurons protection from toxins through a selectively permeable membrane of the neuron
63
ependymal cells
ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells that lines that ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
64
ependymal cells function
produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and form the choroid plexus
65
microglial cells
small cells that are motile
66
microglial cells function
wander through the CNS and exhibit phagocytic activity, removing cellular debris from dead or dying cells
67
oligodendrocytes
associated with CNS axons ONLY; wrap themselves around the axons
68
oligodendrocytes function
produce myelin, insulator of electrical activity
69
glial cells of PNS (2)
1. satellite cells | 2. neurolemmocytes
70
satellite cells
flattened cells arranged round neuronal cell bodies in ganglia
71
neurolemmocytes are aka
schwann cells
72
neurolemmocytes are associated with ___ axons only
PNS
73
neurolemmocytes ____ themselves around the ___
wrap; axons
74
neurolemmocytes function
same structure and function as oligodendrocytes; produce myelin, insulator of electrical activity
75
myelination of axons affects the ability of neurons to conducts ___ _____, also called __ ____
nerve impulses; action potentials
76
myelination
process of wrapping the axon with a myelin sheath, serving as insulation
77
myelination is formed by ____ in PNS and ____ in CNS
neurolemmocytes; oligodendrocytes
78
breaks in myelin are necessary to allow...
action potentials to jump from one spot to the next
79
spaces in between myelination are called
neurofibril nodes
80
axon regeneration can occur if...
the cell body is intact and a critical amount of neurilemma remains
81
regeneration depends on....
extent and site of damage
82
____ play an important role in the axon regeneration process
neurolemmocytes
83
wallerian degeneration occurs when...
a proximal portion of a severed axon seals off and swells, while the distal portion of the axon and myelin sheath disintegrate.
84
in wallerian degeneration, the ___ survives
neurilemma
85
neurilemme and endonerium will form a ___ _____ during wallerian degeneration
regeneration tube
86
after axon regenerate and remyleination occurs in wallerian degeneration, _____ to effector is restored
innervation
87
nerves
cablelike bundle of parallel axons
88
nerves are surrounded by three connective tissue wrappings called ...
endoneurium perineurium epineurium
89
endoneurium
around each axon
90
perineurium
around individual fascicles
91
epineurium
around the entire nerve
92
synapses
specialized junctions between one axon and another neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell
93
a typical synapse consists of... (3)
presynaptic neuron postsynaptic neuron synaptic cleft
94
action potential in the _____ neuron rising will lead to _____ diffusion across the synpatic ______ which NTs released will be picked up by receptor proteins in the ______ neuron
presynaptic; vesicle; cleft; postsynaptic

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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