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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 15 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 15 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 15: Brain and Cranial Nerves

1
Q

four major regions of the brain

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
brainstem
cerebellum

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2
Q

brain features include (2)

A

gyri

sulci

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3
Q

directional terms of brain includes (2)

A

rostral (anterior)

caudal (posterior)

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4
Q

the human brain is divided into ___ lobes with the ___ lobe buried inside, called the _____

A

5; 5th; insula

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5
Q

cerebrum includes (3)

A

frontal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe

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6
Q

brainstem includes (3)

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblogata

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7
Q

olfactory bulbs runs into olfactory ____

A

tracts

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8
Q

pituitary gland sits in ___ of sphenoid bone

A

sella turcica

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9
Q

optic nerves cross optic chiasms and become ______ tracts

A

optic

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10
Q

pituitary gland aka

A

hypothesis

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11
Q

diencephalon includes (4)

A

corpus callosum
interthalamic adhesion
thalamus
hypothalamus

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12
Q

bundles of myelinated axons (white matter) are called _____

A

tracts

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13
Q

tracts compose the ____ and _____ of the diencephalon

A

corpus callosum, interthalamic adhesion

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14
Q

corpus callosum is the

A

main structure for communication between L and R brain hemisphere

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15
Q

interthalamic adhesion is

A

structure for communication between L and R thalamus

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16
Q

most basic part of the brain is the

A

brain stem (pons and medulla oblongata)

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17
Q

gray matter

A

houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, unmyelinated axons

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18
Q

gray matter forms .. (2)

A

the cortex (upper layer), which covers the surface of most of the adult brain and discrete internal clusters called cerebral nuclei

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19
Q

white matter

A

made up of myelinated axons and is deep to the gray matter of the cortex

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20
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies within the PNS

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21
Q

center

A

group of CNS neuron cell bodies with a common function

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22
Q

nucleus

A

center in the CNS that displays discrete anatomic boundaries

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23
Q

nerve

A

axon bundle extending through the PNS

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24
Q

nerve plexus

A

network of nerves in PNS

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25
Q

tract

A

CNS axon bundle in which the axons have a similar function and share a common origin and destination

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26
Q

funiculus

A

group of tracts in a specific area of the spinal cord

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27
Q

pathway

A

centers and tracts that connect he CNS with body organs and systems

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28
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of gray matter in cerebrum and cerebellum; consists of densely packed neuron cell bodies

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29
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

either of two symmetrical halves of the cerebrum, separated by the longitudinal fissure

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30
Q

supports and protects the brain (4)

A

bony cranium
protective connective tissue (meninges)
CSF
blood-brain barrier

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31
Q

cranial meninges are three CT layers that.. (4 functions)

A
  1. separate soft tissue of the brain from bones of cranium
  2. enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain
  3. contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
  4. form some of the brains that drain blood from the brain
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32
Q

layers of cranial meninges include (3)

A

pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater

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33
Q

from superior to inferior in skull and posterior to anterior on spinal cord, the cranial meninges are arranged..

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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34
Q

the space between arachnoid mater and pia mater is called

A

subarachnoid space (contains CSF)

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35
Q

the dura mater is composed of two layers called the …

A 
periosteal layer (superior)
meningeal layer (inferior)
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36
Q

the potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is called

A

subdural space

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37
Q

subdural space normally has ___ space, but the layers can separate and fluid may ____

A

no; build

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38
Q

sulci

A

small grooves in between gyri

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39
Q

fissures

A

large grooves in the brain

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40
Q

septa

A

sit in between fissures to connect the brain; created by the meningeal layer of the dura mater

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41
Q

inside the septa are spaces called…

A

dural venous sinus

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42
Q

dural venous sinus helps to drain ___ out of the brain. it is also how CSF ___ the arachnoid mater from the brain

A

blood; leaves

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43
Q

providing stabilization and support, the four cranial dural septa are…

A

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
diphragma selae

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44
Q

falx cerebri

A

projects into longitudinal fissure and separates left and right cerebral hemispheres

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45
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

horizontal fold that separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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46
Q

falx cerebelli

A

separate left and right cerebellar hemispheres

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47
Q

diaphragma selae

A

small septum between pituitary and hypothalamus

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48
Q

running within the margins of dural septa, the four dural venous sinuses are…

A

superior sagittal sinus
inferior sagittal sinus
transverse sinuses
occipital sinus

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49
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

runs within the superior margin of the falx cerebri

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50
Q

inferior sagittal sinus

A

runs within the inferior margin of the falx cerebri

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51
Q

transverse sinuses

A

run within the posterior border of the tentorium cerebelli

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52
Q

occipital sinus

A

runs in the posterior vertical border of the falx cerebelli

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53
Q

dural venous sinous is made of the ____ layer of the ____ mater

A

meningeal; dura

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54
Q

arachnoid granulation functions to allow ______ to enter ____ and drain

A

CSF; dura mater

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55
Q

confluence of sinuses

A

connecting point of sinuses

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56
Q

ventricles

A

cavities within the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid

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57
Q

lateral ventricles

A

one in each hemisphere of cerebrum

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58
Q

septum pellucidum

A

separates the two lateral ventricles

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59
Q

third ventricle is found in

A

diencephalon

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60
Q

fourth ventricle is found between

A

pons and cerebellum

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61
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

where csf drains from third ventricle and through to fourth ventricle

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62
Q

the interthalamic adhesion runs across one lobe across the ___ ventricle and into the other lobe

A

third

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63
Q

cerebral spinal fluid

A

clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space

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64
Q

cerebral spinal fluid functions (3)

A

buoyancy
protection
environmental stability

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65
Q

buoyancy (csf)

A

brain floats in the CSF

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66
Q

protection (csf)

A

provides liquid cushion

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67
Q

environmental stability (csf)

A

transports nutrients and removes waste from brain

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68
Q

choroid plexus

A

mass of blood cell structures inside the brain that create the CSF; made from ependymal cells

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69
Q

steps of production and circulation of CSF (5)

A
  1. CSF produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles
  2. CSF flows form the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle
  3. CSF in the fourth ventricle flows into the subarachnoid space and into the central canal of the spinal cord
  4. As the CSF flows through the subarachnoid space, it removes waste products and provide buoyancy to support the brain
  5. excess CSF flows into arachnoid villi, then drains into the dural venous sinuses. The greater pressure on the CSF in the subarachnoid space ensures that CSF moves into the venous sinuses without permitted venous blood to enter the subarachnoid space
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70
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

regulates what substances can enter interstitial fluid of brain

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71
Q

capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte ____ _____ contribute to the BBB

A

perivascular feet

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72
Q

BBB is missing or reduced in three distinct locations of CNS:

A
  1. choroid plexus (CSF production, high flow rate)
  2. hypothalamus (endocrine system needing circulatory access for hormone distribution)
  3. pineal gland (circadian rhythm)
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73
Q

CNS contains ___ ___ in capillaries to prevent any leakage

A

tight junctions

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74
Q

through through astrocyte provides more ______

A

control

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75
Q

cerebrum

A

location of conscious thought processes and origin of intellectual functions

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76
Q

cerebrum contains a large number of ____ that are needed for complex analytical and integrative functions

A

neurons

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77
Q

cerebrum contains.. (3)

A

outer cortex
inner white matter
cerebral nuclei (deep regions of gray matter)

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78
Q

surface of cerebrum is marked by.. (3)

A

sulci
gyri
fissures (deep groove)

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79
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

two halves composing the cerebrum

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80
Q

the paired cerebral hemispheres are divided by a _____ _________ the extends along the midsagittal place

A

longitudinal fissure

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81
Q

the hemispheres are separate from one another, except at a few locations where bundles of axons called _____

A

tracts

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82
Q

tracts

A

form white matter regions that allow for communication between the two hemispheres

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83
Q

corpus callosum

A

largest tract and main tract that connects the two hemispheres

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84
Q

overlap and indistincts boundaries in the cerebral hemispheres permit a single region of the cortex to exhibit..

A

several different functions

85
Q

some aspects of cortical function cannot easily be assigned to..

A

any single region

86
Q

with few exceptions, both cerebral hemispheres receive their ______ information from and project _____ commands to the opposite sides of the body

A

sensory; motor

87
Q

hemispheric lateralization

A

two hemispheres appear as anatomic mirror images, but display some functional differences

88
Q

lobes of cerebrum

A 
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
insula
89
Q

frontal lobe contains… (4)

A

primary motor cortex (in precentral gyrus)
premotor cortex
frontal eye field
motor speech area (Broca)

90
Q

insula contains.. (1)

A

primary gustatory cortex

91
Q

parietal lobe contains .. (4)

A

primary somatosensory cortex (in postcentral gyrus)
somatosensory association area
part of wernicke area
part of gnostic area

92
Q

occipital lobe contains.. (2)

A

primary visual cortex

visual association area

93
Q

temporal lobe contains.. (5)

A 
primary auditory cortex
auditory association area
primary olfactory cortex
part of wernicke area
part of gnostic area
94
Q

frontal lobe is located ____ to the frontal bone and forms ____ part of cerebral hemisphere

A

deep; anterior

95
Q

frontal lobe ends _____ at the central sulcus; ____ border marked by the lateral sulcus

A

posteriorly; inferior

96
Q

precentral gyrus

A

mass of nervous tissue in the frontal lobe immediately anterior to central sulcus

97
Q

frontal lobe in involved with …(6)

A 
voluntary motor function
concentration
verbal communication
decision making
planning
personality
98
Q

parietal lobe forms the _____ part of each hemisphere and underlies the ____ bone

A

superoposterior; parietal

99
Q

parietal lobe terminates _____ at the central sulcus, ____ at the lateral sulcus, and ____ at the parieto-occipital sulcus

A

anteriorly, laterally, posteriorly

100
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

mass of nervous tissue in the parietal lobe immediately posterior to central sulcus

101
Q

parietal lobe is involved with..

A

general sensory functions

102
Q

temporal lobe is located ___ to the lateral sulcus underlying the ___ bone

A

inferior; temporal

103
Q

temporal lobe is involved with (2)

A

hearing and smell

104
Q

occipital lobe is located in the ____ region of each hemisphere underlying ____ bone

A

posterior; occipital

105
Q

occipital lobe in involved with.. (2)

A

processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories

106
Q

insula is located ___ to the lateral sulcus

107
Q

insula is involved in..(2)

A

memory and interpretation of taste

108
Q

functional areas of cerebrum (3)

A

motor areas
sensory areas
association areas

109
Q

motor areas of cerebrum

A

control voluntary motor function; motor neurons

110
Q

sensory areas of cerebrum

A

provide conscious awareness of sensation; sensing from periphery of body

111
Q

association areas of cerebrum

A

integrate and store information ; integrate and process incoming and outgoing information

112
Q

primary motor cortex (somatic motor area)

A

controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity

113
Q

primary motor cortex is located within the ____ gyrus; axons project ___ to brainstem and spinal cord

A

precentral; contralaterally

114
Q

primary motor cortex innervation to various body parts can be diagrammed as a ____ on the precentral gyrus

A

motor homunculus

115
Q

motor speech area (broca area)

A

controls muscular movements necessary for vocalization

116
Q

motor speech area is locating in most individuals within the ______ portion of the left frontal lobe

A

inferolateral

117
Q

frontal eye field

A

controls and regulates eyes movements and binocular vision

118
Q

frontal eye field is located on ____ surface of middle frontal gyrus, immediately anterior to _____ cortex

A

superior; premotor

119
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

receives general somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain, and temperature receptors

120
Q

primary somatosensory cortex is located within the ___ gyrus

A

postcentral

121
Q

____ ______ may be traced on the surface of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

sensory homunculus

122
Q

primary visual cortex function and location

A

receives and processes incoming visual information; occipital lobe

123
Q

primary auditory cortex function and location

A

receives and processes auditory information; temporal lobe

124
Q

primary gustatory cortex function and location

A

processes taste information; insula

125
Q

primary olfactory cortex function and location

A

provides conscious awareness of smell; temporal lobe

126
Q

motor areas include.. (3)

A

primary motor cortex, motor speech area (Broca’s), frontal eye field

127
Q

sensory areas include … (5)

A 
primary somatosensory cortex
primary visual cortex
primary auditory cortex
primary gustatory cortex
primary olfactory cortex
128
Q

association areas include.. (6)

A 
premotor cortex
somatosensory association area auditory association area 
visual association area
wernicke area
gnostic area
129
Q

premotor cortex

A

somatic motor association area

processes motor information and coordinates learned, skilled motor activities

130
Q

premotor cortex location

A

frontal lobe immediately anterior to precentral gyrus

131
Q

somatosensory association area

A

integrates and interprets sensory information

132
Q

somatosensory association area location

A

parietal lobe immediately posterior to post central gyrus

133
Q

auditory association area

A

interprets characteristics of sound and stores memories of sound

134
Q

auditory association area location

A

within temporal lobe, posteroinferior to the primary auditory cortex

135
Q

visual association area

A

processes visual information

136
Q

visual association area location

A

occipital lobe

137
Q

wernicke area

A

recognizes and comprehends spoken and written language

138
Q

wernicke area location

A

located within left hemisphere where it overlabs the parietal and temporal lobes

139
Q

gnostic area

A

common integrative area

integrates all sensory, visual, and auditory information

140
Q

gnostic area locations

A

composed of regions of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

141
Q

higher-order processing centers process incoming information from..

A

several different association areas

142
Q

higher-order processing centers ultimately direct either extremely complex ___ activity or complicated ____ functions

A

motor; analytical

143
Q

higher-order processing centers involve functions such as speech, cognition, understanding ____ relationships, and general ____

A

spatial; interpretation

144
Q

higher-order processing centers are housed in _____ cerebral hemispheres

145
Q

central white matter is ___ to cortical gray matter

146
Q

central white matter is composed primarily of ______ axons

A

myelinated

147
Q

most axons are bundled into tracts which can be classsified as one of three categories:

A
  1. association tracts
  2. commissural tracts
  3. projection tracts
148
Q

association tracts can be classified into two types:

A

arcuate fibers

longitudinal fasciculi

149
Q

arcuate fibers

A

connect neighboring gyri within a single cerebral lobe

150
Q

longitudinal fasciculi

A

connect gyri between different cerebral lobes of the same hemisphere

151
Q

commissural tracts

A

connect corresponding lobes of the right and left hemispheres

152
Q

projection tracts

A

connect cerebral cortex to the diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

153
Q

cerebral nuclei

A

paired masses of gray matter found deep within the central white matter

154
Q

specific nuclei of cerebral nuclei (4)

A

caudate nucleus
amygdaloid body
lentiform nucleus
claustrum

155
Q

lentiform nucleus is composed of..

A

putamen and globus pallidus

156
Q

corpus striatum is composed of..

A 
caudate nucleus 
lentiform nucleus (putamen, globus pallidus)
157
Q

diencephalon components (3)

A

epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus

158
Q

epithalamus

A

partially forms posterior roof of diencephalon and covers third ventricle components

159
Q

epithalamus includes.. (2)

A

pineal gland

habenular nuclei

160
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates circadian rhythm

161
Q

habenular nuclei

A

relay signals from the limbic system to the midbrain; involved in visceral and emotional responses to odor

162
Q

thalamus

A

paired oval masses of gray matter; lie on each side of third ventricle

163
Q

each mass of the thamalus is composed of about a dozen ___ ______ with axons projecting to particular regions of cerebral cortex

A

thalamic nuclei

164
Q

sensory impulses from all conscious senses except olfaction converge on the ______ and _____ in at least one of its nuclei

A

thalamus; synapse

165
Q

the thalamus is the ____ and final relay point for sensory information that will be processed and projected to _______ cortex

A

principal; somatosensory

166
Q

hypothalamus is that _____ region of the diencephalon

A

anteroinferior

167
Q

infundibulum

A

thin, stalk-like and extends inferiorly from hypothalamus to attach to pituitary gland

168
Q

functions of hypothalamus (7)

A

master control of the autonomic nervous system
master control of the endocrine system
regulation of body temperature
control of emotional behavior
control of food intake
control of water intake
regulation of sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms

169
Q

brainstem connects…

A

prosencephalon and cerebellum to spinal cord

170
Q

brainstem is the passageway for all tracts extending between the ___ and spinal cord

171
Q

brainstem contains many ____ centers and _____ centers required for survival

A

autonomic; reflex

172
Q

brainstem houses ___ of many of the cranial nerves

173
Q

three regions that form the brainstem

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
174
Q

midbrain

A

superior portion of the brainstem

175
Q

____ _______ extends through midbrain and connects ____ and ____ ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct; third and fourth

176
Q

cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain and surrounded by…

A

periaqueductal gray matter

177
Q

midbrain parts (3)

A

tegmentum
substantia nigra
superior and inferior colliculi

178
Q

tegmentum

A

responsible for relaying information between cerebrum and cerebellum

179
Q

tegmentum location

A

between substantia nigra and the periaqueductal gray matter

180
Q

substantia nigra

A

control movement, emotional response, and the ability to experience pleasure and pain through dopamine

181
Q

degenerations of the cells in the ___ ____ underlies parkinson disease

A

substantia nigra

182
Q

superior and inferior colliculi

A

visual and auditory reflex centers, respectively

183
Q

pons

A

bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem

184
Q

pons parts (2)

A

middle cerebellar peduncles

superior olivary complex

185
Q

middle cerebellar peduncles

A

transverse fibers that connect pons to cerebellum;

186
Q

pons contains ____ nuclei in the pontine respiratory center, which helps _____ ______

A

autonomic; regulate breathing

187
Q

superior olivary complex

A

help localize sound

188
Q

medulla oblongata

A

most inferior part of brainstem

189
Q

medulla oblongata parts (2)

A

pyramids

inferior cerebellar peduncles

190
Q

pyramids are composed of motor projection tracts called the _____ tracts

A

corticospinal

191
Q

most of the axons in the pyramids cross to opposite side at a point called…

A

decussation of the pyramids

192
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

paired and connect medulla oblongata to cerebellum

193
Q

medulla oblongata autonomic nuclei group to form.. (3)

A

cardiac center
vasomotor center
medullary respiratory center

194
Q

cardiac center

A

regulates heart rate and its strength of contraction

195
Q

vasomotor center

A

controls blood pressure by regulating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in walls of arterioles

196
Q

medullary respiratory center

A

regulates respiratory rate

197
Q

other nuclei in medulla oblongata involved with coughing, ____, salivation, ____, gagging, and ______

A

sneezing; swallowing; vomited

198
Q

cerebellum

A

second largest part of the brain

199
Q

cerebellum is partitioned into three regions:

A
  1. outer gray matter layer of cortex
  2. internal region of white matter, called the arbor vitae
  3. cerebellar nuclei in deepest layer
200
Q

cerebellum responsible for coordinating and fine-tuning …

A

skeletal muscle movements

201
Q

cerebellum stores _____ of previously learned movement patterns

202
Q

cerebellum adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain ____ and posture

A

equilibrium

203
Q

cerebellum receives ______ (sensory) information from the muscles and joints and uses this information to regulate the body’s ______

A

proprioceptive; position

204
Q

cerebellum monitors the ____ of each body joint and its ____ ____

A

position; muscle tone

205
Q

limbic system

A

its structures form a ring around diencephalon

206
Q

structures of limbic system collectively process and experience _____

207
Q

limbic system affects ____ formation through the integration of ____ _______ of physical sensations with emotional states

A

memory; past memories

208
Q

olfaction and olfactory nerves do directly into the ___ ____, not the ______

A

limbic system; thalamus

209
Q

cranial nerves

A

twelve pairs numbered with roman numerals by their position, beginning with the most anteriorly placed nerve

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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