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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 21 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 21 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 21: Blood

1
Q

whole blood

A

can be centrifuged to reveal erythrocytes
buffy coat
plasma

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2
Q

erythrocytes

A

make up about 44% of a blood sample

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3
Q

buffy coat

A

middle layer containing leukocyte and platelets; about 1% of blood sample

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4
Q

plasma

A

straw-colored liquid that makes up about 55% of blood

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5
Q

formed elements

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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6
Q

Erythocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are called formed elements because ..

A

erythrocytes are not true cells and platelets are bits of cell

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7
Q

when plasma leaks out of capillaries, it is..

A

interstitial fluid

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8
Q

erythrocytes are the most…

A

dense

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9
Q

buffy coat contains platelets and leukocytes called..

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

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10
Q

Neutrophil % of leukocytes

A

50-70%

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11
Q

Lymphocytes % of leukocytes

A

20-40%

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12
Q

eosinophils % of leukocytes

A

1-4%

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13
Q

monocytes % of leukocytes

A

2-8%

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14
Q

basophils % of leukocytes

A

0.5-1%

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15
Q

plasma is composed of..

A

water, proteins, other solutes

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16
Q

water % of plasma

A

92% by weight

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17
Q

protein % of plasma

A

7% by weight

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18
Q

other solutes % of plasma

A

1% by weight

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19
Q

functions of blood (3)

A

transportation
regulation
protection

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20
Q

transportation function of blood

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes

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21
Q

regulation function of blood

A

temperature, pH, fluid levels

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22
Q

protection function of blood (2)

A

leukocytes guard against infection

blood carries antibodies

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23
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of the volume of all formed elements in the blood

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24
Q

hematocrit varies by ___ and _____

A

age; gender

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25
hemotacrit can be viewed by preparing a...
blood smear
26
preparing a blood smear requires ____ in order to reveal the components of formed elements
staining
27
erythrocytes aka
RBCs
28
erythrocytes are not true cell because..
they lack nucleus and organelles
29
erythrocytes diameter and life span
7.5 micrometers; 120 days
30
erythrocytes are a unique ______ shape
biconcave
31
rouleu
a single file line in which erythrocytes pass through small blood vessels by
32
erythrocytes store large amounts of _____ over time to use and create more ____ over time
mRNA; protein
33
erythrocytes maximize their __:_ ratio to maximize their...
SA:V; gas exchange
34
hemoglobin
red-pigmented protein protein contained in every erythrocyte (280 mill of these molecules per)
35
hemoglobin function
reversibly transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
36
hemoglobin globin protein molecules (4)
(2) alpha chains | (2) beta chains
37
hemoglobin is a ... (shape)
heterotetramere
38
heme
a non-protein group contained in each of the four globins, which contains an iron (Fe2+) molecule
39
each hemoglobin molecule can bind a combination of ____ oxygen molecules
4
40
recycling the components of aged and damaged erythrocytes (5 steps)
1. erythrocytes form in the red bone marrow 2. erythrocytes circulate in the bloodstream for 120 days 3. aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen 4. heme components of blood are recycled - heme without iron is converted to bilivredin and then to bilirubin, which is secreted in the bile from the liver - iron is transported in the blood by the protein transferrin and stored by the protein ferritin in the liver (aids in preventing foreign sickness) 5. erythrocyte membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down into amino acids, some of which are used to make new erythrocytes
41
leukocytes diameter and life span
1.5 - 3 times larger than erythrocyte;11.25 - 22.5 micrometers varies from 12 hours (neutrophil) to years (lymphocytes)
42
platelets diameter and life span
less than 1/4 size of an erythrocyte; ~2 micrometers | ~8-10 days
43
Erythrocytes contained ___ ____ in the ____ ____ ___
surface antigens; ABO blood group
44
antigens
compound that promotes immune response
45
__ and ___ surface antigens determine the ABO blood type
A; B
46
ABO surface antigens may be accompanied in the plasma by __-_ and/or __-_ antibodies
anti-A; anti-B
47
agglutination
occurs if antibodies bind to their specific surface antigen
48
Any AB that would attack own cell is called..
cloned
49
Type A surface antigen
surface antigen A on erythrocytes
50
Type A antibodies
Anti-B antibodies in plasma
51
Type B surface antigen
surface antigen B on erythrocytes
52
Type B antibodies
anti-A antibodies
53
Type AB surface antigens
surface antigens A and B on erythrocytes
54
Type AB antibodies
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in plasma
55
Type O surface antigens
neither surfance antigen A nor B in erythrocytes
56
Type O antibodies
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
57
Type Rh positive surface antigen
surface antigen D in erythrocytes
58
Type Rh positive antibodies
no anti-D antibodies in plasma
59
Type Rh negative surface antigen
No surface antigen D on erythrocytes
60
Type Rh negative antibodies
No anti-D antibodies unless exposed to Rh positive blood
61
Agglutination occurs when..
blood donor containing a specific surface antigen clumps with the blood of a recipient containing an antibody of which it is anti to, then blocking smaller vessels in the body and leading to hemolysis (unsuccessful blood type match)
62
unlike erythrocytes, leukocytes are ____ cells
true
63
leukocytes are true cells as they possess a...
nucleus and organelles
64
leukocytes function to..
help initiate an immuse response and defend the body against pathogens
65
leukocytes are capable of ___ and ____
diapedesis | chemotaxis
66
diapedesis
ability to exit circulatory system
67
chemotaxis
chemical signals movement
68
classes of leukocytes (2)
granulocytes | agranulocytes
69
granulocyte types (3)
neutrophils eosinophils basophils
70
agranulocyte types(2)
lymphocytes | monocytes
71
neutrophils characteristics (2)
``` multilobed nucleus (as many as 5) cytoplasm contains neutral or pale, distinct granules (when stained) ```
72
neutrophils function (2)
phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria | release enzymes that target pathogens
73
eosinophils characteristics (2)
bilobed nucleus | cytoplasm contains reddish or pink-orange granules (when stained)
74
eosinophils functions (2)
phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens | release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms
75
basophils characteristics (2)
bilobed nucleus | cytoplasm contains deep blue-violet granules (when stained)
76
basophils functions
release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reactions
77
lymphocytes characteristics (3)
round or slightly indented nucleus (fills the cell in smaller lymphocytes) nucleus is usually darkly stained thin rim of cytoplasm surrounds nucleus
78
lymphocytes functions (3)
attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells coordinates immune cell activity produce antibodies
79
monocytes characteristics (3)
kidney-shaped or C-shaped nucleus nucleus is generally pale staining abundant cytoplasms around nucleus
80
monocytes function (2)
``` can exit blood vessels and become macrophages phagocytize pathogens (bacteria, viruses), cellular debris, dead cells ```
81
platelets
small, irregular, membrane-enclosed cellular fragments formed from megakaryocytes
82
platelets are involved in..
blood clotting
83
platelets break off from _____ which break off from ______ form platelets
proplatelets; megakaryocytes
84
hemopoiesis is aka
hematopoiesis
85
hemopoiesis begins with pluripotent stem cells called...
hemocytoblasts
86
___ ____ forms erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except ____
myeloid line; lymphocytes
87
___ _____ forms lymphocytes
lymphoid line
88
thrombopoiesis cells and location
megakaryoblast in bone marrow promegakaryocte in bone marrow megakaryocyte in bone marrow thrombocytes (platelets) in blood
89
erythropoiesis cells and location
pronormoblast in bone marrow (proerythroblast) basophilic erythroblast in bone marrow (early erythroblast) polychromatic erythroblast in bone marrow (late erythroblast) orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast) in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocyte [1] (reticulocyte) in bone marrow erythrocyte [2] (red blood cell) in blood
90
mast cell location and line of creation
tissue; myeloid line
91
granulopoiesis (basophil) cells and locations
``` myleoblast in bone marrow B. promyelocyte in bone marrow B. myelocyte in bone marrow B. metamyelocyte in bone marrow B. band in bone marrow basophil in blood ```
92
granulopoiesis (neutrophil) cells and location
``` myeloblast in bone marrow N. promyelocyte in bone marrow N. myelocyte in bone marrow N. metamyelocyte in bone marrow N. band in bone marrow neutrophil in blood ```
93
granulopoiesis (eosiniphil) cells and location
``` myeloblast in bone marrow E. promyelocyte in bone marrow E. myelocyte in bone marrow E. metamyelocyte in bone marrow E. band in bone marrow eosinophil in blood ```
94
monocytopoiesis cells and location
``` myeloblast in bone marrow monoblast in bone marrow promonocyte in bone marrow monocyte in bone macrophage in tissue myeloid dendritic cell in tissue [3] ```
95
lymphopoiesis cells and location
``` lymphoid dendritic cell in tissue lymphoblast in bone marrow prolymphocyte in bone marrow natural killer cell (large granular lymphocyte) in blood small lymphocyte [4] in blood? or tissue B-lymphocyte in tissue T-lymphocyte in tissue plasma cell in tissue ```

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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