BIOL G220: Ch. 21 Flashcards
Terms and concepts from Ch. 21: Blood
whole blood
can be centrifuged to reveal erythrocytes
buffy coat
plasma
erythrocytes
make up about 44% of a blood sample
buffy coat
middle layer containing leukocyte and platelets; about 1% of blood sample
plasma
straw-colored liquid that makes up about 55% of blood
formed elements
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Erythocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are called formed elements because ..
erythrocytes are not true cells and platelets are bits of cell
when plasma leaks out of capillaries, it is..
interstitial fluid
erythrocytes are the most…
dense
buffy coat contains platelets and leukocytes called..
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
Neutrophil % of leukocytes
50-70%
Lymphocytes % of leukocytes
20-40%
eosinophils % of leukocytes
1-4%
monocytes % of leukocytes
2-8%
basophils % of leukocytes
0.5-1%
plasma is composed of..
water, proteins, other solutes
water % of plasma
92% by weight
protein % of plasma
7% by weight
other solutes % of plasma
1% by weight
functions of blood (3)
transportation
regulation
protection
transportation function of blood
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes
regulation function of blood
temperature, pH, fluid levels
protection function of blood (2)
leukocytes guard against infection
blood carries antibodies
hematocrit
percentage of the volume of all formed elements in the blood
hematocrit varies by ___ and _____
age; gender
hemotacrit can be viewed by preparing a…
blood smear
preparing a blood smear requires ____ in order to reveal the components of formed elements
staining
erythrocytes aka
RBCs
erythrocytes are not true cell because..
they lack nucleus and organelles
erythrocytes diameter and life span
7.5 micrometers; 120 days
erythrocytes are a unique ______ shape
biconcave
rouleu
a single file line in which erythrocytes pass through small blood vessels by
erythrocytes store large amounts of _____ over time to use and create more ____ over time
mRNA; protein
erythrocytes maximize their __:_ ratio to maximize their…
SA:V; gas exchange
hemoglobin
red-pigmented protein protein contained in every erythrocyte (280 mill of these molecules per)
hemoglobin function
reversibly transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
hemoglobin globin protein molecules (4)
(2) alpha chains
(2) beta chains
hemoglobin is a … (shape)
heterotetramere
heme
a non-protein group contained in each of the four globins, which contains an iron (Fe2+) molecule
each hemoglobin molecule can bind a combination of ____ oxygen molecules
4
recycling the components of aged and damaged erythrocytes (5 steps)
- erythrocytes form in the red bone marrow
- erythrocytes circulate in the bloodstream for 120 days
- aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen
- heme components of blood are recycled - heme without iron is converted to bilivredin and then to bilirubin, which is secreted in the bile from the liver
- iron is transported in the blood by the protein transferrin and stored by the protein ferritin in the liver (aids in preventing foreign sickness) - erythrocyte membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down into amino acids, some of which are used to make new erythrocytes
leukocytes diameter and life span
1.5 - 3 times larger than erythrocyte;11.25 - 22.5 micrometers
varies from 12 hours (neutrophil) to years (lymphocytes)
platelets diameter and life span
less than 1/4 size of an erythrocyte; ~2 micrometers
~8-10 days
Erythrocytes contained ___ ____ in the ____ ____ ___
surface antigens; ABO blood group
antigens
compound that promotes immune response
__ and ___ surface antigens determine the ABO blood type
A; B
ABO surface antigens may be accompanied in the plasma by __-_ and/or __-_ antibodies
anti-A; anti-B
agglutination
occurs if antibodies bind to their specific surface antigen
Any AB that would attack own cell is called..
cloned
Type A surface antigen
surface antigen A on erythrocytes
Type A antibodies
Anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type B surface antigen
surface antigen B on erythrocytes
Type B antibodies
anti-A antibodies
Type AB surface antigens
surface antigens A and B on erythrocytes
Type AB antibodies
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type O surface antigens
neither surfance antigen A nor B in erythrocytes
Type O antibodies
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type Rh positive surface antigen
surface antigen D in erythrocytes
Type Rh positive antibodies
no anti-D antibodies in plasma
Type Rh negative surface antigen
No surface antigen D on erythrocytes
Type Rh negative antibodies
No anti-D antibodies unless exposed to Rh positive blood
Agglutination occurs when..
blood donor containing a specific surface antigen clumps with the blood of a recipient containing an antibody of which it is anti to, then blocking smaller vessels in the body and leading to hemolysis (unsuccessful blood type match)
unlike erythrocytes, leukocytes are ____ cells
true
leukocytes are true cells as they possess a…
nucleus and organelles
leukocytes function to..
help initiate an immuse response and defend the body against pathogens
leukocytes are capable of ___ and ____
diapedesis
chemotaxis
diapedesis
ability to exit circulatory system
chemotaxis
chemical signals movement
classes of leukocytes (2)
granulocytes
agranulocytes
granulocyte types (3)
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
agranulocyte types(2)
lymphocytes
monocytes
neutrophils characteristics (2)
multilobed nucleus (as many as 5) cytoplasm contains neutral or pale, distinct granules (when stained)
neutrophils function (2)
phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria
release enzymes that target pathogens
eosinophils characteristics (2)
bilobed nucleus
cytoplasm contains reddish or pink-orange granules (when stained)
eosinophils functions (2)
phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms
basophils characteristics (2)
bilobed nucleus
cytoplasm contains deep blue-violet granules (when stained)
basophils functions
release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reactions
lymphocytes characteristics (3)
round or slightly indented nucleus (fills the cell in smaller lymphocytes)
nucleus is usually darkly stained
thin rim of cytoplasm surrounds nucleus
lymphocytes functions (3)
attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells
coordinates immune cell activity
produce antibodies
monocytes characteristics (3)
kidney-shaped or C-shaped nucleus
nucleus is generally pale staining
abundant cytoplasms around nucleus
monocytes function (2)
can exit blood vessels and become macrophages phagocytize pathogens (bacteria, viruses), cellular debris, dead cells
platelets
small, irregular, membrane-enclosed cellular fragments formed from megakaryocytes
platelets are involved in..
blood clotting
platelets break off from _____ which break off from ______ form platelets
proplatelets; megakaryocytes
hemopoiesis is aka
hematopoiesis
hemopoiesis begins with pluripotent stem cells called…
hemocytoblasts
___ ____ forms erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except ____
myeloid line; lymphocytes
___ _____ forms lymphocytes
lymphoid line
thrombopoiesis cells and location
megakaryoblast in bone marrow
promegakaryocte in bone marrow
megakaryocyte in bone marrow
thrombocytes (platelets) in blood
erythropoiesis cells and location
pronormoblast in bone marrow (proerythroblast)
basophilic erythroblast in bone marrow (early erythroblast)
polychromatic erythroblast in bone marrow (late erythroblast)
orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast) in bone marrow
polychromatic erythrocyte [1] (reticulocyte) in bone marrow
erythrocyte [2] (red blood cell) in blood
mast cell location and line of creation
tissue; myeloid line
granulopoiesis (basophil) cells and locations
myleoblast in bone marrow B. promyelocyte in bone marrow B. myelocyte in bone marrow B. metamyelocyte in bone marrow B. band in bone marrow basophil in blood
granulopoiesis (neutrophil) cells and location
myeloblast in bone marrow N. promyelocyte in bone marrow N. myelocyte in bone marrow N. metamyelocyte in bone marrow N. band in bone marrow neutrophil in blood
granulopoiesis (eosiniphil) cells and location
myeloblast in bone marrow E. promyelocyte in bone marrow E. myelocyte in bone marrow E. metamyelocyte in bone marrow E. band in bone marrow eosinophil in blood
monocytopoiesis cells and location
myeloblast in bone marrow monoblast in bone marrow promonocyte in bone marrow monocyte in bone macrophage in tissue myeloid dendritic cell in tissue [3]
lymphopoiesis cells and location
lymphoid dendritic cell in tissue lymphoblast in bone marrow prolymphocyte in bone marrow natural killer cell (large granular lymphocyte) in blood small lymphocyte [4] in blood? or tissue B-lymphocyte in tissue T-lymphocyte in tissue plasma cell in tissue