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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 21 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 21 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 21: Blood

1
Q

whole blood

A

can be centrifuged to reveal erythrocytes
buffy coat
plasma

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2
Q

erythrocytes

A

make up about 44% of a blood sample

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3
Q

buffy coat

A

middle layer containing leukocyte and platelets; about 1% of blood sample

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4
Q

plasma

A

straw-colored liquid that makes up about 55% of blood

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5
Q

formed elements

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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6
Q

Erythocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are called formed elements because ..

A

erythrocytes are not true cells and platelets are bits of cell

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7
Q

when plasma leaks out of capillaries, it is..

A

interstitial fluid

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8
Q

erythrocytes are the most…

A

dense

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9
Q

buffy coat contains platelets and leukocytes called..

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

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10
Q

Neutrophil % of leukocytes

A

50-70%

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11
Q

Lymphocytes % of leukocytes

A

20-40%

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12
Q

eosinophils % of leukocytes

A

1-4%

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13
Q

monocytes % of leukocytes

A

2-8%

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14
Q

basophils % of leukocytes

A

0.5-1%

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15
Q

plasma is composed of..

A

water, proteins, other solutes

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16
Q

water % of plasma

A

92% by weight

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17
Q

protein % of plasma

A

7% by weight

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18
Q

other solutes % of plasma

A

1% by weight

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19
Q

functions of blood (3)

A

transportation
regulation
protection

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20
Q

transportation function of blood

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes

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21
Q

regulation function of blood

A

temperature, pH, fluid levels

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22
Q

protection function of blood (2)

A

leukocytes guard against infection

blood carries antibodies

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23
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of the volume of all formed elements in the blood

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24
Q

hematocrit varies by ___ and _____

A

age; gender

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25
Q

hemotacrit can be viewed by preparing a…

A

blood smear

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26
Q

preparing a blood smear requires ____ in order to reveal the components of formed elements

A

staining

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27
Q

erythrocytes aka

A

RBCs

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28
Q

erythrocytes are not true cell because..

A

they lack nucleus and organelles

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29
Q

erythrocytes diameter and life span

A

7.5 micrometers; 120 days

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30
Q

erythrocytes are a unique ______ shape

A

biconcave

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31
Q

rouleu

A

a single file line in which erythrocytes pass through small blood vessels by

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32
Q

erythrocytes store large amounts of _____ over time to use and create more ____ over time

A

mRNA; protein

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33
Q

erythrocytes maximize their __:_ ratio to maximize their…

A

SA:V; gas exchange

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34
Q

hemoglobin

A

red-pigmented protein protein contained in every erythrocyte (280 mill of these molecules per)

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35
Q

hemoglobin function

A

reversibly transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood

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36
Q

hemoglobin globin protein molecules (4)

A

(2) alpha chains

(2) beta chains

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37
Q

hemoglobin is a … (shape)

A

heterotetramere

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38
Q

heme

A

a non-protein group contained in each of the four globins, which contains an iron (Fe2+) molecule

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39
Q

each hemoglobin molecule can bind a combination of ____ oxygen molecules

A

4

40
Q

recycling the components of aged and damaged erythrocytes (5 steps)

A
  1. erythrocytes form in the red bone marrow
  2. erythrocytes circulate in the bloodstream for 120 days
  3. aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen
  4. heme components of blood are recycled - heme without iron is converted to bilivredin and then to bilirubin, which is secreted in the bile from the liver
    - iron is transported in the blood by the protein transferrin and stored by the protein ferritin in the liver (aids in preventing foreign sickness)
  5. erythrocyte membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down into amino acids, some of which are used to make new erythrocytes
41
Q

leukocytes diameter and life span

A

1.5 - 3 times larger than erythrocyte;11.25 - 22.5 micrometers
varies from 12 hours (neutrophil) to years (lymphocytes)

42
Q

platelets diameter and life span

A

less than 1/4 size of an erythrocyte; ~2 micrometers

~8-10 days

43
Q

Erythrocytes contained ___ ____ in the ____ ____ ___

A

surface antigens; ABO blood group

44
Q

antigens

A

compound that promotes immune response

45
Q

__ and ___ surface antigens determine the ABO blood type

A

A; B

46
Q

ABO surface antigens may be accompanied in the plasma by __-_ and/or __-_ antibodies

A

anti-A; anti-B

47
Q

agglutination

A

occurs if antibodies bind to their specific surface antigen

48
Q

Any AB that would attack own cell is called..

A

cloned

49
Q

Type A surface antigen

A

surface antigen A on erythrocytes

50
Q

Type A antibodies

A

Anti-B antibodies in plasma

51
Q

Type B surface antigen

A

surface antigen B on erythrocytes

52
Q

Type B antibodies

A

anti-A antibodies

53
Q

Type AB surface antigens

A

surface antigens A and B on erythrocytes

54
Q

Type AB antibodies

A

neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in plasma

55
Q

Type O surface antigens

A

neither surfance antigen A nor B in erythrocytes

56
Q

Type O antibodies

A

both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma

57
Q

Type Rh positive surface antigen

A

surface antigen D in erythrocytes

58
Q

Type Rh positive antibodies

A

no anti-D antibodies in plasma

59
Q

Type Rh negative surface antigen

A

No surface antigen D on erythrocytes

60
Q

Type Rh negative antibodies

A

No anti-D antibodies unless exposed to Rh positive blood

61
Q

Agglutination occurs when..

A

blood donor containing a specific surface antigen clumps with the blood of a recipient containing an antibody of which it is anti to, then blocking smaller vessels in the body and leading to hemolysis (unsuccessful blood type match)

62
Q

unlike erythrocytes, leukocytes are ____ cells

A

true

63
Q

leukocytes are true cells as they possess a…

A

nucleus and organelles

64
Q

leukocytes function to..

A

help initiate an immuse response and defend the body against pathogens

65
Q

leukocytes are capable of ___ and ____

A

diapedesis

chemotaxis

66
Q

diapedesis

A

ability to exit circulatory system

67
Q

chemotaxis

A

chemical signals movement

68
Q

classes of leukocytes (2)

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

69
Q

granulocyte types (3)

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

70
Q

agranulocyte types(2)

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

71
Q

neutrophils characteristics (2)

A 
multilobed nucleus (as many as 5) 
cytoplasm contains neutral or pale, distinct granules (when stained)
72
Q

neutrophils function (2)

A

phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria

release enzymes that target pathogens

73
Q

eosinophils characteristics (2)

A

bilobed nucleus

cytoplasm contains reddish or pink-orange granules (when stained)

74
Q

eosinophils functions (2)

A

phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens

release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms

75
Q

basophils characteristics (2)

A

bilobed nucleus

cytoplasm contains deep blue-violet granules (when stained)

76
Q

basophils functions

A

release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reactions

77
Q

lymphocytes characteristics (3)

A

round or slightly indented nucleus (fills the cell in smaller lymphocytes)
nucleus is usually darkly stained
thin rim of cytoplasm surrounds nucleus

78
Q

lymphocytes functions (3)

A

attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells
coordinates immune cell activity
produce antibodies

79
Q

monocytes characteristics (3)

A

kidney-shaped or C-shaped nucleus
nucleus is generally pale staining
abundant cytoplasms around nucleus

80
Q

monocytes function (2)

A 
can exit blood vessels and become macrophages 
phagocytize pathogens (bacteria, viruses), cellular debris, dead cells
81
Q

platelets

A

small, irregular, membrane-enclosed cellular fragments formed from megakaryocytes

82
Q

platelets are involved in..

A

blood clotting

83
Q

platelets break off from _____ which break off from ______ form platelets

A

proplatelets; megakaryocytes

84
Q

hemopoiesis is aka

A

hematopoiesis

85
Q

hemopoiesis begins with pluripotent stem cells called…

A

hemocytoblasts

86
Q

___ ____ forms erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except ____

A

myeloid line; lymphocytes

87
Q

___ _____ forms lymphocytes

A

lymphoid line

88
Q

thrombopoiesis cells and location

A

megakaryoblast in bone marrow
promegakaryocte in bone marrow
megakaryocyte in bone marrow
thrombocytes (platelets) in blood

89
Q

erythropoiesis cells and location

A

pronormoblast in bone marrow (proerythroblast)
basophilic erythroblast in bone marrow (early erythroblast)
polychromatic erythroblast in bone marrow (late erythroblast)
orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast) in bone marrow
polychromatic erythrocyte [1] (reticulocyte) in bone marrow
erythrocyte [2] (red blood cell) in blood

90
Q

mast cell location and line of creation

A

tissue; myeloid line

91
Q

granulopoiesis (basophil) cells and locations

A 
myleoblast in bone marrow
B. promyelocyte in bone marrow 
B. myelocyte in bone marrow 
B. metamyelocyte in bone marrow 
B. band in bone marrow 
basophil in blood
92
Q

granulopoiesis (neutrophil) cells and location

A 
myeloblast in bone marrow
N. promyelocyte in bone marrow
N. myelocyte in bone marrow 
N. metamyelocyte in bone marrow 
N. band in bone marrow 
neutrophil in blood
93
Q

granulopoiesis (eosiniphil) cells and location

A 
myeloblast in bone marrow 
E. promyelocyte in bone marrow
E. myelocyte in bone marrow 
E. metamyelocyte in bone marrow 
E. band in bone marrow 
eosinophil in blood
94
Q

monocytopoiesis cells and location

A 
myeloblast in bone marrow 
monoblast in bone marrow 
promonocyte in bone marrow
monocyte in bone 
macrophage in tissue
myeloid dendritic cell in tissue [3]
95
Q

lymphopoiesis cells and location

A 
lymphoid dendritic cell in tissue 
lymphoblast in bone marrow
prolymphocyte in bone marrow
natural killer cell (large granular lymphocyte) in blood
small lymphocyte [4] in blood? or tissue
B-lymphocyte in tissue
T-lymphocyte in tissue
plasma cell in tissue

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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