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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 19 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 19 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 19: Senses

1
Q

stimuli

A

sensory information our bodies are constantly exposed to

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2
Q

sensation

A

our conscious awareness to stimuli

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3
Q

receptors

A

detect stimuli in our body

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4
Q

general senses (5)

A

temperature, pain, touch, stretch, pressure

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5
Q

special senses (5)

A

gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, audition

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6
Q

sensory receptors can be structurally _____ (the eye) or very simple (dendritic endings in the nose)

A

complex

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7
Q

receptors act as ___, where they can change on form of energy into another

A

transducers

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8
Q

transducers

A

change one form of energy into another

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9
Q

receptive fields

A

area through which the sensitive ends of a receptor cell are distributed

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10
Q

general sense receptors are distributed throughout the..

A

skin and organs

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11
Q

special sense receptors are housed in..

A

complex organs in the head

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12
Q

criteria used to describe receptors (3)

A
  1. receptor distribution
  2. stimulus origin
  3. modality of stimulus
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13
Q

receptor distribution (3)

A

somatic receptor
visceral receptor
special senses

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14
Q

somatic receptor

A

found within the body wall and structurally simple; receptors for chemicals, temperature, pain, touch, proprioception, and pressure

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15
Q

visceral receptors

A

found within the walls of the viscera; they respond to chemicals, temperature, and pressure

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16
Q

special senses

A

located only in the head, structurally complex; gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and hearing

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17
Q

stimulus origin (3)

A

exteroreceptors
interoreceptors
proprioceptors

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18
Q

exteroreceptors

A

found in skin or mucous membranes such as nasal and oral cavities and vagina; detect stimuli in external environment

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19
Q

interoceptors

A

found in the walls of viscera; detect stimuli within the body i.e. stretching, oxygen, temperature, and pressure

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20
Q

proprioceptors

A

found in muscles, tendons and joints; detect body and limb movement (sense of position of state of contraction)

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21
Q

modality of stimulus (6)

A 
chemoreceptors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
baroreceptors
nociceptors
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22
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect specific molecules dissolved in fluid

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23
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temperature

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24
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect changes in light intensity, color, and movement of light

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25
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect physical deformation due to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

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26
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect pressure changes within body structures

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27
Q

nociceptors

A

detect tissue damage and pain

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28
Q

phantom pain

A

sensation associated with a part of the body that has been removed

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29
Q

How is phantom pain likely?

A

sensory cell bodies from limb remain alive as part of the dorsal spinal root; this provides sensation to the CNS despite the removal of the limb

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30
Q

phantom pain aka

A

phantom limb syndrome

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31
Q

referred pain

A

when impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating not from the organ but in a dermatome of the skin

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32
Q

tactile receptors aka

A

touch receptors

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33
Q

tactile receptors are the most ___ type of receptor

A

numerous

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34
Q

tactile receptors

A

mechanoreceptors that react to touch, pressure, and vibration stimuli

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35
Q

tactile receptors located in.

A

dermis and subcutaneous layers of skin

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36
Q

type of tactile receptors (2)

A

unencapsulated

encapsulated

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37
Q

unencapsulated tactile receptors

A

endings not wrapped in connective tissue or glial cells

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38
Q

encapsulated

A

endings wrapped in connective tissue or glial cells

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39
Q

unencapsulated tactile receptor types (3)

A

free nerve endings
root hair plexuses
tactile discs

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40
Q

free nerve endings

A

found in papillary of dermis and deep epidermis; temperature and pain

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41
Q

root hair plexuses

A

surround hair follicles in dermis; hair movement

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42
Q

tactiles discs

A

associated with tactile cells in stratum basale of epidermis; light touch

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43
Q

encapsulated tactile receptor types (4)

A

end bulbs
lamellated corpuscles
bulbous curpuscles
tactile corpuscles

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44
Q

end bulbs

A

in skin and mucous membranes of oral and nasal cavities, vagina, and anal canal; light pressure and vibration

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45
Q

lamellated corpuscles

A

in dermis, subcutaneous tissue, synovial membranes, and some viscera; deep pressure

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46
Q

bulbous corpuscles

A

in dermis and subcutaneous layer; deep pressure and distortion

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47
Q

tactile corpuscles

A

in dermal papillae, especially lips, palms, eyelids, nipples, and genitals (touch)

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48
Q

gustation

A

sense of taste

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49
Q

gustatory cells

A

taste receptors housed in specialized organs termed taste buds

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50
Q

taste buds are located..

A

on the dorsal surface of the tongue in epithelial and connective tissues elevations called papillae

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51
Q

type of papillae

A

filiform papillae
fungiform papillae
vallate papillae
foliate papillae

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52
Q

mass majority of taste buds are..

A

vallate papillae

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53
Q

each taste bud is composed of numerous cells called ___ ____, which are enclosed in ___ _____

A

gustatory cells; supporting cells

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54
Q

the taste hair extends through the __ ___

A

taste pore

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55
Q

taste molecules within the oral cavity activate the __ ___

A

taste hairs

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56
Q

difference between gustatory cell and supporting cell

A

sensory nerve to gustatory

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57
Q

taste sensations (5)

A
  1. sweet
  2. salt
  3. sour
  4. bitter
  5. umami
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58
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

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59
Q

olfaction detects..

A

odorants

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60
Q

olfactory epithelium consists of three distinct cell types:

A
  1. olfactory receptor cells
  2. supporting cells
  3. basal cells (allows regeneration)
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61
Q

Deep to the olfactory epithelium is the..

A

lamina propria

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62
Q

olfactory hairs

A

free nerve endings at the apical end of the olfactory receptor cells, project through the mucous covering the olfactory epithelium

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63
Q

olfactory hairs contain receptors for __ ____ (dissolved in mucus)

A

airborne molecules

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64
Q

receptors for vision reside in the..

A

eye

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65
Q

accessory strx of the eye prevent __ ___ from coming in contact with the eye and ensure the surface o the eye remains ___ and ____

A

foreign objects; clean; moist

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66
Q

external accessory structures of the eye include (4)

A

eyebrows
eyelashes
eyelids
tarsal glands

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67
Q

eyebrows

A

curved row of thick short hairs along the superior orbital ridge; prevent sweat from dripping into the eye

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68
Q

eyelashes

A

hairs on the margins of the eyelids that prevent large foreign objects from contacting the eyes

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69
Q

eyelids

A

movable anterior protective covering for the eye

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70
Q

tarsal glands

A

located within both eyelids; contain sebaceous galnds to prevent tear overflow and the eyelids from sticking together

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71
Q

conjunctiva

A

stratified squamous epithelium that lines the anterior surface of the eye (but not the cornea) and the inner surface of the eyelid

72
Q

conjunctiva also contain __ ___ to lubricate and moisten the eye

A

goblet cells

73
Q

palpebral

A

eyelid

74
Q

commisure

A

coming together

75
Q

fissure

A

hole

76
Q

pupil

A

hole

77
Q

sclera is covered by..

A

conjunctiva

78
Q

iris

A

color of the eye

79
Q

muscles of eye (6)

A 
levator palpebrae superioris muscles 
superior rectus muscle
inferior rectus muscle
orbicularis oculi muscle
inferior oblique muscle
orbicularis oculi muscle
80
Q

from the ocular conjunctiva to the palpebral conjunctiva, must go through the..

A

conjunctival fornix

81
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

produces, collects, and drains lacrimal fluid from the eyes

82
Q

tears lubricate the..

A

anterior surface of the eye

83
Q

tears help to prevent bacterial infections because they contain an antibiotic-like enzyme called

A

lysozyme

84
Q

the eye is a spherical organ about ____ in diameter

A

2.5 cm

85
Q

principal layers that form the wall of the eye

A
  1. fibrous tunic
  2. vascular tunic
  3. retina
86
Q

fibrous tunic regions (2)

A

cornea

sclera

87
Q

cornea

A

transparent, avascular layer that receives oxygen and nutrients from lacrimal fluid and aqueous humor

88
Q

sclera

A

makes up the majority of the fibrous tunic considered the ‘white’ of the eye and allows for the attachment of the extrinsic eye muscles to the eye

89
Q

vascular tunic regions (3) from posterior to anterior

A
  1. choroid
  2. ciliary body
  3. iris
90
Q

choroid

A

contains a vast network of capillaries, which supply nutrients and oxygen to retina

91
Q

ciliary body

A

composed of ciliary muscles and ciliary processes; changes lens shape

92
Q

iris

A

pigmented part of the anterior eye; defines the pupil and controls amount of light entering the eye

93
Q

anterior cavity is anterior from the

A

lens

94
Q

anterior chamber of anterior cavity is the space between..

A

iris and cornea

95
Q

posterior chamber of the posterior cavity is the space from..

A

lens to iris

96
Q

hyaloid canal

A

left of what the central nerve/artery of retina used to penetrate in posterior cavity from before fetus approaches term

97
Q

pupillary constriction is caused by..

A

sphincter pupillae contraction through parasympathetic innervation

98
Q

pupillary dilation constriction is caused by

A

dilator pupillae contraction through sympathetic innervation

99
Q

retina

A

internal layer of the eye wall

100
Q

layers of retina (2)

A

pigmented layer

neural layer

101
Q

pigmented layer of retina

A

attached to the choroid, absorbs light energy that passes through the retina and provides photoreceptors with vitamin A

102
Q

neural layer

A

houses photoreceptors and other associated neurons

103
Q

neural layer layers

A
  1. photoreceptor cells
  2. bipolar cells
  3. ganglion cells
104
Q

photoreceptor cells

A

outermost layer composed of rods and cones

105
Q

bipolar cells

A

synapse with photoreceptors and ganglion cells

106
Q

ganglion cells

A

innermost layer of the retina; axons of these cells leave the retina and form the optic nerve (CN II)

107
Q

Rods are much more ____ than cones; can sense 1 photon at a time to be activated

A

sensitive

108
Q

optic disc (neural layer)

A

‘blind spot’ on the retina; lacks photoreceptors

109
Q

optic disc location

A

where ganglion cell axons exit retina to form optic nerve (CN II) and retinal arteries and veins enter and exit retina

110
Q

fovea centralis (neural layer)

A

area of retina that contains the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods

111
Q

fovea centralis is the area of ____ vision

A

sharpest

112
Q

lens

A

transparent, deformable structure suspended behind the pupil by suspensory ligaments

113
Q

____ _____ are attached to outer capsule of the lens and when ligaments are either relaxed or tense, it causes a change in the shape of the lens

A

suspensory ligaments

114
Q

ciliary muscles

A

of the ciliary body, it causes tension

115
Q

cavities of the eye

A

internal space of the eye that is subdivided by the lends into two cavities

116
Q

cavities of the eye (2)

A

anterior cavity

posterior cavity

117
Q

anterior cavity of the eye

A

between the lens and the cornea; filled with aqueous humor

118
Q

posterior cavity of the eye

A

between the lens and the retina; filled with vitreous humor

119
Q

visual pathways

A

anatomica pathway between light input and the perception of vision

120
Q

visual pathways steps (5)

A
  1. light is detected by photoreceptors
    stimulus is passed to bipolar and ganglion cells
  2. axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve which converge at the optic chiasm (some axons decussate)
  3. ganglion axons enter optic tract and project to either the superior colliculi or lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
  4. from the thalamus, axons project to the primary visual cortex
121
Q

the ear contains organs of ___ and ___ and supportive structures

A

equilibrium; hearing

122
Q

anatomic regions of ear

A
  1. external ear
  2. middle ear
  3. inner ear
123
Q

external ear parts (3-4)

A

auricle
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane
cerumen (glands produce)

124
Q

auricle

A

skin covered, funnel-shaped, elastic cartilage-supported structure

125
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

bony tube to which auricle leads to and which ends at the tympanic membrane

126
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum; external acoustic meatus ends here

127
Q

cerumen

A

waxlike secretion glands deep within external auditory meatus create

128
Q

middle ear parts (6)

A 
tympanic cavity 
auditory tube
auditory ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
129
Q

tympanic cavity

A

filled with air and medial to tympanic membrane

130
Q

auditory tube

A

contained in tympanic cavity; connects to the nasopharynx

131
Q

auditory ossicles

A

contained in tympanic cavity; smallest bones of body - protected by stapedius and tensor tympani muscles (stabilized)

132
Q

auditory ossicles (3)

A

malleus
incus
stapes

133
Q

malleus (hammer)

A

attached to tympanic membrane and articulates with incus

134
Q

incus (anvil)

A

middle of three bones; articulates with the stapes

135
Q

stapes (stirrup)

A

fits into the oval window on lateral wall of inner ear

136
Q

auditory ossicles function

A

attenuate sounds

137
Q

stapedius is the __ muscle in the body

A

shortest

138
Q

inner ear location

A

petrous portion of temporal bone

139
Q

bony labyrinth

A

spaces in inner ear

140
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

fluid-filled tubes and spaces within the bony labyrinth

141
Q

receptors for ___ are housed within the sensory epithelium lining of the ___ ___

A

equilibrium; membranous labyrinth

142
Q

perilymph

A

filling the space between the walls of the bony and membranous labyrinths

143
Q

perilymph function

A

supports and protects the membranous labyrinth

144
Q

endolymph

A

fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth

145
Q

regions of bony labyrinth (3)

A
  1. vestibule
  2. semicircular canals
  3. cochlea
146
Q

vestibular complex

A

area composed by vestibule and semicircular canals

147
Q

vestibule parts (2)

A
  1. utricle

2. saccule

148
Q

semicircular ducts

A

the membranous labyrinth within the semicircular canals

149
Q

cochlear duct

A

membranous labyrinth housed by cochlea

150
Q

maculae (of vestibule) location

A

along the internal walls of the utricle and saccule

151
Q

sensory epithelium lining the two ____ contains hair cells and supporting cells

A

maculae

152
Q

hair cells

A

sensory receptors for both equilibrium and hearing

153
Q

on their apical surface, they contain more than 50 stiff microvilli called ___ and one long cilium called a ______

A

stereocilia; kinocilium

154
Q

when the stereocilia and kinocilium are bent..

A

this translates electrical activity sent to the brain via the vestibular nerve

155
Q

hair cells in the ___ and ____ detect position of the head

A

utricle; saccule

156
Q

stereocilia and kinocilia projecting hair cells are embeded within a ___ ______ that covers the surface of the epithelium

A

gelatinous mass

157
Q

otoliths

A

small calcium carbonate crystals covering gelatinous mass

158
Q

otholithic membrane

A

otoliths + gelatin layer

159
Q

When the head moves, the otoliths _____ on the underlying gelatin layer, the result of which is the bending of the ___ and ____ of the hair cells which then translates into ____ and _____ ____ of the head

A

push; stereocilia; kinocilium; orientation; linear acceleration

160
Q

semicircular canals are ____ with the utricle

A

continuous

161
Q

types of semicircular canals (3)

A

anterior, posterior, lateral

162
Q

receptors within the semicircular ducts detect ___ _____ of the head

A

rotational movement

163
Q

ampulla

A

expanded region within each of the three semicircular canals

164
Q

crista ampullaris

A

elevated region in ampulla that is covered by an epithelium of hair cells and supporting cells

165
Q

cupula

A

gelatinous dome overlying the crista ampullaris and has stereocilia and kinocilia embed into it

166
Q

when the head rotates, the endolymph moves and ____ against the cupula and bends the ______

A

pushes; stereocilia

167
Q

hair cells within the ____ and the semicircular canals detect movement of endolymph

A

vestibule

168
Q

vestibular nuclei

A

projected by vestibular axons located in the superior medulla oblongata

169
Q

impulse travel destinations through vestibular sensation pathways (3-5)

A

impulses go to..

  1. spinal cord for muscle tone and balance
  2. brainstem for reflexive motor activities associated with eye movements and head and neck functions
  3. cerebellum, thalamus, and cerebral cortex
170
Q

cochlea

A

organ for hearing

171
Q

bony labyrinth surrounds the cochlear duct and is split into two chambers (2)

A
  1. scala vestibuli

2. scala tympani

172
Q

spiral organ

A

located within the cochlear duct and detects movement of endolymph

173
Q

spiral organ contains thick sensory epithelium including ___ ___ and __ ___

A

hair cells; supporting cells

174
Q

tectorial membrane

A

overlying gelatinous mass of spiral organ of which stereocilia of the hair cells project into

175
Q

soundwave pathway through the ear steps (5)

A
  1. sound waves enter ear and cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate
  2. tympanic membrane vibration moves auditory ossicles; sound waves are amplified
  3. stapes at the oval window generates pressure waves in the perilymph within the scala vestibuli
  4. pressure waves cause the vestibular membrane to move, resulting in pressure wave formation in the endolymph within the cochlear duct and displacement of a specific region of the basilar membrane. hair cells in the spiral organ are distorted, initiating a nerve signal in the cochlear branch of CN VIII.
  5. remaining pressure waves are transferred to the scala tympani and exit the inner ear via the round window.

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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