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Alyson Nguyen > BIO G220: Ch. 24 > Flashcards

BIO G220: Ch. 24 Flashcards

Terms and concept from Chapter 24: Lymphatic System

1
Q

functions of lymphatic system (4)

A
  1. return interstitial fluid back to the blood stream
  2. transport lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins into the bloodstream
  3. production and maturation of lymphocytes
  4. generates an immune response against antigens in the interstitial fluid
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2
Q

lymph

A

excess interstitial fluid and solutes that enter lymph vessels

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3
Q

the lymph network consists of increasingly larger..

A

vessels

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4
Q

lymph is returned to the..

A

blood-stream

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5
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

close-ended tubes that are found interspersed among most blood capillary beds

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6
Q

lymphatic capillaries resemble blood capillaries, but they have..

A

overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way valves

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7
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymph capillaries contained in the gastrointestinal tract

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8
Q

lacteals function to..

A

collect interstitial fluid as well as lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins

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9
Q

chyle

A

lymph collected from the GI system

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10
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

formed from merging lymphatic capillaries

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11
Q

lymphatic cells resembles venules in that they have components of all three ___ ___ and possess ____

A

vascular tunics; valves

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12
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels

A

bring lymph to a lymph node

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13
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

transport filtered lymph away from the lymph node

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14
Q

lymphatic trunks

A

left and ride; formed from merging lymphatic cessels

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15
Q

lymphatic trunk types (5)

A 
jugular
subclavian
bronchiomediastinal
intestinal
lumbar
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16
Q

jugular trunks drain..

A

head and neck

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17
Q

subclavian trunks drain..

A

upper limbs, vreasts, and superficial thoracic wall

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18
Q

bronchiomediastinal trunks drain..

A

deep thoracic structures

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19
Q

intestinal trunks drain..

A

most abdominal structures

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20
Q

lumbar trunks drain..

A

lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs

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21
Q

lymphatic ducts

A

formed from the fusion of lymphatic trunks

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22
Q

right lymphatic duct is located..

A

deep to the right clavicle

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23
Q

right lymphatic duct returns lymph from..

A

the right side of the head/neck, right upper limb, and right side of the thorax at the junction of the right subclavian and internal jugular veins

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24
Q

thoracic duct is the __ lymphatic vessel

A

largest

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25
Q

thoracic duct location

A

starting inferiorly to the diaphragm and passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm

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26
Q

thoracic duct begins as a rounded saclike structure called..

A

cisterna chyli

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27
Q

thoracic duct returns lymph from ________ into the junction between..

A

most of the body; the left subclavian and internal jugular veins

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28
Q

lymphatic cells (4)

A
  1. macrophages
  2. nurse cells
  3. dendritic cells
  4. lymphocytes
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29
Q

lymphocyte types (3)

A
  1. T-lymphocyte (T-cells)
  2. B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
  3. Natural killer (NK cells)
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30
Q

All three lymphocytes..

A

migrate through he lymphatic system and search for harmful antigens

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31
Q

T-cells make up about -% of body lymphoytes

A

70-85%

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32
Q

T-cells express a plasma membrane coreceptor ___ that can recognize a particular antigen

A

CD

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33
Q

types of T-cells (2)

A
  1. helper t-lymphocytes

2. cytotoxic t-lymphocytes

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34
Q

helper t-cells contain the __ coreceptor and are aka

A

CD4; CD4+ or T4

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35
Q

Each T4 responds to a ___ antigen

A

different

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36
Q

T4 cells inititate and oversee the immune response by secreting ____

A

cytokines

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37
Q

cytokines

A

molecules that activate other lymphatic cells

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38
Q

cytotoxic t-lymphocytes contain __ coreceptor and are aka

A

CD8+ cells or T8 cells; CD8

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39
Q

T8 cells come in __ ___ with infected and foreign cells and ___ them

A

direct contact; kill

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40
Q

T8 cells must be activated by ___ from helper t-cells

A

cytokines

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41
Q

helper t-cell mechanism (3 steps)

A
  1. helper t-cell recognizes antigen
  2. helper t-cell secretes cytokines and undergoes mitosis for more helper t-cells
  3. cytokines secreted initiate and control the immune response (b-lymphocytes, t-lymphocytes, macrophages)
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42
Q

cytotoxic t-cell mechanism (3 steps)

A
  1. in response to cytokines of helper t-cell, CD8 coreceptors in cytotoxic t-cells attach to a foreign cells and initiate process for cell death
  2. cytotoxic t-cell detaches from foreign cel
  3. foreign cells dies
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43
Q

B-lymphocytes make up about -% of body lymphocytes

A

15-30%

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44
Q

B-cells contain __ ___ to only 1 antigen and produce ___ or ___ against the same antigem

A

antigen receptors; immunoglobins; antibodies

45
Q

b-cells are activated by..

A

cytokines from helper t-cells

46
Q

activated b-cells becoem ___ ___ to produce and secrete large amounts of ___

A

plasma cells; antibodies

47
Q

some activated b-cells become ___ ___ and confer immunity to certain antigens for many years or a lifetime

A

memory b-cells

48
Q

b-cells mechanism (4 steps)

A
  1. helper t-cells secrete cytokines and presents an antigen to a b-cell
  2. b-cell divides, differentiating into plasma cells and memory b-cells
  3. plasma cells (short lived) secrete antibodies that immobilize the antigen. memory b-cells remain to protect against future attachs by the same antigen.
  4. if same antigen enters the body, memory b-cells divide to make more plasma cells and memory cells
49
Q

natural killer cels (NK) are also called…

A

large cranular lymphocytes

50
Q

NK cells are a ___ percentage of all lymphocytes

A

small

51
Q

NK express the __ receptors

A

CD16

52
Q

unlike t-cells and b-cells, NK cells can kill a ___ variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells

A

WIDE

53
Q

regulatory t-lymphocyte

A

helps ‘turn off’ the immune response once it has been activated

54
Q

lymphopoiesis

A

process of lymphocyte development

55
Q

final result of lymphopoiesis is that the lymphocyte becomes..

A

immunocompetent

56
Q

immunocompetent

A

cell can participate in the immune response

57
Q

all lymphocytes originate in the __ ___ ___ but their maturation sites differ

A

red bone marrow

58
Q

b-cells and NK cells mature in __ ___ ___, while t-cells mature in the ____

A

red bone marrow; thymus

59
Q

lymphatic nodules

A

oval clusters of lymphatic cells with some ECM but without a connective tissue capsule

60
Q

germinal center

A

center of nodule

61
Q

germinal center contains ____ in its germinal center and ____ outside the germinal center

A

proliferating b-cells and macrophages; t-cells

62
Q

lymphatic nodules function to..

A

filter and attack antigens

63
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

64
Q

MALT consists of..

A

lymphatic nodules located in the mucosa of the GI, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts

65
Q

MALT nodules function to..

A

monitor and respond to antigens that may enter the tracts

66
Q

MALT is very prominent in the ___; the nodules are called __ __

A

ileum; Peyer patches

67
Q

tonsils

A

large clusters of lymphatic cells and ECM that do not have a completed surrounded capsule

68
Q

tonsils are located..

A

mainly in the pharynx

69
Q

tonsils outer edges are invaginated to form __

A

crypts

70
Q

crypts

A

allow for trapping of antigens to be presented to the lymphocytes

71
Q

types of tonsils (3)

A
  1. pharyngeal
  2. palatine
  3. lingual
72
Q

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) location

A

posterosuperior wall of nasopharynx

73
Q

palatine tonsils location

A

posterolateral wall of oral cavity

74
Q

lingual tonsils location

A

posterior one-third of the tongue

75
Q

lymphatic organs

A

consists of lymphatic cells and ECM and is completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

76
Q

main lymphatic organs (3)

A

thymus
lymph nodes
spleen

77
Q

thymus

A

bilobed organ located superficial to the heart

78
Q

thymus consists of..

A

two fused thymic lobes divided into lobules

79
Q

each lobule of the thymus has an outer __ and and inner __

A

cortex; medulla

80
Q

thymus continues to grow until ___ and then begins to regress in size and function

A

puberty

81
Q

thymus is the site of..

A

t-cell differentiation and maturation

82
Q

cortex of thymus contains

A

immature t-cells

83
Q

medulla of thymus contains

A

mature t-cells

84
Q

in adulthood, t-cells can only be produced by ___ ___ and not by the ___ of new cells in the thymus

A

cell devision; maturation

85
Q

lymph nodes

A

small, round, or oval structures located along the pathway of lymph vessels

86
Q

lymph nodes are usually found in clusters ranging from - in diameter

A

1-25

87
Q

lymph node primary function

A

filter antigens from the lymph and initiate an immune response

88
Q

lymph node clusters (3)

A

axillary
inguinal
cervical

89
Q

lymph nodes are surrounded by a tough CT ____

A

capsule

90
Q

trabeculae of lymph nodes

A

internal extensions of the capsule projecting into the node

91
Q

lymphatic cells surround the ___ and lymphatic ____ provides a pathway for lymph flow

A

trabeculae; sinuses

92
Q

lymph node is divded into outer ___ and inner ___

A

cortex; medulla

93
Q

cortex of lymph nodes consists of nodules and sinuses called _____ ____

A

cortical sinuses

94
Q

medulla of lymph nodes contains __ ___ and ___ ___

A

medulllary cords; medullary sinuses

95
Q

afferent vessels deliver lymph to ___

A

nodes

96
Q

lymph exists nodes via ___ vessels at an indentation of the node called the ____

A

efferent; hilum

97
Q

spleen functions (4)

A
  1. initiates immune response when antigens are found in blood
  2. serves as a reservoir for erythrocytes and platelets
  3. phagocytizes old, defective erythrocytes and platelets
  4. phagocytizes bacteria and other foreign materials
98
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphatic organ in body

99
Q

splenic artery and splenic vein enter and leave the spleen via its ___

A

hilum

100
Q

spleen is surrounded by a dense irregular CT ___, which sends extensions called ___ into the organ

A

capsule; trabeculae

101
Q

trabecular vessels

A

branches of splenic arteries and veins that extend within the trabeculae

102
Q

cells around the trabecular in the spleen are subdivided into..

A

white pulp and red pulp

103
Q

red pulp surrounds each cluster of…

A

white pulp

104
Q

white pulp

A

associated with arterial supply and consists of t and b-cells and macrophages

105
Q

in the center of each cluster of the spleen is a..

A

central artery

106
Q

red pulp

A

associated with venous supply

107
Q

red pulp consists of __ ___ and ___ ___ that contain erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and some plasma cells

A

splenic cords; splenic sinusoids

108
Q

blood cells can easily enter and leave the blood stream in the spleen because the capillaries are..

A

sinusoidal

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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