BIOL G220: Ch. 28 Flashcards
Terms and concepts from Ch. 28: Reproductive System
1
Q
gonads
A
primary sex organs
2
Q
gonads in female
A
ovaries
3
Q
gonads in male
A
testes
4
Q
gonads produce sex cells called..
A
gametes
5
Q
gametes in females
A
oocytes
6
Q
gametes in males
A
sperm
7
Q
Both female and male reproductive systems have..
A
ducts to transport gametes from gonads to site of fertilization
8
Q
ovaries (f) and testes (m) share the common function of..
A
produces gametes and sex hormones
9
Q
clitoris (f) and glans of penis (m) share the common function of
A
containing autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate feelings of arousal and sexual climax
10
Q
labia majora (f) and scrotum (m) common function
A
protect and cover some reproductive structures
11
Q
vestibular glands (f) and bulbourethral glands (m) common function
A
secrete mucin for lubrication
12
Q
perineum
A
diamond-shaped region between the thighs, bounded by the pubic symphysis, ischeal tuberosities, and coccyx
13
Q
horizontal line extended between the __ ___ divides the perineum into two triangles
A
ischeal tuberosities
14
Q
triangles of perineum (2)
A
- urogenital triangle
2. anal triangle
15
Q
urogenital triangle
A
contains the urethral and vaginal orifices in females and the base of the penis and scrotum in males
16
Q
there are two major ___ that are formed from __ __ around the various pelvic organs in females
A
pouches; peritoneal folds
17
Q
peritoneal folds around pelvic organs (f) [2]
A
- vesicouterine pouch
2. rectouterine pouch
18
Q
vesicouterine pouch
A
the space between the uterus and the urinary bladder
19
Q
rectouterine pouch
A
space between the uterus and the rectum
20
Q
accessory sex organs (f) [5]
A
uterine tubes uterus vagina clitoris mammary glands
21
Q
ovaries
A
paired, oval organs, slightly larger than an almond
22
Q
ovaries are anchored within the pelvic cavity by several folds of _____
A
peritoneum
23
Q
folds of peritoneum of ovaries (4)
A
mesovarian
broad ligament
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament
24
Q
each ovary is surrounded by an epithelial layer of __ ___ __ called the __ ____
A
simple cuboidal cells; germinal epithelium
25
tunica albuginea
connective tissue capsule deep to the germinal epithelium
26
deep to the tunica albuginea, ovary can be divided into an outer __ and inner ___
cortex, medulla
27
the cortex of ovaries contain..
ovarian follicles
28
the medulla of ovaries contain.. (4)
CT, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
29
ovarian follicles consists of an __ surrounded by __ __
oocyte; follicle cells
30
there are several different __ of ovarian follicles, each representing a different stage of ____
types; development
31
ovarian follicle stages (6)
1. primordial follicle
2. primary follicle
3. secondary follicle
4. vesicular follicle (mature)
5. corpus luteum
6. corpus albicans
32
primordial follicles
most primitive type consisting of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells
33
primary follicles
consist of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells
34
secondary follicle
contains a primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, and a fluid-filled space called an antrum
35
antrum (secondary follicles)
contains serous fluid that increases in volume as ovulation nears
36
protective structures around primary oocyte (2)
1. zona pellucida
| 2. corona radiata
37
vesicular follicle
mature follicle or Graafian follicle
38
vesicular follicle contains oocyte surrounded by.. (4)
the zona pellucida and the corona radiata, an enlarged antrum, and many layers of follicle cells
39
following the rupture of the vesicular follicle and the explusion of the oocyte (ovulation), the remnants o the follicle (minus the oocyte) become..
the corpus luteum
40
corpus luteum
secretes progesterone and estrogen
41
progesterone and estrogen function (corpus luteum)
stimulate the growth of the uterine endometrium
42
corpus albicans
white connective tissue scar formed when the corpus luteum regresses
43
primordial follicle type of oocyte
primary oocyte
44
primordial follicle anatomic characteristics
single layer of flattened follicular cells surrounding an oocyte
45
primordial follicle time of first appearance
fetal period
46
primary follicle type of oocyte
primary oocyte
47
primary follicle anatomic characteristics
single or multiple layers of cuboidal granulosa cells surround an oocyte
48
puberty is the time of first appearance for which ovarian follicles/structures the develop in the ovary? (5)
primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans
49
secondary follicle type of oocyte
primary oocyte
50
secondary follicle anatomic characteristics
multiple layers of granulosa cells surround the oocyte and a very large antrum
51
mature follicle type of oocyte
secondary oocyte
52
mature follicle anatomic characteristics
many layers of granulosa cells surround the oocyte and a very large antrum
53
corpus luteum type of oocyte
no oocyte
54
corpus luteum anatomic characteristics
yellowish, collapsed folds of granulosa cells
55
corpus albicans type of oocyte
no oocyte
56
corpus albicans anatomic characteristics
whiteish connective tissue scar, remnant of a degenerated corpus luteum
57
When corpus luteum is present, there is a large increase and estrogen and progesterone causing a significant increase in ____
mentrual flow
58
Upon implantation of a fertilized egg, the ___ made through progesterone comes to exist and corpus luteum goes away. Materials will stay present at a result o the ___ to nourish the new embryo.
placenta; placenta
59
uterine tubes extend..
laterally from both sides of the uterus
60
The ____ oocyte is usually fertilized in the lateral part of the uterine tube
secondary
61
It usually takes the pre-embryo approximately _ days to travel the length of the uterine tube and reach the lumen of the uterus
3
62
uterine tubes are _-_ cm in length and covered by the ___, part of the broad ligament
10-12; mesoalpinx
63
regions of uterine tubes (4)
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
uterine part
64
infundibulum
lateral opening of the tube encircled by fingerlike projections called fimbriae
65
ampulla
expanded region medial to infundibulum where fertilization typically occurs
66
isthmus
medial to the ampulla and represents about one-third of entire length of uterine tube
67
uterine part (interstitial segment)
continuous with the uterus
68
uterine tube walls (3)
1. mucosa
2. muscularis
3. serosa
69
muscosa of uterine tube walls
ciliated columnar epithelial cells
70
muscularis of uterine tube walls
inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
71
serosa of uterine tube walls
external serous membrane covering uterine tube
72
uterus
pear-shaped, thick-walled muscular organ within the pelvic cavity
73
the uterus posses a lumen that is..
continuous with the uterine tubes superolaterally and to the vagina inferiorly
74
anteverted
angled anterosuperiorly across the superior surface of the urinary bladder
75
retroverted
positioned posterosuperiorly (projecting toward the rectum)
76
uterus functions (3)
site of implantation
supports and protects the developing embryo/fetus
ejects the fetus during labor
77
uterus regions (4)
1. fundus
2. body
3. isthmus
4. cervix
78
support of the uterus (4)
muscles of pelvic floor
round ligaments
transverse cervical ligaments
uterosacral ligaments
79
weakness of uterus support can result in ___, in which the uterus protrudes through the vagina
prolapse
80
transverse cervical ligaments AKA
cardinal ligaments
81
uterosacral ligaments AKA
sacrocervical ligaments
82
uterine arteries
branches from the internal iliac arteries supplying the uterus
83
uterus wall layers (3)
1. perimetrium
2. myometrium
3. endometrium
84
perimetrium of uterus
outermost layer; composed of serosa
85
myometrium of uterus
thick, middle tunic composed of smotoh muscle
86
endometrium of uterus
mucosa composed of a simple columnar epithelium and an underlying lamina propria
87
lamina propria of the uterus endometrium is filled with ___, which enlarge during the uterine cycle
uterine glands
88
layers of uterus endometrium
1. basal layer (stratum basalis)
| 2. functional layer (stratum fucntionalis)
89
basal layer of endometrium (stratum basalis)
deeper layer immediately adjacent to the myometrium; undergoes little change during the uterine cycle
90
functional layer (stratum functional)
changes thickness during the uterine cycle and is shed as menses
91
uterine (menstrual) cycle and menstruation phases is...
under the influence of estrogen and progesterone secreted by the ovary
92
three phases of uterine (mentrual) cycle and menstruation
1. menstrual phase
2. proliferative phase
3. secretory phase
93
During days 1-5, the ovarian cycle phase is the ___ phase while the uterine cycle phase is the ___ phase
follicular phase; menstrual phase
94
During days 6-13, the ovarian cycle phase is the ___ phase, while the uterine cycle phase is the ___ phase
follicular; proliferative
95
during day 14, the ovarian cycle is at ____ while the uterine cycle is at the ___ phase
ovulation; proliferative phase
96
During 15-28, the ovarian cycle phase is the __ phase, while the uterine cycle phase is the ___ phase
luteal; secretory
97
vagina
fibromuscular tube about 10 cm in length that connects the uterus to the outside of the body
98
the vagina has a thin, distensible wall consists of three tunics called..
inner mucosa
middle muscularis
outer adventitia
99
mucosa of vagina
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium and a highly vascular lamina propria
100
vaginal orifice
opening of the vagina
101
hymen
membranous barrier made of the folds of the mucosa preventing entry of bacteria prior to period of sexual activity
102
external genitalia of the female is AKA
vulva
103
mons pubis
expanse of skin and subcutaneous CT immediately anterior to the pubic symphysis
104
labia majora
paired, thickened folds of skin, covered with hair, possessing sebaceous and sweat glands
105
labia minora
paired folds medial to the labia majora, devoid of hair, and are highly vascularized with numerous melanocytes
106
vestibula
space between the labia minora
107
within the vestibule reside the ___ ___ and the __ ___
urethral opening; vaginal orifice
108
also within the vesitbule are a pair of __ ___ ____
greater vestibular glands
109
clitoris
small, erectile body, located superior to the urethral opening
110
corpora cavernosa
two small erectile bodies forming the body of the clitoris
111
glans (f)
cap the body of the clitoris
112
prepuce
external fold of labia minora that formed a hoodlike covering over the clitoris
113
mammary gland (breast) functions to..
produce and secrete breast milk that contains a complex mixture of proteins, fats, and a sugar for nutrition to infants
114
nipple
cylindrical projection on the center of the breast containing multiple openings from internal secretory ducts
115
areola
pinkish/brown pigmented ring of skin that surrounds the nipple
116
mammary glands are divided into __, which are further divded into __
lobes; lobules
117
lobules contain secretory units called ___ that produce milk
alveoli
118
lactiferous ducts
where milk produced by the alveoli drains into
119
lactiferous sinuses
expansions of the ducts as they approach the nipple
120
suspensory ligaments
broad bands of connective tissue that support the mammary gland by attaching the skin of the gland to the deep overlying fascia of the pectoralis major
121
male primary sex organs
testes
122
male accessory sex organs
complex set of ducts and tubles leading from the testes to the penis
123
the penis is the organ of..
copulation
124
scrotum
skin-covered sac that provides the testes with a cooler environment than body temperature
125
sperm develop successfuly at approximately _ degrees celsius __ body temperature
3; normal
126
The scrotum is homologous to the __ ____ in the female
labia majora
127
raphe
separates the two scrotal sacs
128
dartos muscle
layer of smooth muscle that is part of the wall of the scrotum
129
spermatic cord
originates at the inguinal canal
130
spermatic cord consists of .. (4)
1. testicular artery
2. pampiniform plexus
3. cremaster muscle and fascia
4. autonomic nerves
131
testicular artery
branch of the abdominal aorta
132
pampiniform plexus
network of veins surrounding the testicular artery
133
cremaster muscle and fascia
formed from muscle and fiber extensions of the internal oblique muscle
134
autonomic nerves
travel with plexus and connect to the testes
135
testes
oval organs within the scrotum
136
testes function
production of sperm and secretion of androgens, such as testosterone
137
each tesis is covered anteriorly and laterally by a serous membrane called..
tunica vaginalis
138
tunica vaginalis has an outer ___ ___ and an inner __ __
parietal layer; visceral layer
139
tunica albuginea
located just deep to the visceral layer, a thick, whitish fibrous capsule covering the testis
140
tunica albuginea projects into the interior of the testis as the __ ___
mediastinum testis
141
mediastinum testis has..
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and some nerves entering and leaving the testis
142
tunica albuginea projects internally into the testes to form the..
septa
143
the septa of the testes subdivide to form about 250 ____
lobules
144
each lobule of the teses contains four convoluted __ ___
seminiferous tubules
145
seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells (2)
1. sustentacular cells
| 2. a population of dividing germ cells that continuously produce sperm beginning at puberty
146
sustentacular cells
nondividing support cells that assist with sperm development; connected to each other by tight junctions and form the blood-testis barrier
147
The space surrounding the semiiferous tubules are caleld the ____ ____
interstitial spaces
148
interstitial cells
reside in the interstitial spaces and produces hormones called androgens
149
ducts of male reproductive system (6)
```
rete testis
efferent ductules
epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
```
150
rete testis
receive sperm from seminiferous tubules
151
efferent ductules
connect the rete testis to the epididymis
152
epididymis
situated on the posterosuperior surface of the testes, consisting of the head, body, and tail in addition to a long convoluted duct of the epididymis
153
epididymis stores..
sperm and serves in the maturation process of sperm
154
ductus deferens (vas deferens)
sperm leaving the epididymis
155
the ductus deferens travels within the __ __ and enters the pelvic cavity through the __ ___
spermatic cord; inguinal canal
156
as the ducuts deferens approaches the prostate gland, it enlarges to form the..
ampulla
157
the ampulla unites with the proximal portion of the seminal vesicle to form the __ ___
ejaculatory duct
158
ejaculatory duct
formed by a uniting of the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle
159
ejaculatory ducts conducts sperm from the ___ ___ to the prostatic urethra
ductus deferens
160
ejaculatory ducts is located within the substance of the __ ___ between 1-2 cm long
prostate gland
161
urethra (male)
transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to the outside of the body
162
male urethra subdivisions
1. prostatic urethra
2. membranous urethra
3. spongy urethra
163
in males, there are three glands that secretes fluids to mix with sperm to create __ __
seminal fluid
164
seminal fluid
nourish the sperm and neutralize the acidity of the vagina
165
glands that help create seminal fluid (3)
1. seminal vesicles
2. prostate gland
3. bulbourethral glands
166
seminal vesicles
located on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens, it secretes a viscous, whitish-yellow, alkaline fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins
167
prostate gland
located immediately inferior to the urinary bladder, it produces substances that are secreted directly into the prostatic urethra
168
prostatic secretion is slightly ___
acidic
169
bulbourethral glands
located in the urogenital diaphragm on either side of membranous urethra; secrete mucin which enter the spongy urethra at the base of the penis
170
semen
seminal fluid in combination with sperm
171
ejaculate
semen released during intercourse
172
semen contains __ - ___ million sperm
200-500
173
penis and scrotum form the ___ ___ of males
external genitalia
174
root
attached portion of the penis
175
the root forms both the ___ and the ___ of the penis
bulb; crura
176
body (shaft)
elongated portion o the penis
177
glans (m)
tip of the penis
178
glans of penis surrounds the..
external urethral orifice
179
the shaft of the penis contains three parallel, cylindrical erectile bodies...
1. paired corpora cavernosa
2. single corpus spongiosum
3. distal end of the corpus spongiosum
180
The erectile bodies of the penis are composed of __ ___, which fill with blood from a ventral artery to produce an ___
venous spaces; artery
181
___ innervation is responsible for penile erection
parasympathetic
182
ejaculation
the expelling of semen from the penis, in part, by the rhythmic contraction of the smooth muscle of the urethra
183
___ innervation is responsible for ejaculation
sympathetic
184
prostatic secretion contains.. (4)
mucin
citric acid (nutrient for sperm)
seminalplasmin (antibacterial)
prostatic-specific antigen (PSA, an enzyme that helps liquify semen)
