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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 28 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 28 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 28: Reproductive System

1
Q

gonads

A

primary sex organs

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2
Q

gonads in female

A

ovaries

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3
Q

gonads in male

A

testes

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4
Q

gonads produce sex cells called..

A

gametes

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5
Q

gametes in females

A

oocytes

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6
Q

gametes in males

A

sperm

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7
Q

Both female and male reproductive systems have..

A

ducts to transport gametes from gonads to site of fertilization

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8
Q

ovaries (f) and testes (m) share the common function of..

A

produces gametes and sex hormones

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9
Q

clitoris (f) and glans of penis (m) share the common function of

A

containing autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate feelings of arousal and sexual climax

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10
Q

labia majora (f) and scrotum (m) common function

A

protect and cover some reproductive structures

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11
Q

vestibular glands (f) and bulbourethral glands (m) common function

A

secrete mucin for lubrication

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12
Q

perineum

A

diamond-shaped region between the thighs, bounded by the pubic symphysis, ischeal tuberosities, and coccyx

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13
Q

horizontal line extended between the __ ___ divides the perineum into two triangles

A

ischeal tuberosities

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14
Q

triangles of perineum (2)

A
  1. urogenital triangle

2. anal triangle

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15
Q

urogenital triangle

A

contains the urethral and vaginal orifices in females and the base of the penis and scrotum in males

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16
Q

there are two major ___ that are formed from __ __ around the various pelvic organs in females

A

pouches; peritoneal folds

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17
Q

peritoneal folds around pelvic organs (f) [2]

A
  1. vesicouterine pouch

2. rectouterine pouch

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18
Q

vesicouterine pouch

A

the space between the uterus and the urinary bladder

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19
Q

rectouterine pouch

A

space between the uterus and the rectum

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20
Q

accessory sex organs (f) [5]

A 
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
clitoris
mammary glands
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21
Q

ovaries

A

paired, oval organs, slightly larger than an almond

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22
Q

ovaries are anchored within the pelvic cavity by several folds of _____

A

peritoneum

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23
Q

folds of peritoneum of ovaries (4)

A

mesovarian
broad ligament
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament

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24
Q

each ovary is surrounded by an epithelial layer of __ ___ __ called the __ ____

A

simple cuboidal cells; germinal epithelium

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25
Q

tunica albuginea

A

connective tissue capsule deep to the germinal epithelium

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26
Q

deep to the tunica albuginea, ovary can be divided into an outer __ and inner ___

A

cortex, medulla

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27
Q

the cortex of ovaries contain..

A

ovarian follicles

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28
Q

the medulla of ovaries contain.. (4)

A

CT, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

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29
Q

ovarian follicles consists of an __ surrounded by __ __

A

oocyte; follicle cells

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30
Q

there are several different __ of ovarian follicles, each representing a different stage of ____

A

types; development

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31
Q

ovarian follicle stages (6)

A
  1. primordial follicle
  2. primary follicle
  3. secondary follicle
  4. vesicular follicle (mature)
  5. corpus luteum
  6. corpus albicans
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32
Q

primordial follicles

A

most primitive type consisting of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells

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33
Q

primary follicles

A

consist of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells

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34
Q

secondary follicle

A

contains a primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, and a fluid-filled space called an antrum

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35
Q

antrum (secondary follicles)

A

contains serous fluid that increases in volume as ovulation nears

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36
Q

protective structures around primary oocyte (2)

A
  1. zona pellucida

2. corona radiata

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37
Q

vesicular follicle

A

mature follicle or Graafian follicle

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38
Q

vesicular follicle contains oocyte surrounded by.. (4)

A

the zona pellucida and the corona radiata, an enlarged antrum, and many layers of follicle cells

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39
Q

following the rupture of the vesicular follicle and the explusion of the oocyte (ovulation), the remnants o the follicle (minus the oocyte) become..

A

the corpus luteum

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40
Q

corpus luteum

A

secretes progesterone and estrogen

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41
Q

progesterone and estrogen function (corpus luteum)

A

stimulate the growth of the uterine endometrium

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42
Q

corpus albicans

A

white connective tissue scar formed when the corpus luteum regresses

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43
Q

primordial follicle type of oocyte

A

primary oocyte

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44
Q

primordial follicle anatomic characteristics

A

single layer of flattened follicular cells surrounding an oocyte

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45
Q

primordial follicle time of first appearance

A

fetal period

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46
Q

primary follicle type of oocyte

A

primary oocyte

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47
Q

primary follicle anatomic characteristics

A

single or multiple layers of cuboidal granulosa cells surround an oocyte

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48
Q

puberty is the time of first appearance for which ovarian follicles/structures the develop in the ovary? (5)

A

primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans

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49
Q

secondary follicle type of oocyte

A

primary oocyte

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50
Q

secondary follicle anatomic characteristics

A

multiple layers of granulosa cells surround the oocyte and a very large antrum

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51
Q

mature follicle type of oocyte

A

secondary oocyte

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52
Q

mature follicle anatomic characteristics

A

many layers of granulosa cells surround the oocyte and a very large antrum

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53
Q

corpus luteum type of oocyte

A

no oocyte

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54
Q

corpus luteum anatomic characteristics

A

yellowish, collapsed folds of granulosa cells

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55
Q

corpus albicans type of oocyte

A

no oocyte

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56
Q

corpus albicans anatomic characteristics

A

whiteish connective tissue scar, remnant of a degenerated corpus luteum

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57
Q

When corpus luteum is present, there is a large increase and estrogen and progesterone causing a significant increase in ____

A

mentrual flow

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58
Q

Upon implantation of a fertilized egg, the ___ made through progesterone comes to exist and corpus luteum goes away. Materials will stay present at a result o the ___ to nourish the new embryo.

A

placenta; placenta

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59
Q

uterine tubes extend..

A

laterally from both sides of the uterus

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60
Q

The ____ oocyte is usually fertilized in the lateral part of the uterine tube

A

secondary

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61
Q

It usually takes the pre-embryo approximately _ days to travel the length of the uterine tube and reach the lumen of the uterus

A

3

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62
Q

uterine tubes are - cm in length and covered by the ___, part of the broad ligament

A

10-12; mesoalpinx

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63
Q

regions of uterine tubes (4)

A

infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
uterine part

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64
Q

infundibulum

A

lateral opening of the tube encircled by fingerlike projections called fimbriae

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65
Q

ampulla

A

expanded region medial to infundibulum where fertilization typically occurs

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66
Q

isthmus

A

medial to the ampulla and represents about one-third of entire length of uterine tube

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67
Q

uterine part (interstitial segment)

A

continuous with the uterus

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68
Q

uterine tube walls (3)

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis
  3. serosa
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69
Q

muscosa of uterine tube walls

A

ciliated columnar epithelial cells

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70
Q

muscularis of uterine tube walls

A

inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

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71
Q

serosa of uterine tube walls

A

external serous membrane covering uterine tube

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72
Q

uterus

A

pear-shaped, thick-walled muscular organ within the pelvic cavity

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73
Q

the uterus posses a lumen that is..

A

continuous with the uterine tubes superolaterally and to the vagina inferiorly

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74
Q

anteverted

A

angled anterosuperiorly across the superior surface of the urinary bladder

75
Q

retroverted

A

positioned posterosuperiorly (projecting toward the rectum)

76
Q

uterus functions (3)

A

site of implantation
supports and protects the developing embryo/fetus
ejects the fetus during labor

77
Q

uterus regions (4)

A
  1. fundus
  2. body
  3. isthmus
  4. cervix
78
Q

support of the uterus (4)

A

muscles of pelvic floor
round ligaments
transverse cervical ligaments
uterosacral ligaments

79
Q

weakness of uterus support can result in ___, in which the uterus protrudes through the vagina

A

prolapse

80
Q

transverse cervical ligaments AKA

A

cardinal ligaments

81
Q

uterosacral ligaments AKA

A

sacrocervical ligaments

82
Q

uterine arteries

A

branches from the internal iliac arteries supplying the uterus

83
Q

uterus wall layers (3)

A
  1. perimetrium
  2. myometrium
  3. endometrium
84
Q

perimetrium of uterus

A

outermost layer; composed of serosa

85
Q

myometrium of uterus

A

thick, middle tunic composed of smotoh muscle

86
Q

endometrium of uterus

A

mucosa composed of a simple columnar epithelium and an underlying lamina propria

87
Q

lamina propria of the uterus endometrium is filled with ___, which enlarge during the uterine cycle

A

uterine glands

88
Q

layers of uterus endometrium

A
  1. basal layer (stratum basalis)

2. functional layer (stratum fucntionalis)

89
Q

basal layer of endometrium (stratum basalis)

A

deeper layer immediately adjacent to the myometrium; undergoes little change during the uterine cycle

90
Q

functional layer (stratum functional)

A

changes thickness during the uterine cycle and is shed as menses

91
Q

uterine (menstrual) cycle and menstruation phases is…

A

under the influence of estrogen and progesterone secreted by the ovary

92
Q

three phases of uterine (mentrual) cycle and menstruation

A
  1. menstrual phase
  2. proliferative phase
  3. secretory phase
93
Q

During days 1-5, the ovarian cycle phase is the ___ phase while the uterine cycle phase is the ___ phase

A

follicular phase; menstrual phase

94
Q

During days 6-13, the ovarian cycle phase is the ___ phase, while the uterine cycle phase is the ___ phase

A

follicular; proliferative

95
Q

during day 14, the ovarian cycle is at ____ while the uterine cycle is at the ___ phase

A

ovulation; proliferative phase

96
Q

During 15-28, the ovarian cycle phase is the __ phase, while the uterine cycle phase is the ___ phase

A

luteal; secretory

97
Q

vagina

A

fibromuscular tube about 10 cm in length that connects the uterus to the outside of the body

98
Q

the vagina has a thin, distensible wall consists of three tunics called..

A

inner mucosa
middle muscularis
outer adventitia

99
Q

mucosa of vagina

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium and a highly vascular lamina propria

100
Q

vaginal orifice

A

opening of the vagina

101
Q

hymen

A

membranous barrier made of the folds of the mucosa preventing entry of bacteria prior to period of sexual activity

102
Q

external genitalia of the female is AKA

A

vulva

103
Q

mons pubis

A

expanse of skin and subcutaneous CT immediately anterior to the pubic symphysis

104
Q

labia majora

A

paired, thickened folds of skin, covered with hair, possessing sebaceous and sweat glands

105
Q

labia minora

A

paired folds medial to the labia majora, devoid of hair, and are highly vascularized with numerous melanocytes

106
Q

vestibula

A

space between the labia minora

107
Q

within the vestibule reside the ___ ___ and the __ ___

A

urethral opening; vaginal orifice

108
Q

also within the vesitbule are a pair of __ ___ ____

A

greater vestibular glands

109
Q

clitoris

A

small, erectile body, located superior to the urethral opening

110
Q

corpora cavernosa

A

two small erectile bodies forming the body of the clitoris

111
Q

glans (f)

A

cap the body of the clitoris

112
Q

prepuce

A

external fold of labia minora that formed a hoodlike covering over the clitoris

113
Q

mammary gland (breast) functions to..

A

produce and secrete breast milk that contains a complex mixture of proteins, fats, and a sugar for nutrition to infants

114
Q

nipple

A

cylindrical projection on the center of the breast containing multiple openings from internal secretory ducts

115
Q

areola

A

pinkish/brown pigmented ring of skin that surrounds the nipple

116
Q

mammary glands are divided into __, which are further divded into __

A

lobes; lobules

117
Q

lobules contain secretory units called ___ that produce milk

A

alveoli

118
Q

lactiferous ducts

A

where milk produced by the alveoli drains into

119
Q

lactiferous sinuses

A

expansions of the ducts as they approach the nipple

120
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

broad bands of connective tissue that support the mammary gland by attaching the skin of the gland to the deep overlying fascia of the pectoralis major

121
Q

male primary sex organs

A

testes

122
Q

male accessory sex organs

A

complex set of ducts and tubles leading from the testes to the penis

123
Q

the penis is the organ of..

A

copulation

124
Q

scrotum

A

skin-covered sac that provides the testes with a cooler environment than body temperature

125
Q

sperm develop successfuly at approximately _ degrees celsius __ body temperature

A

3; normal

126
Q

The scrotum is homologous to the __ ____ in the female

A

labia majora

127
Q

raphe

A

separates the two scrotal sacs

128
Q

dartos muscle

A

layer of smooth muscle that is part of the wall of the scrotum

129
Q

spermatic cord

A

originates at the inguinal canal

130
Q

spermatic cord consists of .. (4)

A
  1. testicular artery
  2. pampiniform plexus
  3. cremaster muscle and fascia
  4. autonomic nerves
131
Q

testicular artery

A

branch of the abdominal aorta

132
Q

pampiniform plexus

A

network of veins surrounding the testicular artery

133
Q

cremaster muscle and fascia

A

formed from muscle and fiber extensions of the internal oblique muscle

134
Q

autonomic nerves

A

travel with plexus and connect to the testes

135
Q

testes

A

oval organs within the scrotum

136
Q

testes function

A

production of sperm and secretion of androgens, such as testosterone

137
Q

each tesis is covered anteriorly and laterally by a serous membrane called..

A

tunica vaginalis

138
Q

tunica vaginalis has an outer ___ ___ and an inner __ __

A

parietal layer; visceral layer

139
Q

tunica albuginea

A

located just deep to the visceral layer, a thick, whitish fibrous capsule covering the testis

140
Q

tunica albuginea projects into the interior of the testis as the __ ___

A

mediastinum testis

141
Q

mediastinum testis has..

A

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and some nerves entering and leaving the testis

142
Q

tunica albuginea projects internally into the testes to form the..

A

septa

143
Q

the septa of the testes subdivide to form about 250 ____

A

lobules

144
Q

each lobule of the teses contains four convoluted __ ___

A

seminiferous tubules

145
Q

seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells (2)

A
  1. sustentacular cells

2. a population of dividing germ cells that continuously produce sperm beginning at puberty

146
Q

sustentacular cells

A

nondividing support cells that assist with sperm development; connected to each other by tight junctions and form the blood-testis barrier

147
Q

The space surrounding the semiiferous tubules are caleld the ____ ____

A

interstitial spaces

148
Q

interstitial cells

A

reside in the interstitial spaces and produces hormones called androgens

149
Q

ducts of male reproductive system (6)

A 
rete testis
efferent ductules 
epididymis 
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
150
Q

rete testis

A

receive sperm from seminiferous tubules

151
Q

efferent ductules

A

connect the rete testis to the epididymis

152
Q

epididymis

A

situated on the posterosuperior surface of the testes, consisting of the head, body, and tail in addition to a long convoluted duct of the epididymis

153
Q

epididymis stores..

A

sperm and serves in the maturation process of sperm

154
Q

ductus deferens (vas deferens)

A

sperm leaving the epididymis

155
Q

the ductus deferens travels within the __ __ and enters the pelvic cavity through the __ ___

A

spermatic cord; inguinal canal

156
Q

as the ducuts deferens approaches the prostate gland, it enlarges to form the..

A

ampulla

157
Q

the ampulla unites with the proximal portion of the seminal vesicle to form the __ ___

A

ejaculatory duct

158
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

formed by a uniting of the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle

159
Q

ejaculatory ducts conducts sperm from the ___ ___ to the prostatic urethra

A

ductus deferens

160
Q

ejaculatory ducts is located within the substance of the __ ___ between 1-2 cm long

A

prostate gland

161
Q

urethra (male)

A

transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to the outside of the body

162
Q

male urethra subdivisions

A
  1. prostatic urethra
  2. membranous urethra
  3. spongy urethra
163
Q

in males, there are three glands that secretes fluids to mix with sperm to create __ __

A

seminal fluid

164
Q

seminal fluid

A

nourish the sperm and neutralize the acidity of the vagina

165
Q

glands that help create seminal fluid (3)

A
  1. seminal vesicles
  2. prostate gland
  3. bulbourethral glands
166
Q

seminal vesicles

A

located on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens, it secretes a viscous, whitish-yellow, alkaline fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins

167
Q

prostate gland

A

located immediately inferior to the urinary bladder, it produces substances that are secreted directly into the prostatic urethra

168
Q

prostatic secretion is slightly ___

A

acidic

169
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

located in the urogenital diaphragm on either side of membranous urethra; secrete mucin which enter the spongy urethra at the base of the penis

170
Q

semen

A

seminal fluid in combination with sperm

171
Q

ejaculate

A

semen released during intercourse

172
Q

semen contains __ - ___ million sperm

A

200-500

173
Q

penis and scrotum form the ___ ___ of males

A

external genitalia

174
Q

root

A

attached portion of the penis

175
Q

the root forms both the ___ and the ___ of the penis

A

bulb; crura

176
Q

body (shaft)

A

elongated portion o the penis

177
Q

glans (m)

A

tip of the penis

178
Q

glans of penis surrounds the..

A

external urethral orifice

179
Q

the shaft of the penis contains three parallel, cylindrical erectile bodies…

A
  1. paired corpora cavernosa
  2. single corpus spongiosum
  3. distal end of the corpus spongiosum
180
Q

The erectile bodies of the penis are composed of __ ___, which fill with blood from a ventral artery to produce an ___

A

venous spaces; artery

181
Q

___ innervation is responsible for penile erection

A

parasympathetic

182
Q

ejaculation

A

the expelling of semen from the penis, in part, by the rhythmic contraction of the smooth muscle of the urethra

183
Q

___ innervation is responsible for ejaculation

A

sympathetic

184
Q

prostatic secretion contains.. (4)

A

mucin
citric acid (nutrient for sperm)
seminalplasmin (antibacterial)
prostatic-specific antigen (PSA, an enzyme that helps liquify semen)

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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