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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL 220: Ch. 6 > Flashcards

BIOL 220: Ch. 6 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch 6: Characteristics of Bones (Lecture 5) Axial (Ch. 7) Appendicular Skeleton (Ch. 8)

1
Q

skeletal system

A

organ system with tissues that grow and change throughout life

  • bones
  • cartilages
  • ligaments
  • other supportive connective tissues
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2
Q

cartilage

A

semirigid connective tissue

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3
Q

cartilage is more ____ than bone, but more flexible and resilient

A

weaker

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4
Q

mature cartilage is

A

avascular

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5
Q

cells of cartilage

A

chondroblasts

chondrocytes

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6
Q

chondroblasts

A

produce matrix

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7
Q

chondrocytes

A

surrounded by matrix

occupy small spaces around lacunae

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8
Q

distribution of cartilage: hyaline

A

where bones touches bone (articulations)

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9
Q

distribution of cartilage: elastic

A

cartilage in ear

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10
Q

distribution of cartilage: fibrocartilage

A

vertebra, pubic symphisis

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11
Q

functions of cartilage (3)

A

supporting soft tissues (i.e. airways in respiratory system and auricle of ear)
gliding surface at articulations (i.e. smooth surfaces where bones meet)
precursor model for bone growth

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12
Q

growth patterns of cartilage (2)

A

interstitial growth

appositional growth

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13
Q

interstitial growth (cartilage)

A

from within the cartilage

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14
Q

appositional growth (cartilage)

A

along the cartilage periphery

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15
Q

interstitial growth steps (5)

A
  1. mitosis of chondrocytes in lacunae
  2. forms two chondroblasts per lacuna
  3. each synthesize and secrete new matrix
  4. new matrix separates the cells, now called chondrocytes
  5. results: larger piece of cartilage, newest cartilage on the inside
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16
Q

appositional growth steps (4)

A
  1. mitosis of stem cells in perichondrium
  2. adds chondroblasts to periphery
  3. produce matrix, become chondrocytes in lacunae
  4. results: larger piece of cartilage, newest cartilage on outside edges
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17
Q

perichondrium

A

outer border of cartilage

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18
Q

bone

A

complex organs containing all four tissue types

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19
Q

bone tissue is primarily

A

bone connective tissue

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20
Q

the ECM of bone is sturdy and rigid due to

A

deposition of minerals (calcification)

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21
Q

functions of bone (4)

A
  1. support and protection
  2. movement
  3. hemopoiesis
  4. storage of mineral and energy reserves
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22
Q

classification of bones (4)

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

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23
Q

long bones

A

greater length than width

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24
Q

short bones

A

nearly equal length and width

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25
Q

flat bones

A

thin surfaces

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26
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shapes

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27
Q

General structures and gross anatomy of long bones compose of the terms.. (7)

A 
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
articular cartilage
medullary cavity
endosteum
periosteum
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28
Q

diaphysis

A

elongated, cylindrical shaft

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29
Q

epiphysis

A

knobby, enlargd regions at each end
strengthens joints
attachment site for tendons and ligaments

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30
Q

metaphysis

A 
region between diaphysis and epiphysis 
contains epiphyseal (growth) plate
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31
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis

reduces friction and absorbs shock in moveable joints

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32
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis

contains yellow bone marrow in adults

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33
Q

endosteum

A

covers most internal surfaces of bones

contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

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34
Q

periosteum

A

dense irregular connective tissue
overs external surfaces of bones (EXCEPT articular cartilage)
anchored by perforating fibers embedded in the bone matrix
acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves
contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

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35
Q

perforating fibers

A

anchors periosteum and embedded in bone matrix

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36
Q

cells of bone (4)

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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37
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

mesenchymal stem cells found in endosteum and periosteum; can produce more stem cells or osteoblasts

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38
Q

osteoblasts

A

form bone matrix

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39
Q

osteocytes

A

reside in lacunae; maintain matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone

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40
Q

osteoclasts

A

large, multinucleate cells that dissolve bones matrix, releasing Ca++

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41
Q

the bone matrix is composed of…

A 
organic components (1/3 matrix)
inorganic components  (2/3 matrix)
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42
Q

organic components in bone matrix

A

cells, collagen fibers, ground substance

43
Q

inorganic components in bone matrix

A

hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide)

44
Q

two types of bone

A

compact

spongy

45
Q

compact bone

A

solid and relatively dense

external surfaces of long and flat bones

46
Q

spongy bone

A

trabeculae

internal surface of bones

47
Q

trabeculae

A

open lattice of narrow plates found in spongy bone

48
Q

flat bones within the skull

A

two layers of compact bone, with spongy bone sandwiched between

49
Q

the basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone is the..

50
Q

osteon is aka

A

haversian system

51
Q

osteon

A

cylindrical structures running parallel to the diaphysis

52
Q

microscopic anatomical structures of compact bones (7)

A 
central canal
concentric lamellae
osteocytes 
canaliculi
perforating canals
circumferential lamellae
interstitial lamellae
53
Q

central canal

A

center of osteon; carries blood vessels and nerves

54
Q

concentric lamellae

A

rings of bone around central canal

55
Q

osteocytes

A

housed in lacunae between concentric lamellae

56
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny, interconnecting channels within bone that extend between lacunae
allows osteocytes to connect and communicate

57
Q

perforating canals

A

run perpendicular to and help connect multiple central canals
passageways for blood vessels and nerves

58
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum or internal to the endosteum
run the entire circumference of the bone

59
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed

60
Q

microscopic anatomy of spongy bones (2)

A

no osteons

trabecular contains parallel lamellae

61
Q

ossification

A

the formation and development of bone

62
Q

two patterns of ossification

A

intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification

63
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

develops from mesenchyme

produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and central portion of clavicle

64
Q

endochondral ossification

A

begins with hyaline cartilage model

produces majority of bones in the body

65
Q

intramembranous ossification steps (4)

A
  1. ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme
  2. osteoid undergoes calcification
  3. woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
  4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form
66
Q

osteoid

A

progenitor matrix that will end up making bone

67
Q

woven bone

A

a step of intramembranous ossification

68
Q

lamellar bone

A

compact + spongy bone

69
Q

endochondral ossification steps (6)

A
  1. the fetal hyaline cartilage model develops
  2. cartilage calcifies and a periosteal bone collar forms
  3. the primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis
  4. secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis
  5. bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
  6. epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
70
Q

Why do we want growth to continue in the diaphysis?

A

Bones need to continue growing lengthwise from the inside because we want growth to a longer bone without disrupting the end of the bone where the joints are occurring.

71
Q

Growth of bone (2)

A

interstitial growth

appositional growth

72
Q

interstitial growth (bone)

A

a long bone’s growth in length, occurring in the epiphyseal plate

73
Q

appositional growth (bone)

A

growth in a bone’s diameter, occurring in the periosteum

osteoclasts will consume old bone to allow the diameter of the medullary cavity to grow

74
Q

major sets of blood vessels and innervation in bone (4)

A
  1. nutrient artery and vein
  2. metaphyseal arteries and veins
  3. epiphyseal arterties and veins
  4. periosteal arteries and veins
75
Q

nutrient artery and vein

A

supply the diaphysis of a long bone; usually just one nutrient artery and vein per bone

76
Q

metaphyseal arteries and veins

A

supply the diahyseal sie of the epihyseal plate

77
Q

epiphyseal arteries and veins

A

supply the epihysis

78
Q

periosteal arteries and veins

A

supply blood to the external circumferential lamellae and superficial osteons

79
Q

nerves accompany blood vessels through the…

A

nutrient foramen

80
Q

bone markings general structures include

A

articulating surfaces
depressions
projections for tendon and ligament attachment
openings and spaces

81
Q

articulating surfacestypes (4)

A

condyle
fact
head
trochlea

82
Q

depression types (3)

A

alveolus
fossa
sulcus

83
Q

projections for tendon and ligament attachment types (9)

A 
crest
epicondyle
line
process
ramus
spine
trochanter
tubercle
tuberosity
84
Q

opening and spaces types (4)

A

canal
fissure
foramen
sinus

85
Q

condyle

A

large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure

86
Q

facet

A

small, flat, shallow articulating surface

87
Q

head

A

prominent, rounded epihysis

88
Q

trochlea

A

smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process

89
Q

alveolus

A

deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible

90
Q

fossa

A

flattened or shallow depression

91
Q

sulcus

A

narrow groove

92
Q

crest

A

narrow, prominent ridgelike projection

93
Q

epicondyle

A

projection adjacent to a condyle

94
Q

line

95
Q

process

A

any marked bony prominence

96
Q

ramus

A

angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure

97
Q

spine

A

pointed, slender process

98
Q

trochanter

A

massive, rough projection found only on the femur

99
Q

tubercle

A

small, round projection

100
Q

tuberosity

A

large, rough projection

101
Q

canal

A

passageway through a bone

102
Q

fissure

A

narrow, slitlike opening through a bone

103
Q

foramen

A

rounded passageway through a bone

104
Q

sinus

A

cavity or hollow space in a bone

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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