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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 22 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 22 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 22: Heart

1
Q

two basic types of blood vessels

A

arteries

veins

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2
Q

___ and _____ are where the heart propels ____ to and from most body tissues through

A

arteries; veins; blood

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3
Q

arteries carry blood ___ ___ the heart

A

away from

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4
Q

veins carry blood ___ ____ the heart

A

back to

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5
Q

great vessels

A

arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart

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6
Q

blood flow through the heart is ____ because of four valves within the heart

A

unidirectional

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7
Q

the heart is functionally two side-by-side ____ that work at the same rate and pump the same ___ of blood

A

pumps; volume

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8
Q

blood pressure is generated by..

A

the heart through alternate cycles of the heart wall’s contraction and relaxation

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9
Q

blood pressure

A

the force of the blood pushing against the inside walls of blood vessels

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10
Q

a minimum __ ___ is essential to circulate blood throughout the body

A

blood pressure

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11
Q

two circulations of cardiovascular system

A

pulmonary

systemic

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12
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right side of the heart and pulmonary arteries and veins; conveys blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

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13
Q

systemic circulation

A

left side of the heart and arteries and veins; conveys blood to most body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

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14
Q

position of the heart

A

slightly left of midline

deep to the sternum in a compartment of the thorax known as the mediastinum

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15
Q

during development, the heart rotates such that the right side or __ ___ is located more anteriorly

A

right border

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16
Q

the left side of ___ ___ is located more posteriorly

A

left border

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17
Q

base of the heart

A

posterosuperior surface of the heart in mainly the left atrium

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18
Q

superior border

A

formed by the great arterial vessels and the superior vena cava

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19
Q

apex

A

inferior conical end of the heart

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20
Q

inferior border

A

formed by right ventricle

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21
Q

pericardium

A

tough sac in which the heart is enclosoed

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22
Q

pericardium restricts ___ ____ so that..

A

heart movements; it moves only slightly within the thorax

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23
Q

two parts of pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium

serous pericardium

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24
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

tough outer sac

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25
Q

serous pericardium

A

composed of parietal and visceral layers; forms pericardial cavity

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26
Q

layers of heart wall (3)

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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27
Q

epicardium

A

consists of the visceral layer (simple squamous epithelium) of the serous pericardium and areolar CT

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28
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscles; thickest of the three layers

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29
Q

endocardium

A

internal surface of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves (areolar CT and endothelium)

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30
Q

four hollow chambers of the heart is composed of two smaller ___ and to larger ____

A

atria; ventricles

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31
Q

auricle

A

muscular extensions formed from the anteroinferior orders of the atria

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32
Q

coronary sulcus

A

groove separated atria and ventricles

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33
Q

anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus are located between the..

A

right and left ventricles

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34
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

remnant ligament attaching aortic arch to pulmonary trunk

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35
Q

systemic arteries are ___, while veins are ___

A

red; blue

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36
Q

pulmonary arteries are ____, while veins are ____

A

blue; red

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37
Q

four chambers of the heart

A
  1. right atrium
  2. right ventricle
  3. left atrium
  4. left ventricle
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38
Q

four valves of the heart

A
  1. right atrioventricular
  2. pulmonary semilunar
  3. left atrioventricular
  4. aortic semilunar
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39
Q

muscular ridges in atria

A

pectinate muscles

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40
Q

muscular ridges in ventricles

A

trabeculae carnae

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41
Q

right av valve location

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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42
Q

right av valve structure

A

three triangular-shaped cusps of dense CT covered by endothelium; chordae tendinae attached to free edges

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43
Q

right av valve function

A

prevents backflow of blood into right atrium when ventricles contract

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44
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve location

A

between right ventricles and pulmonary trunk

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45
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve structure

A

three semilunar cusps of dense connective tissue covered by endothelium; nochordae tendinae

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46
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve function

A

prevents backflow of blood into right ventricles when ventricle relaxes

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47
Q

left av valve location

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

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48
Q

left av valve structure

A

two triangular-shaped cusps of dense CT covered by endothelium; chordae tendinae attached to free edges edges

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49
Q

left av valve function

A

prevents backflow of blood into left atrium when ventricles contract

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50
Q

aortic semilunar valve location

A

between left ventricle and aorta

51
Q

aortic semilunar valve structure

A

three semilunar cusps of dense CT covered by endothelium; no chordae tendinae

52
Q

aortic semilunary valve function

A

prevents backflow of blood into left ventricle when ventricles relax

53
Q

fibrous skeleton is located..

A

between the atria and ventricles

54
Q

fibrous skeleton is formed from

A

dense regular CT

55
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

provides structural support and acts as an electrical insulator between atria and ventricles

56
Q

blood comes in through the __ ____ and out through the ___ ___

A

av valves; semilunar valves

57
Q

right atrium

A

receives venous blood from heart, the muscles, and systemic circulation

58
Q

(3) veins draining into the right atrium are…

A
  1. superior vena cava
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. coronary sinus
59
Q

right atrioventricular valve (aka ___) separates..

A

right atrium from right ventricle

60
Q

deoxygenated venous blood flow from the right ___ to the right ___ through the right ____ valve

A

atrium; ventricle; av

61
Q

right atrioventricular valve is forced closed when the right ____ begins to contract, preventing blood backflow into the right ___

A

ventricle; atrium

62
Q

right ventricle

A

receives deoxygenated venous blood from the right atrium

63
Q

interventricular septum

A

form a thick wall between the right and left ventricles

64
Q

trabecular carneae

A

large, irregular muscular ridges displayed in the inner wall of each ventricle

65
Q

chordae tendineae prevent…

A

the cusps from flipping into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts

66
Q

conus arteriosus

A

smooth area at the superior end or roof of the ventricle

67
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

beyond the conus arteriosus, marking the end of the ventricle and the beginning of the pulmonary trunk

68
Q

left atrium

A

oxygenated blood from the lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

69
Q

left atrioventricular valve

aka____

A

separates left atrium and left ventricles; also referred to as the bicuspid or mitral valve

70
Q

left atrioventricular valve is forced shut when..

A

left ventricle contracts

71
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps blood to the entire body, except for the lungs, and there has to generate a great deal of course

72
Q

aorticsemilunar valve

A

located at the superior end or roof of the left ventricle , marks the end of the left ventricle and the beginning of the aorta

73
Q

left ventricular wall is typically ___ _____ than the right

A

3x thicker

74
Q

___ and ____ coronary arteries travel within the ___ ___ and supply the heart wall muscle with oxygen and nutrients

A

right; left; coronary sulcus

75
Q

the coronary arteries are the only branches given off by the __ ____ just superior to the aortic semilunar valve

A

ascending aorta

76
Q

the right coronary artery branches into.. (2)

A

right marginal artery

posterior interventricular artery

77
Q

right marginal artery

A

supplies the right border of the heart

78
Q

posterior interventricular artery

A

supplies the posterior surface of the left and right ventricles

79
Q

left coronary artery branches into.. (2)

A

anterior interventricular artery

circumflex artery

80
Q

anterior interventricular artery

A

aka left anterior descending artery; supplies the anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the interventricular septum

81
Q

circumflex artery

A

supplies the left atrium and ventricle

82
Q

venous return of blood from the heart wall muscles occurs through three major coronary veins.. (3)

A
  1. great cardiac vein
  2. middle cardiac vein
  3. small cardiac veins
83
Q

great cardiac vein

A

runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery

84
Q

middle cardiac veins

A

runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery

85
Q

small cardiac vein

A

travels close to the marginal artery

86
Q

three major coronary veins all drain into the ____ ____ which drains into the __ __

A

coronary sinus; right atrium

87
Q

cadiac muscle fibers contract as a __ ___ because they are all connected with low resistance cell-to-cell- junctions called ___ ____

A

single-unit; gap junctions

88
Q

gap junctions comprise the ___ _____ shared by adjacent cardiac muscle fibers

A

intercalated discs

89
Q

an electrical impulse and distributed ___ and ____ throughout the myocardium

A

immediately; spontaneously

90
Q

autorhymicity

A

exhibited by the heart, capable of initiating its own heartbeat independent of external nerves

91
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node aka the pacemaker

A

specialized cardiac muscles cells allowing the electrical impulse that initiates the heart beat

92
Q

SA node location

A

posterior wall of the right atrium adjacent to the opening of the superior vena cava

93
Q

impulses from the SA node travel via gap junctions to the left atrium and the ___ ____ located in the floor of the __ ___

A

atrioventricular (AV) node; right atrium

94
Q

the impulse tehn leaves the __ ___ into the __ ____ (bundle of His), which extends into the ___ ___

A

AV node; atrioventricular (AV) bundle; interventricular septum

95
Q

once within the septum, the __ __ divides into __ and __ bundles

A

AV bundle; left; right

96
Q

the ___ and ___ bundles pass the impulse to conduction cells called ___ ___ that begin at the ___ of the heart

A

left; right; Purkinje fibers; apex

97
Q

the purkinje fibers spread the impulse superiorly from the ___ to all of the ventricular ______

A

apex; myocardium

98
Q

5 steps of conducting system of the heart

A
  1. muscle impulse is generated at the SA node. it spreads throughout the atria and to the AV node by the internodal pathway.
  2. av node cells delay the muscle impulse as it passes to the av bundle.
  3. the av bundle conducts the muscle impulse into the interventricular septum
  4. within the interventricular septum, the left and right bundles split from the av bundles
  5. the muscle impulse is delivered to Purkinje fibers in each ventricle and distributed throughout the ventricular myocardium.
99
Q

top-down at ___

bottom-up at ___

A

atrium; ventricles

100
Q

the heart is innervated by both the __ and ___ of the autonomic NS

A

sympathetic; parasympathetic

101
Q

cardiac plexus

A

anatomical components of both nervous system divisions

102
Q

autonomic innervation does not initiate a heartbeat, but it can ___ or ___ the rate of the heartbeat

A

increase; decrease

103
Q

sympathetic innervation of the heart

A

cardioacceleratory center sends nerve signals along sympathetic nerves, which results in an increase in both heart rate and force of contraction

104
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the heart

A

cardioinhibitory center sends nerve signals along the vagus nerves (CN X), which results in a decrease in the heart rate

105
Q

sympathetic innervation starts with neurons…

A

T1-T5

106
Q

preganglionic axons enter the ____ trunk and synapse on gangionic neurons

A

sympathetic

107
Q

postganglionic axons project from all three ___ ganglia and travel to the heart via ___ ___

A

cervical; cardiac nerves

108
Q

parasympathetic innervations starts with..

A

neurons in the medulla oblongata via the left and right vagus nerves (CN X)

109
Q

cardiac cycle

A

time from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next

110
Q

systole

A

contraction of a chamber

111
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of a chamber

112
Q

during ventricular systole, ventricular contractions pushes blood against the open __ valves, causing them to close.

A

AV

113
Q

during ventricular systole, contracting papillary muscles and the chordae tendinae prevent ____ valve flaps from everting into the atria

A

AV

114
Q

during ventricular systole, ventricles contract, forcing ___ valves to open and blood to enter the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

A

semilunar

115
Q

during ventricular diastole, ventricles relax and fill with blood both passible and then by atrial contraction as ____ valves remain open

A

AV

116
Q

during ventricular diastole – during ventricular relaxation, some blood in the ascending aorta nad pulmonary trunk flows back towards the ventricles, filling the ____ valve cusps and forcing them to close

A

semilunar

117
Q

5 phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. atrial systole
  2. early ventricular systole
  3. late ventricular systole
  4. early ventricular diastole
  5. late ventricular diastole
118
Q

chamber actions, ventricular pressure, valves: atrial systole

A

chambers: atria contract, ventricles relax
ventricular pressure: < atrial pressure, < arterial trunk pressure
valves: AV valve open, semilunar valves closed

119
Q

chamber actions, ventricular pressure, valves: early ventricular systole

A

chambers: atria relax, ventricles contract
ventricular pressure: > atrial pressure, < arterial trunk pressure
valves: AV valves closed, semilunar valves closed

120
Q

chamber actions, ventricular pressure, valves: late ventricular systole

A

chambers: atria relax, ventricles contract
ventricular pressure: > atrial pressure, > arterial trunk pressure
valves: AV valves closed, semilunar valves open

121
Q

chamber actions, ventricular pressure, valves: early ventricular diastole

A

chambers: atria relax, ventricles relax
ventricular pressure: > atrial pressure, < arterial trunk pressure
valves: AV valves closed, semilunar valves closed

122
Q

chamber actions, ventricular pressure, valves: late ventricular diastole

A

chambers: atria relax, ventricles relax
ventricular pressure: < atrial pressure, < arterial trunk pressure
valves: AV valves open, semilunar valves closed

123
Q

blood flow through the heart starting at systemic veins

A 
systemic veins -->
superior and inferior venae cavae -->
right atrium -->
right av valve -->
right ventricle --> 
pulmonary semilunar valve -->
pulmonary trunk and arteries -->
gas exchange in the lungs -->
pulmonary veins --> 
left atrium --> 
left av valve -->
left ventricle --> 
aoric semilunar valve -->
aorta -->
systemic arteries -->
gas and nutrient exchange in peripheral tissue -->
systemic veins

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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