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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220/220L: Ch. 1 > Flashcards

BIOL G220/220L: Ch. 1 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Lecture 1: Introduction and lab slides/models

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of structure

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2
Q

greek meaning of anatomy

A

to cut up or cut open

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3
Q

physiology

A

study of function

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4
Q

two categories of anatomy

A

microscopic anatomy gross anatomy

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5
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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6
Q

gross anatomy

A

structures that can be seen with the unaided eye

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7
Q

cytology

A

cells

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8
Q

histology

A

tissues

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9
Q

gross anatomy subdisciplines (6)

A
  • comparative anatomy
  • developmental anatomy
  • embryology
  • regional anatomy
  • surface anatomy
  • systemic anatomy
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10
Q

comparative anatomy

A

examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different species

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11
Q

developmental anatomy

A

study of structure changes within an individual from conception through maturity

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12
Q

embryology

A

study of developmental changes occurring prior to birth

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13
Q

regional anatomy

A

study of structures within a single region e.g. head and neck or abdomen

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14
Q

surface anatomy

A

study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markings

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15
Q

systemic anatomy

A

study of structures involved with a specific activity e.g. digestion or reproduction

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16
Q

structural organization of the body

A
  1. atoms
  2. molecules
  3. cells
  4. tissues
  5. organs
  6. systems
  7. organism
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17
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms (7)

A
  1. Organization
  2. Metabolism
  3. Growth and development
  4. Responsiveness
  5. Adaptation
  6. Regulation
  7. Reproduction
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18
Q

How many organ systems are in the human body?

A

11

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19
Q

Human body organ systems

A
  • integumentary
  • skeletal
  • muscular
  • nervous
  • endocrine
  • circulatory
  • respiratory
  • digestive
  • lymphatic
  • urinary
  • reproductive
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20
Q

Integumentary system functions (5)

A
  • protection
  • body temperature regulation
  • synthesize vitamin D
  • prevents water loss
  • site of cutaneous receptors
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21
Q

Skeletal system functions (4)

A
  • support and protection
  • site of hemopoiesis
  • stores calcium and phosphate
  • provides sites for muscle attachment
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22
Q

Muscular system functions (2)

A
  • produces body movements
  • generates heat when muscles contract
  • important for movement
  • *abdominal muscles contain visceral support
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23
Q

Nervous system functions (4)

A
  • action and information flow to effectors
  • *action potentials controls body movement
  • responds to sensory stimuli
  • helps control other systems of the body
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24
Q

Endocrine system functions (4)

A
  • hormonal messaging through glands and cell clusters
  • regulates:
    • body and cellular growth
    • chemical levels in body
    • reproductive functions
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25
Q

Cardiovascular system functions (4)

A
  • transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • transporting gases, nutrients, and hormones
  • picking up waste (by-products from the body)
  • transporting immune cells to help keep body safe
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26
Q

lymphatic system functions (3)

A
  • transport and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels)
  • initiates immune response when necessary
  • production and maintenance of cells to fight off infection
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27
Q

respiratory system function (1)

A

exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and air in lungs

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28
Q

digestive system functions (3)

A
  • mechanically and chemically digests food materials
  • absorbs nutrients
  • expels waste products
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29
Q

urinary system functions (4)

A
  • filters blood and removes waste product from it
  • concentrates waste products in form of urine
  • expels urine from body
  • controls water in body and affecting blood pressure
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30
Q

reproductive system functions male (2) female (4)

A

male:

  • produces male sex cells (sperms) and male hormones;
  • transfers sperm to female

female:

  • produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones,
  • receives sperm from male,
  • site of fertilization of oocyte,
  • cite of growth and development of embryo and fetus
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31
Q

Anatomic position characteristics

A
  • standing upright feet parallel and on floor
  • head level,
  • looking forward
  • arms at side of body
  • palms facing forward and
  • thumbs pointing away from body
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32
Q

section

A

cut or slice through a structure

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33
Q

plane

A

imaginary flat surface passing through the body or an organ

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34
Q

anatomic planes (4)

A
  • coronal plane
  • transverse plane
  • midsagittal plane
  • oblique plane
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35
Q

coronal plane

A

frontal divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

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36
Q

transverse plane

A

horizontal divides the body into superior and inferior parts

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37
Q

midsagittal plane

A

median divides the body into equal left and right halves *other sagittal planes divide the body into unequal left and right parts

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38
Q

oblique plane

A

diagonal passes through the specimen at an angle

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39
Q

anatomic directions

A

terms that describe the relative position of one body structure to another

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40
Q

anterior

A

in front of; toward the front surface

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41
Q

posterior

A

in back of; toward the back surface

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42
Q

dorsal

A

at the back side of the human body

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43
Q

ventral

A

at the belly side of the human body

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44
Q

superior

A

closer to the head

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45
Q

inferior

A

closer to the feet

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46
Q

caudal

A

at the rear or tail end

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47
Q

cranial

A

at the head end

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48
Q

rostral

A

toward the nose

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49
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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50
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

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51
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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52
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side

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53
Q

deep (internal)

A

on the inside, underneath another structure

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54
Q

superficial (external)

A

on the outside

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55
Q

proximal

A

closest to point of attachment to trunk

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56
Q

distal

A

furthest from point of attachment to trunk

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57
Q

regional anatomy

A

can be divided into two major regions: axial and appendicular

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58
Q

axial regional anatomy

A

head, neck, trunk (the vertical axis of the body)

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59
Q

appendicular regional anatomy

A

upper and lowers limb

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60
Q

abdominal

A

region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones

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61
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist)

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62
Q

antecubital

A

region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region

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63
Q

auricular

A

ear (visible surface strutures of the ear and the ear’s internal organs)

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64
Q

axillary

A

armpit

65
Q

brachial

A

arm (the portion o the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow)

66
Q

buccal

A

cheek

67
Q

calcaneal

A

heel of the foot

68
Q

carpal

A

wrist

69
Q

cephalic

A

head

70
Q

cervical

A

neck

71
Q

coxal

A

hip

72
Q

cranial

A

skull

73
Q

crural

A

leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle)

74
Q

deltoid

A

shoulder

75
Q

digital

A

fingers or toes (also called phalangeal)

76
Q

dorsal

A

back

77
Q

femoral

A

thigh

78
Q

fibular

A

lateral aspect of the leg

79
Q

frontal

A

forehead

80
Q

gluteal

A

buttock

81
Q

hallux

A

great toe

82
Q

inguinal

A

groin (sometimes used to indicate just the crease in the junction of the tight with the trunk)

83
Q

lumbar

A

relating to the loins, or the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis

84
Q

mammary

A

breast

85
Q

manus

A

hand

86
Q

mental

A

chin

87
Q

nasal

A

nose

88
Q

occipital

A

posterior aspect of the head

89
Q

olecranal

A

posterior of the elbow

90
Q

oral

A

mouth

91
Q

orbital

A

eye

92
Q

palmar

A

palm of the hand

93
Q

patellar

A

kneecap

94
Q

pelvic

A

pelvis

95
Q

perineal

A

diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs

96
Q

pes

A

foot

97
Q

plantar

A

sole of the foot

98
Q

pollex

A

thumb

99
Q

popliteal

A

area posterior to the knee

100
Q

pubis

A

anterior region of the pelvis

101
Q

radial

A

lateral aspect of the forearm

102
Q

sacral

A

posterior region between the hip bones

103
Q

scapular

A

shoulder blade

104
Q

sternal

A

anterior middle region of the thorax

105
Q

sural

A

calf (posterior part of the leg)

106
Q

tarsal

A

proximal part of foot and ankle

107
Q

thoracic

A

chest or thorax

108
Q

tibial

A

medial aspect of the leg

109
Q

ulnar

A

medial aspect of the forearm

110
Q

umbilical

A

navel

111
Q

vertebral

A

spinal column

112
Q

body cavities

A

body “spaces”

113
Q

posterior cavities

A
  • cranial cavity
  • vertebral canal
  • *spaces are connected, but considered two separate spaces
114
Q

cranial cavity

A

formed by skull bones

115
Q

vertebral canal

A

formed by vertebral columb bones

116
Q

ventral cavities

A
  • thoracic cavity
  • abdominocavity *physically separated by the diaphragm
117
Q

thoracic cavity

A

superior cavity composed of mediastinum with pleural cavity and pericardial cavity

118
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

inferior cavity composed of abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

119
Q

cranial cavity

A

formed by cranium; houses the brain

120
Q

vertebral canal

A

formed by vertebral coum; contians the spinal cord

121
Q

thoracic cavity

A

chest cavity; bordered anteriorly and laterally by chest wall and inferiorly by diaphragm

122
Q

mediastinum

A

contains the pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels

123
Q

pericardial

A

contains the heart

124
Q

pleural

A

contains the lungs

125
Q

abdominal cavity

A

bordered superiorly by the diaphragm and inferiorly by a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones

associated with abdominal viscera, including stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidneys and ureters

126
Q

pelvic cavity

A

region located between the hip bones and interior to a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. associated with pelvic viscera, including urinary bladder and urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of the large intestine

127
Q

cavity membranes (2 layers)

A

parietal layer

visceral layer

128
Q

serous membrane

A

helps prevent friction and damage from the organs

129
Q

parietal layer

A

lines the interal surface of the body wall

130
Q

visceral layer

A

covers the external surface of specific organs

131
Q

what do both the parietal and visceral layers produce and how does it function?

A

serous fluid, protects against friction between moving organs

132
Q

name the middle compartment containing the heart in the thoracic cavity

A

mediastinum

133
Q

what membrane layers are present in the thoracic cavity?

A

parietal pericardium

visceral pericardium

parietal pleura

visceral pleura

134
Q

visceral pericardium

A

on surface of heart

135
Q

parietal pericardium

A

outermost layer; forms sac surrounding heart

136
Q

pericardial cavity

A

space between visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium

137
Q

pleura

A

two-layered serous membrane lining the lungs

138
Q

visceral pleura

A

on surface of lungs

139
Q

parietal pleura

A

outermost layer; lines internal thoracic wall

140
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between the parietal and visceral pleura

141
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavities

142
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity; not directly in contact with the organs

143
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers surface of most digestive organs

144
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

space between parietal and visceral peritoneum

145
Q

abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into __ regions or __ quadrants

A

9;4

146
Q

abdominopelvic nine regions

A

right hypochondriac region

epigastric region

left hypochondriac region

right lumbar region

umbilical region

left lumbar region

right iliac region

hypogastric region

left iliac region

147
Q

umbilical

A

belly button

148
Q

epi

A

superior or on top

149
Q

hypo

A

inferior or below

150
Q

chondro

A

cartilage

151
Q

abdominopelvic quadrants

A

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

left lower quadrant (LLQ)

152
Q

ID all unidentified body regions

A
  1. oral
  2. cervical
  3. axillary
  4. brachial
  5. antebrachial
  6. carpal
  7. digital
  8. femoral
  9. crural
  10. frontal
  11. orbital
  12. buccal
  13. mental
  14. mammary
  15. pelvic
  16. inguinal
  17. tarsal
  18. auricular
  19. vertebral
  20. sacral
  21. srural
  22. calcaneal
  23. occipital
  24. lumbar
  25. perineal
  26. popliteal

Note the already identified: cephalic, nasal, deltoid, sternal, pectoral, antecubital, coxal, palmar, patellar, pes, cephalic, sternal, pectroral, abdominal, pubic, cubital (or olecran), cranial, thoracic, gluteal,

153
Q

ID all structures

A
  1. posterior aspect
  2. ventral cavity
  3. cranial cavity
  4. vertebral canal
  5. thoracic cavity
  6. abdominopelvic cavity
  7. diaphragm
  8. abdominal cavity
  9. pelvic cavity
  10. thoracic cavity
  11. abdominopelvic cavity
  12. mediastinum
  13. pleural cavity
  14. pericardial cavity
  15. abdominal cavity
  16. pelvic cavity
154
Q

ID all regions

A
155
Q

ID all quadrants

A
156
Q

what position is this called?

A

anatomical position

157
Q

Identify these body planes from top to bottom

A

coronal plane

transverse plane

midsaggital plane

158
Q

Identify these anatomical directions from left to right

A

anterior (or ventral)

posterior (or dorsal)

superior

inferior

159
Q
A

medial

lateral

proximal

distal

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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