BIOL G220/220L: Ch. 1 Flashcards
Terms and concepts from Lecture 1: Introduction and lab slides/models
1
Q
anatomy
A
study of structure
2
Q
greek meaning of anatomy
A
to cut up or cut open
3
Q
physiology
A
study of function
4
Q
two categories of anatomy
A
microscopic anatomy gross anatomy
5
Q
microscopic anatomy
A
structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye
6
Q
gross anatomy
A
structures that can be seen with the unaided eye
7
Q
cytology
A
cells
8
Q
histology
A
tissues
9
Q
gross anatomy subdisciplines (6)
A
- comparative anatomy
- developmental anatomy
- embryology
- regional anatomy
- surface anatomy
- systemic anatomy
10
Q
comparative anatomy
A
examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different species
11
Q
developmental anatomy
A
study of structure changes within an individual from conception through maturity
12
Q
embryology
A
study of developmental changes occurring prior to birth
13
Q
regional anatomy
A
study of structures within a single region e.g. head and neck or abdomen
14
Q
surface anatomy
A
study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markings
15
Q
systemic anatomy
A
study of structures involved with a specific activity e.g. digestion or reproduction
16
Q
structural organization of the body
A
- atoms
- molecules
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- systems
- organism
17
Q
Characteristics of Living Organisms (7)
A
- Organization
- Metabolism
- Growth and development
- Responsiveness
- Adaptation
- Regulation
- Reproduction
18
Q
How many organ systems are in the human body?
A
11
19
Q
Human body organ systems
A
- integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- nervous
- endocrine
- circulatory
- respiratory
- digestive
- lymphatic
- urinary
- reproductive
20
Q
Integumentary system functions (5)
A
- protection
- body temperature regulation
- synthesize vitamin D
- prevents water loss
- site of cutaneous receptors
21
Q
Skeletal system functions (4)
A
- support and protection
- site of hemopoiesis
- stores calcium and phosphate
- provides sites for muscle attachment
22
Q
Muscular system functions (2)
A
- produces body movements
- generates heat when muscles contract
- important for movement
- *abdominal muscles contain visceral support
23
Q
Nervous system functions (4)
A
- action and information flow to effectors
- *action potentials controls body movement
- responds to sensory stimuli
- helps control other systems of the body
24
Q
Endocrine system functions (4)
A
- hormonal messaging through glands and cell clusters
- regulates:
- body and cellular growth
- chemical levels in body
- reproductive functions
25
Cardiovascular system functions (4)
* transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
* transporting gases, nutrients, and hormones
* picking up waste (by-products from the body)
* transporting immune cells to help keep body safe
26
lymphatic system functions (3)
* transport and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels)
* initiates immune response when necessary
* production and maintenance of cells to fight off infection
27
respiratory system function (1)
exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and air in lungs
28
digestive system functions (3)
* mechanically and chemically digests food materials
* absorbs nutrients
* expels waste products
29
urinary system functions (4)
* filters blood and removes waste product from it
* concentrates waste products in form of urine
* expels urine from body
* controls water in body and affecting blood pressure
30
reproductive system functions male (2) female (4)
male:
* produces male sex cells (sperms) and male hormones;
* transfers sperm to female
female:
* produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones,
* receives sperm from male,
* site of fertilization of oocyte,
* cite of growth and development of embryo and fetus
31
Anatomic position characteristics
* standing upright feet parallel and on floor
* head level,
* looking forward
* arms at side of body
* palms facing forward and
* thumbs pointing away from body
32
section
cut or slice through a structure
33
plane
imaginary flat surface passing through the body or an organ
34
anatomic planes (4)
* coronal plane
* transverse plane
* midsagittal plane
* oblique plane
35
coronal plane
frontal divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
36
transverse plane
horizontal divides the body into superior and inferior parts
37
midsagittal plane
median divides the body into equal left and right halves \*other sagittal planes divide the body into unequal left and right parts
38
oblique plane
diagonal passes through the specimen at an angle
39
anatomic directions
terms that describe the relative position of one body structure to another
40
anterior
in front of; toward the front surface
41
posterior
in back of; toward the back surface
42
dorsal
at the back side of the human body
43
ventral
at the belly side of the human body
44
superior
closer to the head
45
inferior
closer to the feet
46
caudal
at the rear or tail end
47
cranial
at the head end
48
rostral
toward the nose
49
medial
toward the midline of the body
50
lateral
away from the midline of the body
51
ipsilateral
on the same side
52
contralateral
on the opposite side
53
deep (internal)
on the inside, underneath another structure
54
superficial (external)
on the outside
55
proximal
closest to point of attachment to trunk
56
distal
furthest from point of attachment to trunk
57
regional anatomy
can be divided into two major regions: axial and appendicular
58
axial regional anatomy
head, neck, trunk (the vertical axis of the body)
59
appendicular regional anatomy
upper and lowers limb
60
abdominal
region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones
61
antebrachial
forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist)
62
antecubital
region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region
63
auricular
ear (visible surface strutures of the ear and the ear's internal organs)
64
axillary
armpit
65
brachial
arm (the portion o the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow)
66
buccal
cheek
67
calcaneal
heel of the foot
68
carpal
wrist
69
cephalic
head
70
cervical
neck
71
coxal
hip
72
cranial
skull
73
crural
leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle)
74
deltoid
shoulder
75
digital
fingers or toes (also called phalangeal)
76
dorsal
back
77
femoral
thigh
78
fibular
lateral aspect of the leg
79
frontal
forehead
80
gluteal
buttock
81
hallux
great toe
82
inguinal
groin (sometimes used to indicate just the crease in the junction of the tight with the trunk)
83
lumbar
relating to the loins, or the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
84
mammary
breast
85
manus
hand
86
mental
chin
87
nasal
nose
88
occipital
posterior aspect of the head
89
olecranal
posterior of the elbow
90
oral
mouth
91
orbital
eye
92
palmar
palm of the hand
93
patellar
kneecap
94
pelvic
pelvis
95
perineal
diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs
96
pes
foot
97
plantar
sole of the foot
98
pollex
thumb
99
popliteal
area posterior to the knee
100
pubis
anterior region of the pelvis
101
radial
lateral aspect of the forearm
102
sacral
posterior region between the hip bones
103
scapular
shoulder blade
104
sternal
anterior middle region of the thorax
105
sural
calf (posterior part of the leg)
106
tarsal
proximal part of foot and ankle
107
thoracic
chest or thorax
108
tibial
medial aspect of the leg
109
ulnar
medial aspect of the forearm
110
umbilical
navel
111
vertebral
spinal column
112
body cavities
body "spaces"
113
posterior cavities
* cranial cavity
* vertebral canal
* \*spaces are connected, but considered two separate spaces
114
cranial cavity
formed by skull bones
115
vertebral canal
formed by vertebral columb bones
116
ventral cavities
* thoracic cavity
* abdominocavity \*physically separated by the diaphragm
117
thoracic cavity
superior cavity composed of mediastinum with pleural cavity and pericardial cavity
118
abdominopelvic cavity
inferior cavity composed of abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
119
cranial cavity
formed by cranium; houses the brain
120
vertebral canal
formed by vertebral coum; contians the spinal cord
121
thoracic cavity
chest cavity; bordered anteriorly and laterally by chest wall and inferiorly by diaphragm
122
mediastinum
contains the pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels
123
pericardial
contains the heart
124
pleural
contains the lungs
125
abdominal cavity
bordered superiorly by the diaphragm and inferiorly by a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones
associated with abdominal viscera, including stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidneys and ureters
126
pelvic cavity
region located between the hip bones and interior to a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. associated with pelvic viscera, including urinary bladder and urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of the large intestine
127
cavity membranes (2 layers)
parietal layer
visceral layer
128
serous membrane
helps prevent friction and damage from the organs
129
parietal layer
lines the interal surface of the body wall
130
visceral layer
covers the external surface of specific organs
131
what do both the parietal and visceral layers produce and how does it function?
serous fluid, protects against friction between moving organs
132
name the middle compartment containing the heart in the thoracic cavity
mediastinum
133
what membrane layers are present in the thoracic cavity?
parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium
parietal pleura
visceral pleura
134
visceral pericardium
on surface of heart
135
parietal pericardium
outermost layer; forms sac surrounding heart
136
pericardial cavity
space between visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium
137
pleura
two-layered serous membrane lining the lungs
138
visceral pleura
on surface of lungs
139
parietal pleura
outermost layer; lines internal thoracic wall
140
pleural cavity
space between the parietal and visceral pleura
141
peritoneum
serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavities
142
parietal peritoneum
lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity; not directly in contact with the organs
143
visceral peritoneum
covers surface of most digestive organs
144
peritoneal cavity
space between parietal and visceral peritoneum
145
abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into __ regions or __ quadrants
9;4
146
abdominopelvic nine regions
right hypochondriac region
epigastric region
left hypochondriac region
right lumbar region
umbilical region
left lumbar region
right iliac region
hypogastric region
left iliac region
147
umbilical
belly button
148
epi
superior or on top
149
hypo
inferior or below
150
chondro
cartilage
151
abdominopelvic quadrants
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
152
ID all unidentified body regions
1. oral
2. cervical
3. axillary
4. brachial
5. antebrachial
6. carpal
7. digital
8. femoral
9. crural
10. frontal
11. orbital
12. buccal
13. mental
14. mammary
15. pelvic
16. inguinal
17. tarsal
18. auricular
19. vertebral
20. sacral
21. srural
22. calcaneal
23. occipital
24. lumbar
25. perineal
26. popliteal
Note the already identified: cephalic, nasal, deltoid, sternal, pectoral, antecubital, coxal, palmar, patellar, pes, cephalic, sternal, pectroral, abdominal, pubic, cubital (or olecran), cranial, thoracic, gluteal,
153
ID all structures
1. posterior aspect
2. ventral cavity
3. cranial cavity
4. vertebral canal
5. thoracic cavity
6. abdominopelvic cavity
7. diaphragm
8. abdominal cavity
9. pelvic cavity
10. thoracic cavity
11. abdominopelvic cavity
12. mediastinum
13. pleural cavity
14. pericardial cavity
15. abdominal cavity
16. pelvic cavity
154
ID all regions
155
ID all quadrants
156
what position is this called?
anatomical position
157
Identify these body planes from top to bottom
coronal plane
transverse plane
midsaggital plane
158
Identify these anatomical directions from left to right
anterior (or ventral)
posterior (or dorsal)
superior
inferior
159
medial
lateral
proximal
distal
