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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 16 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 16 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 16: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

1
Q

spinal nerves functions (2)

A
  1. pathway for sensory and motor impulses

2. responsible for reflexes, which are our quickest reactions to a stimulus

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2
Q

spinal cord length (cm, in)

A

42-25 cm, 16-18 in

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3
Q

longitudinal depressions on external surface of spinal cord (2)

A

posterior median sulcus

anterior media fissure

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4
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

longitudinal depression on posterior external surface of spinal cord

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5
Q

anterior media fissure

A

longitudinal depression on anterior external surface of spinal cord

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6
Q

parts of spinal cord (5)

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. coccygeal
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7
Q

the spinal cord is ____ than that vertebral canal that houses it

A

shorter

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8
Q

conus medullaris

A

tapering inferior end of the spinal cord; official ‘end’ of the spinal cord; usually at level of first lumbar vertebra

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9
Q

cauda equina

A

group of axons projecting from the spinal cord that is inferior to the conus medullaris

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10
Q

filum terminale

A

within the cauda equina, a thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx

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11
Q

cervical enlargement

A

located in inferior cervical part of the spinal cord and innervates the upper limbs

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12
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

extends through the lumbar and sacral parts of the spinal cord and innervates the lower limbs

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13
Q

Gray matter is on the ____ of the brain, but ____ of the spinal cord. White matter is on the inside of the brain, but outside on the spinal cord.

A

outside; inside

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14
Q

cervical spinal cord part: general size and white matter/gray matter ratio

A

largest of all part; large white to gray

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15
Q

thoracic spinal cord part: general size and white matter/gray matter ratio

A

smaller than cervical and lumbar; large white to gray

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16
Q

lumbar spinal cord part: general size and white matter/gray matter ratio

A

slightly larger than thoracic; reduced white matter to gray matter in comparison to cervical part

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17
Q

sacral spinal cord part: general size and white matter/gray matter ratio

A

very small; gray matter to white matter largest here

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18
Q 
spinal cord is associated with \_\_\_\_ pairs of spinal nerves:  
_ C nerves 
_ T nerves 
_ L nerves 
_ S nerves 
_ Co nerves
A

31; 8, 12, 5, 5, 1

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19
Q

spinal cord meninges

A

protects and encapsulates spinal cord, continuous with cranial meninges

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20
Q

epidural space location

A

lies between the dura mater and periosteum covering the inner walls of the vertebra

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21
Q

epidural space

A

houses areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue

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22
Q

dura mater location

A

most external of the meninges

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23
Q

dura mater

A

fuses with the connective layers that surround the spinal nerves

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24
Q

subdural space

A

narrow space separating the dura mater from the arachnoid mater (potential space)

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25
Q

arachnoid mater location

A

deep to the dura mater and the subdural space

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26
Q

subarachnoid space

A

real space filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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27
Q

pia matter location

A

innermost meninx that adheres directly to the spinal cord

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28
Q

pia mater

A

delicate layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers and supports some of the blood vessels supplying the spinal cord

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29
Q

pia mater has paired, lateral triangular extensions called _______ ____, which suspend and anchor the ____ ____ laterally to the __ ____

A

denticulate ligaments; spinal cord; dura mater

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30
Q

inner gray matter region of spinal cord

A

dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons, and glial cells

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31
Q

outer white matter region of spinal cord

A

myelinated axons

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32
Q

gray matter subdivisions (4)

A

anterior horns
lateral horns
posterior horns
gray commissure

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33
Q

gray matter is ____ located in the spinal cord and its sectioned shape resembles a _____

A

centrally; butterfly

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34
Q

anterior horns of gray matter

A

house cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

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35
Q

lateral horns of gray matter

A

contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

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36
Q

lateral horns are only found in the ____ parts of the spinal cord

A

T1-L2

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37
Q

posterior horns of gray matter

A

contain axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

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38
Q

gray commissure of gray matter

A

contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left side

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39
Q

gray commissure of gray matter houses a narrow ___ ____

A

central canal

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40
Q

nuclei (gray matter)

A

functional groups of neuron cell bodies

41
Q

sensory nuclei of gray matter: located in which horn and containing what?

A

in the posterior horns; contain interneuron cell bodies of somatic sensory nuclei and visceral sensory nuclei

42
Q

motor nuclei of gray matter: located in which horn and containing what?

A

in the anterior horns; contain somatic motor nuclei

43
Q

autonomic motor nuclei of gray matter of located in which horn?

A

lateral horns

44
Q

white matter is located ____ to gray matter

A

external

45
Q

white matter of spinal cord can be partitioned into three regions:

A

posterior funiculus
lateral funiculus
anterior funiculus

46
Q

the anterior funinculi is connected by the _____ ______

A

white commissure

47
Q

the axons within each funiculus are organized into ____

A

tracts

48
Q

spinal nerves contain connective tissue wrappings called (3)

A

endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

49
Q

spinal nerves are made up of ___ and ____ axons

A

motor; sensory

50
Q

multiple anterior rootlets arise from the spinal cord and merge to form the single ___ ____

A

anterior root

51
Q

anterior roots contain ___ axons ONLY

A

motor

52
Q

___ axons arise from cells bodies in the anterior and lateral ____ of the spinal cord

A

motor; horns

53
Q

multiple posterior rootlets are derived form a single ___ ____

A

posterior root

54
Q

posterior roots contain ___ axons ONLY

A

sensory

55
Q

____ axons arise from cell bodies in the ___ ___ ____, which is attached to the posterior root

A

sensory; posterior root ganglion

56
Q

each anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite within the ___ ____ to become a spinal nerve

A

intervertebral foramen

57
Q

a spinal nerve contains both __ and ___ axons

A

motor; sensory

58
Q

the in cervical region, the first seven pairs of spinal nerves (C1-C7) exit the intervertebral foramen above the vertebra of the ____ number

A

same

59
Q

the eighth pair of cervical spinal nerves (C8) exit above the first ____ vertebra

A

thoracic

60
Q

the remaining pairs of spinal nerves after C8 exit ___ the vertebra of the same number

A

below

61
Q

because the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral canal, the roots of the ___ and ____ spinal nerves travel ____ to reach their respective intervertebral foramen

A

lumbar; sacral; inferiorly

62
Q

After leaving the intervertebral foramen, a typical spinal nerve splits into branches termed ___

A

rami

63
Q

posterior ramus

A

innervates deep muscles and skin of back

64
Q

anterior ramus

A

innervates the anterior and lateral portions of the trunk and upper and lower limbs

65
Q

the anterior ramus splits into multiple branches and many go on to form ____ _____

A

nerve plexuses

66
Q

dermatome

A

specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

67
Q

all spinal nerves except ___ innervate a segment of skin

A

C1

68
Q

a dermatome map can be important because ______ in a region could indicate potential spinal nerve damage

A

anesthesia

69
Q

referred visceral pain

A

pain in a dermatome may arise from an organ nowhere near the dermatome

70
Q

nerve plexus

A

network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves

71
Q

plexuses spit into multiple named ___ the innervate body structures

A

nerves

72
Q

major plexuses include… (4)

A

cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral

73
Q

intercostal nerves

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11; travel in the intercostal spaces between adjacent rib

74
Q

subcostal nerve

A

spinal nerve T12, arises below the ribs

75
Q

With the exception of spinal nerve ___, the intercostal nerves do not form ____

A

T1; plexuses

76
Q

Cervical plexuses form by…

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4

77
Q

cervical plexuses innervate

A

anterior neck muscles and skin of neck and head and shoulders

78
Q

phrenic nerve composed by..

A

primarily from C4 and some contributing axons of C3 and C5

79
Q

phrenic nerve goes through ___ to innervate the ___

A

thoracic cavity; diaphragm

80
Q

brachial plexuses

A

networks of nerves that each supply the upper limbs; pectoral girdle and entire upper limb of one side

81
Q

brachial plexuses are each formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves _-__

A

C5-T1

82
Q

lumbar plexuses composed of

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves L1 - L4

83
Q

lumbar plexus is subdivided into an ___ and ___ division

A

anterior; posterior

84
Q

sacral plexuses are composed of

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves L4 - S4

85
Q

lumbar and sacral plexuses are sometimes considered together as the ____ plexus

A

lumbosacral

86
Q

anterior rami of sacral plexuses are organized into ___ and ___ idvision

A

anterior; posterior

87
Q

reflexes

A

rapid, automatic, involuntary reactions of muscles or glands to a stimulus

88
Q

stimulus

A

required to initiate a response to sensory input

89
Q

a rapid response requires that ___ neurons be involved and ___ ____ be minimal

A

few; synaptic delay

90
Q

reflex responses are the ___ way every time

A

same

91
Q

reflexes require no ___ or pre-awareness of the reflex activity

A

intent

92
Q

reflex arc

A

neural wiring of a single reflex

93
Q

reflex arcs always begin at a receptor in the ___ and communicates with the ___ to end at a __ ___

A

PNS; CNS; peripheral effector

94
Q

trunks of brachial plexus (3)

A

superior
middle
inferior

95
Q

divisions of brachial plexus (2)

A

anterior

posterior

96
Q

cords of brachial plexus (3)

A

posterior
lateral
medial

97
Q

divisions of lumbar plexus (2)

A

anterior

posterior

98
Q

divisions of sacral plexus (2)

A

anterior

posterior

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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