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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL G220: Ch. 16 > Flashcards

BIOL G220: Ch. 16 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 16: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

1
Q

spinal nerves functions (2)

A
  1. pathway for sensory and motor impulses

2. responsible for reflexes, which are our quickest reactions to a stimulus

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2
Q

spinal cord length (cm, in)

A

42-25 cm, 16-18 in

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3
Q

longitudinal depressions on external surface of spinal cord (2)

A

posterior median sulcus

anterior media fissure

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4
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

longitudinal depression on posterior external surface of spinal cord

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5
Q

anterior media fissure

A

longitudinal depression on anterior external surface of spinal cord

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6
Q

parts of spinal cord (5)

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. coccygeal
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7
Q

the spinal cord is ____ than that vertebral canal that houses it

A

shorter

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8
Q

conus medullaris

A

tapering inferior end of the spinal cord; official ‘end’ of the spinal cord; usually at level of first lumbar vertebra

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9
Q

cauda equina

A

group of axons projecting from the spinal cord that is inferior to the conus medullaris

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10
Q

filum terminale

A

within the cauda equina, a thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx

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11
Q

cervical enlargement

A

located in inferior cervical part of the spinal cord and innervates the upper limbs

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12
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

extends through the lumbar and sacral parts of the spinal cord and innervates the lower limbs

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13
Q

Gray matter is on the ____ of the brain, but ____ of the spinal cord. White matter is on the inside of the brain, but outside on the spinal cord.

A

outside; inside

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14
Q

cervical spinal cord part: general size and white matter/gray matter ratio

A

largest of all part; large white to gray

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15
Q

thoracic spinal cord part: general size and white matter/gray matter ratio

A

smaller than cervical and lumbar; large white to gray

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16
Q

lumbar spinal cord part: general size and white matter/gray matter ratio

A

slightly larger than thoracic; reduced white matter to gray matter in comparison to cervical part

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17
Q

sacral spinal cord part: general size and white matter/gray matter ratio

A

very small; gray matter to white matter largest here

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18
Q 
spinal cord is associated with \_\_\_\_ pairs of spinal nerves:  
_ C nerves 
_ T nerves 
_ L nerves 
_ S nerves 
_ Co nerves
A

31; 8, 12, 5, 5, 1

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19
Q

spinal cord meninges

A

protects and encapsulates spinal cord, continuous with cranial meninges

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20
Q

epidural space location

A

lies between the dura mater and periosteum covering the inner walls of the vertebra

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21
Q

epidural space

A

houses areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue

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22
Q

dura mater location

A

most external of the meninges

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23
Q

dura mater

A

fuses with the connective layers that surround the spinal nerves

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24
Q

subdural space

A

narrow space separating the dura mater from the arachnoid mater (potential space)

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25
arachnoid mater location
deep to the dura mater and the subdural space
26
subarachnoid space
real space filled with cerebrospinal fluid
27
pia matter location
innermost meninx that adheres directly to the spinal cord
28
pia mater
delicate layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers and supports some of the blood vessels supplying the spinal cord
29
pia mater has paired, lateral triangular extensions called _______ ____, which suspend and anchor the ____ ____ laterally to the __ ____
denticulate ligaments; spinal cord; dura mater
30
inner gray matter region of spinal cord
dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons, and glial cells
31
outer white matter region of spinal cord
myelinated axons
32
gray matter subdivisions (4)
anterior horns lateral horns posterior horns gray commissure
33
gray matter is ____ located in the spinal cord and its sectioned shape resembles a _____
centrally; butterfly
34
anterior horns of gray matter
house cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
35
lateral horns of gray matter
contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
36
lateral horns are only found in the ____ parts of the spinal cord
T1-L2
37
posterior horns of gray matter
contain axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons
38
gray commissure of gray matter
contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left side
39
gray commissure of gray matter houses a narrow ___ ____
central canal
40
nuclei (gray matter)
functional groups of neuron cell bodies
41
sensory nuclei of gray matter: located in which horn and containing what?
in the posterior horns; contain interneuron cell bodies of somatic sensory nuclei and visceral sensory nuclei
42
motor nuclei of gray matter: located in which horn and containing what?
in the anterior horns; contain somatic motor nuclei
43
autonomic motor nuclei of gray matter of located in which horn?
lateral horns
44
white matter is located ____ to gray matter
external
45
white matter of spinal cord can be partitioned into three regions:
posterior funiculus lateral funiculus anterior funiculus
46
the anterior funinculi is connected by the _____ ______
white commissure
47
the axons within each funiculus are organized into ____
tracts
48
spinal nerves contain connective tissue wrappings called (3)
endoneurium perineurium epineurium
49
spinal nerves are made up of ___ and ____ axons
motor; sensory
50
multiple anterior rootlets arise from the spinal cord and merge to form the single ___ ____
anterior root
51
anterior roots contain ___ axons ONLY
motor
52
___ axons arise from cells bodies in the anterior and lateral ____ of the spinal cord
motor; horns
53
multiple posterior rootlets are derived form a single ___ ____
posterior root
54
posterior roots contain ___ axons ONLY
sensory
55
____ axons arise from cell bodies in the ___ ___ ____, which is attached to the posterior root
sensory; posterior root ganglion
56
each anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite within the ___ ____ to become a spinal nerve
intervertebral foramen
57
a spinal nerve contains both __ and ___ axons
motor; sensory
58
the in cervical region, the first seven pairs of spinal nerves (C1-C7) exit the intervertebral foramen above the vertebra of the ____ number
same
59
the eighth pair of cervical spinal nerves (C8) exit above the first ____ vertebra
thoracic
60
the remaining pairs of spinal nerves after C8 exit ___ the vertebra of the same number
below
61
because the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral canal, the roots of the ___ and ____ spinal nerves travel ____ to reach their respective intervertebral foramen
lumbar; sacral; inferiorly
62
After leaving the intervertebral foramen, a typical spinal nerve splits into branches termed ___
rami
63
posterior ramus
innervates deep muscles and skin of back
64
anterior ramus
innervates the anterior and lateral portions of the trunk and upper and lower limbs
65
the anterior ramus splits into multiple branches and many go on to form ____ _____
nerve plexuses
66
dermatome
specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
67
all spinal nerves except ___ innervate a segment of skin
C1
68
a dermatome map can be important because ______ in a region could indicate potential spinal nerve damage
anesthesia
69
referred visceral pain
pain in a dermatome may arise from an organ nowhere near the dermatome
70
nerve plexus
network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves
71
plexuses spit into multiple named ___ the innervate body structures
nerves
72
major plexuses include... (4)
cervical brachial lumbar sacral
73
intercostal nerves
anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11; travel in the intercostal spaces between adjacent rib
74
subcostal nerve
spinal nerve T12, arises below the ribs
75
With the exception of spinal nerve ___, the intercostal nerves do not form ____
T1; plexuses
76
Cervical plexuses form by...
anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4
77
cervical plexuses innervate
anterior neck muscles and skin of neck and head and shoulders
78
phrenic nerve composed by..
primarily from C4 and some contributing axons of C3 and C5
79
phrenic nerve goes through ___ to innervate the ___
thoracic cavity; diaphragm
80
brachial plexuses
networks of nerves that each supply the upper limbs; pectoral girdle and entire upper limb of one side
81
brachial plexuses are each formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves _-__
C5-T1
82
lumbar plexuses composed of
anterior rami of spinal nerves L1 - L4
83
lumbar plexus is subdivided into an ___ and ___ division
anterior; posterior
84
sacral plexuses are composed of
anterior rami of spinal nerves L4 - S4
85
lumbar and sacral plexuses are sometimes considered together as the ____ plexus
lumbosacral
86
anterior rami of sacral plexuses are organized into ___ and ___ idvision
anterior; posterior
87
reflexes
rapid, automatic, involuntary reactions of muscles or glands to a stimulus
88
stimulus
required to initiate a response to sensory input
89
a rapid response requires that ___ neurons be involved and ___ ____ be minimal
few; synaptic delay
90
reflex responses are the ___ way every time
same
91
reflexes require no ___ or pre-awareness of the reflex activity
intent
92
reflex arc
neural wiring of a single reflex
93
reflex arcs always begin at a receptor in the ___ and communicates with the ___ to end at a __ ___
PNS; CNS; peripheral effector
94
trunks of brachial plexus (3)
superior middle inferior
95
divisions of brachial plexus (2)
anterior | posterior
96
cords of brachial plexus (3)
posterior lateral medial
97
divisions of lumbar plexus (2)
anterior | posterior
98
divisions of sacral plexus (2)
anterior | posterior

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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