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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL 220: Ch. 10 > Flashcards

BIOL 220: Ch. 10 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch. 10: Muscles

1
Q

three types of muscles in the body

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

there are over ____ skeletal muscles and together they form the _____

A

700; muscular system

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3
Q

properties of muscle tissue (4)

A

excitability
contractility
elasticity
extensibility

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4
Q

excitability

A

muscle cells are responsive to input from stimuli

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5
Q

contractility

A

stimulation of muscle fiber can lead to contraction and shortening of the muscle fiber

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6
Q

elasticity

A

contracted muscle cell can return to resting length when applied tension is removed

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7
Q

extensibility

A

ability of a muscle fiber to be stretched beyond its resting length

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8
Q

each skeletal muscle is considered an organ because it contains…

A

all four tissue types

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9
Q

skeletal muscle is ____ in appearance, _____ in movement, and usually attached to ____

A

striated; voluntary; bones

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10
Q

functions of skeletal muscle tissue (5)

A 
body movement
maintenance of posture
temperature regulation
storage and movement of materials 
support
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11
Q

fascicles

A

bundles in which muscle fibers are organized to comprise each muscle; covered by perimysium

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12
Q

muscle fibers contain…

A

myofibrils

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13
Q

myofibrils are composed of…

A

myofilaments

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14
Q

each muscle has ____ layers of concentric ____ ____ composed of ____ and _____ fibers

A

three; connective tissue; collagen; elastic

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15
Q

CT provides ____, _____, and _____.

A

protection, sites for blood vessel and nerve distribution, a means of attaching the muscle to the skeleton

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16
Q

CT components of skeletal muscle from outer to inner (5)

A 
superficial fascia
deep fascia
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
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17
Q

superficial facia

A

dense irregular connective tissue comprising the epimysium; separates muscle from skin

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18
Q

deep fascia

A

dense irregular connective tissue comprising the epimysium; surrounds each muscle and separates muscles from each other

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19
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds the entire muscle

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20
Q

perimysium

A

dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the fascicles

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21
Q

endomysium

A

areolar connective tissue comprising the innermost layer that surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber

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22
Q

muscle

A

multiple fascicles housing many many muscle fibers, connective tissue coverings, blood vessels, nerve fibers

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23
Q

muscle fibers

A

elongated, multinucleated cylindrical fiber (cell); contains myofibrils, separated from other fibers by delicate layer of areolar connective tissue (endomysium); exhibits striations

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24
Q

myofibrils

A

long, cylindrical contractile element within muscle fiber; composed of myofilamants; exhibits striations

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25
Q

myofibrils are as long as the ____ _____ itself

A

muscle fiber

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26
Q

myofilaments

A

short, contractile proteins of two types: thick (myosin) and thin (actin, tropomyosin, and troponin)

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27
Q

at the ends of each muscle, all of the CT merge to form a _____

A

tendon

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28
Q

tendon attaches muscle to..

A

bone, skin, or another muscle

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29
Q

tendons are usually cordlike in appearance, but some appear as a flat sheet, termed an _____

A

aponeurosis

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30
Q

Upon conraction of a muscle, one of the articulating bones _____ and the other one does not

A

moves

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31
Q

origin

A

less moveable point of attachment

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32
Q

insertion

A

more moveable point of attachment

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33
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fiber

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34
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber

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35
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth ER of skeletal muscle fiber

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36
Q

two main structure unique to skeletal muscle

A 
transverse tubules (T-tubules
terminal cisternae
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37
Q

transverse tubulues

A

deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into the sarcoplasm; orms a network of tubules that enables muscle impulses to spread quickly internally

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38
Q

terminal cisternae

A

blind sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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39
Q

triad

A

two terminal cisternae + T-tubule

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40
Q

myofibrils have the ability to ____, resulting in the contraction of the _____

A

shorten; muscle fiber

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41
Q

myofilaments do not run the entire length of the muscle fiber, but they are organized into…

A

repetitive groupings

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42
Q

two type of myofilaments

A

thick (myosin)

thin (actin)

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43
Q

thick filaments diameter

A

11 nm (twice thin)

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44
Q

thick filaments are composed of bundled molecules of…

A

myosin

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45
Q

myosin has a _____ and elongated ___

A

head;tail

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46
Q

the heads of myosin form ______ with the thin filaments during contraction

A

crossbridges

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47
Q

thin filaments diameter

A

5-6 nm

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48
Q

thin filaments are comprised of two strands called _____ and ____ twisted around each other

A

F-actin

G-actin

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49
Q

F-actin is…

A

filamentous

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50
Q

G-actin is..

A

globular

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51
Q

regulatory proteins of thin filament (2)

A

tropomyosin

troponin

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52
Q

muscle function

A

metabolic activities; contraction

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53
Q

sarcolemma function

A

surround muscle fiber and regulates entry and exit of materials

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54
Q

sarcoplasm function

A

site of metabolic processes for normal muscle fiber activities

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55
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum function

A

stores calcium ions needed for muscle contraction

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56
Q

terminal cisterna function

A

site of calcium ion release to promote muscle contraction

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57
Q

transverse tubule function

A

quickly transports impulse from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fiber

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58
Q

thick filament function

A

bind to thin filament and cause contraction

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59
Q

thin filament function

A

thick filaments bind and cause contraction

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60
Q

actin and function

A

double-stranded contractile protein; binding site for myosin to shorten a sarcomere

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61
Q

tropomyosin and function

A

double-stranded regulatory protein; covers the active sites on actin, preventing myosin from binding to actin when muscle fiber is at rest

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62
Q

troponin and function

A

regulatory protein that holds tropomyosin in place and anchors to actin; when calcium ions bind to one of its subunits, troponin changes shape, causing the tropomyosin to move off the actin active site, and this permits myosin binding to actin

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63
Q

connectin and function

A

single molecular filament of a giant protein; plays role in organization of the sarcomere and helps provide passive tension within sarcomere

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64
Q

nebulin and function

A

filament of giant protein; possibly to regulate the length of the thin filament

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65
Q

what causes the striated appearance of skeletal muscle?

A

think and thick filaments

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66
Q

dark bands are called ____

A

A bands

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67
Q

A bands contain..

A

the entire myosin molecule and an overlapping portion of actin

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68
Q

light bands are called ____

A

I bands

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69
Q

I bands contain…

A

thin filaments, but no thick filaments

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70
Q

I bands also contain the protein ____

A

titin

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71
Q

H zone (H band)

A

light, central region of the A band where there are no thin filaments

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72
Q

M line

A

protein meshwork in the H zone that keeps the thick filaments aligned

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73
Q

Z disc (Z band)

A

protein structure in the middle of the I band that serves as the attachment site for one end of the thin filament

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74
Q

sarcomere

A

functional contractile unit in a skeletal muscle fiber; are between two adjacent Z discs

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75
Q

myofibrils contain multiple and repeating..

A

sarcomeres

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76
Q

each sarcomere ___ as the muscle fiber contracts

A

contracts

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77
Q

does the sarcomere shorten when the muscle contracts?

A

yes

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78
Q

does the A band shorten when the muscles contracts?

A

no

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79
Q

does the h zone shorten when the muscle contracts?

A

yes

80
Q

does the m line shorten when the muscle contracts?

A

no

81
Q

does the I band shorten when the muscle contracts?

A

yes

82
Q

does the z disc shorten when the muscle contracts?

A

no

83
Q

muscle fibers shorten by the interaction between thin and thick filaments within each sarcomere, generating..

A

tension

84
Q

mechanism for contraction is explained by..

A

sliding filament theory

85
Q

what four things occur during contraction according to the sliding filament theory?

A
  • width of A band remains constant, but H zone disappears
  • Z discs in each sarcomere move closer together
  • sarcomere narrows in length
    I bands narrow
86
Q

_____ of thick and thin filaments never changes, only their _____ changes

A

length; position

87
Q

neuromuscular junctions

A

region where the motor neuron comes in close proximity to the muscle fiber

88
Q

muscle contractions begins when a ____ impulse stimulates an _____ in muscle fiber

A

motor neuron; impulse

89
Q

components of neuromuscular junction (6)

A 
synaptic knob
synaptic vesicles
motor end plate 
synaptic cleft
Ach receptors
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
90
Q

synaptic knob

A

expanded tip of an axon

91
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

membrane sacs filled with acetylcholine (ACh)

92
Q

motor end plate

A

region of sarcolemma that has folds and indentations to increase the SA covered by the synaptic knob

93
Q

synaptic cleft

A

narrow sapce separating the synaptic knob and the motor end plate

94
Q

ACh receptors

A

on the motor end plate; bind ACh

95
Q

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

enzyme in the synaptic cleft that rapidly breaks down ACh

96
Q

physiology of muscle contraction (6)

A
  1. a nerve impulse causes ACh to be released into the synaptic cleft
    2, ACh binds to receptors in the motor end plate intiating a muscle impulse along the sarcolemma and T-tubule membranes
  2. spread of the impulse down T-tubules causes calcium to leak out of terminal cisternae
  3. calcium ions bind to troponin, causing tropomosyin to uncover active sites on G-actin
  4. myosin heads bind to actin and form crossbridges
  5. in the presence of ATP, myosin cycles through attachment, pivot, detach, and return events (ATP also necessary for muscle fiber relaxation)
97
Q

motor units

A

consists of a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it control

98
Q

a motor unit typically controls only ___ of the muscle fibers in an entire muscle

A

some

99
Q

size of the motor unit and degree of control provided are ____ related

A

inversely

100
Q

small motor units provide ___ control

A

precise

101
Q

all or none principle

A

obeyed by all muscle fibers, it means that a muscle fiber contracts completely or not at all

102
Q

when a motor unit is stimulated, all muscle fibers under its control will..

A

contract

103
Q

benefit of having a larger motor unit versus smaller motor units?

A

it saves space in the brain, needing fewer neurons to accomplish the same job

104
Q

muscle tone

A

constant tension in a resting muscle

105
Q

motor units are stimulated ____ to avoid fatigue

A

randomly

106
Q

type of muscle contraction (2)

A

isometric contraction

isotonic contraction

107
Q

isometric contraction

A

length is constant; tension is changing

108
Q

isotonic contraction

A

tension is constant; length is changing

109
Q

types of isotonic contraction (2)

A

concentric contraction

eccentric contraction

110
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle is shortening

111
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle is lengthening

112
Q

types of skeletal muscle fibers (3)

A
  1. slow oxidative (SO) fibers
  2. fast oxidative (FO) fibers
  3. fast glycolytic (FG) fibers
113
Q

slow oxidative fibers and fast oxidative fibers are ____ processes

A

aerobic

114
Q

fast glycolytic fibers are ____ processes

A

anaerobic

115
Q

the ratio of fiber types within a muscle determines the ____ and _______ of the contraction

A

speed, sustainability

116
Q

SO fiber capacity to make ATP

A

high, aerobic

117
Q

FO fiber capacity to make ATP

A

moderate, aerobic

118
Q

FG fiber capacity to make ATP

A

limited, anaerobic

119
Q

concentration of capillaries in SO fibers, FO fibers, and FG fibers

A

extensive
moderately extensive
sparse

120
Q

color of fibers: SO, FO, FG

A

dark red; lighter ed; white (pale)

121
Q

amount of myoglobin of fibers: SO, FO, FG

A

large, medium, small

122
Q

fiber distribution: SO, FO, FG

A

SO: muscles of trunk, especially postural muscles (contract almost continually)
FO: greatest abundance in muscles of the lower limbs
FG: greatest abundance in muscles of upper limbs

123
Q

skeletal muscles usually contain ____ muscle fiber types

A

all three

124
Q

a single motor unit controls one muscle fibers of ____ type

A

the same

125
Q

there are no ____ muscle fibers in muscles that require swift but brief contractions

A

slow

126
Q

patterns of fascicle arrangements (4)

A
  1. circular
  2. parallel
  3. convergent
  4. pennate
    - unipennate
    - bipennate
    - multipennate
127
Q

circular pattern

A

fibers arranged concentrically around an opening

functions as a sphincter to close a passageway or opening

128
Q

circular pattern muscle example

A

oribularis oris (mouth)

129
Q

parallel pattern

A

fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle
body of muscle increases in diameter with contraction
high endurance, not very strong

130
Q

parallel pattern muscle example

A

rectus abdominus (abs)

131
Q

convergent pattern

A

triangular muscle with common attachment site
directions of pull muscle can be changed
does not pull as hard as equal-sized parallel muscle

132
Q

convergent pattern example

A

pectoralis major

133
Q

pennate pattern

A

muscle body has one or more tendons
fascicles oblique angle to tendon
pulls harder than a parallel muscle of equal size

134
Q

unipennate and example

A

all muscle fibers on the same side of the tendon i.e. extensor digitroum

135
Q

bipennate and example

A

muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon i.e. rectus femoris

136
Q

multipennate and example

A

tendon branches within the muscle i.e. deltoid

137
Q

muscle atrophy

A

wasting of tissue that results in reduction of muscle size, tone, and power; can be caused by lack of stimulation

138
Q

muscle hypertrophy

A

increase in muscle fiber size (not an increase in number of muscle fibers); results from repetitive stimulation of muscle fibers

139
Q

during muscle hypertrophy, mitochondria ____ in number, therefore the amount of ATP increase

A

increase

140
Q

during muscle hypertrophy, both myofibrils and myofilaments ___ in number, all resulting in the muscle ____ in size

A

increase, increase

141
Q

lever

A

elongated, rigid object that rotate around a fixed point called a fulcrum

142
Q

fulcrum

A

fixed point on which a lever rotates around

143
Q

rotation occurs when an ___ applied to one point of the lever exceeds a ____ located at some other point

A

effort; resistance

144
Q

three classes of levers in human body

A
  • first-class lever
  • second-class lever
  • third-class lever
145
Q

agonist

A

produces a specific movement when it contracts; also called prime mover

146
Q

antagonist

A

muscle whose action opposes that of an agonist

147
Q

synergist

A

muscle that assists the agonist in performing its action

148
Q

criteria of naming skeletal muscles (6)

A
  1. muscle action
  2. specific body regions
  3. muscle attachments
  4. orientation of muscle fibers
  5. muscle shape and size
  6. muscle heads/tendons of origin
149
Q

muscle action (4)

A

adduction
abductor
flexor
extensor

150
Q

specific body regions (14)

A 
oris 
cervicis
brachial
carpi
pollicis
gluteal
femoris 
hallucis
anterior
porterior or dorsal/dorsi
superior
inferior
superficialis
profundus
151
Q

muscle attachments (5)

A 
sternum and clavical
between the ribs
subscapular fossa
fibula
zygomatic bone
152
Q

orientation of muscle fibers (3)

A

rectus
oblique
orbicularis

153
Q

muscle shape and size (10)

A 
deltoid
quadtratus
trapezius
longus
brevis
major
minor
maximus
medius
minimus
154
Q

muscle heads/tendons of origin (3)

A

biceps
triceps
quadriceps

155
Q

adductor

A

adducts body part

156
Q

abductor

A

abducts body part

157
Q

flexor

A

flexes a joint

158
Q

extensor

A

extends a joint

159
Q

oris

A

mouth

160
Q

cervicis

A

neck

161
Q

bracial

A

arm

162
Q

carpi

A

wrist

163
Q

pollicis

A

thumb

164
Q

gluetal

A

buttocks

165
Q

femoris

A

thigh

166
Q

hallucis

A

great toe

167
Q

anterior

A

toward the front of the bod

168
Q

posterior or dorsal/dorsi

A

toward the back of the body

169
Q

superficialis

A

superficial

170
Q

profundus

A

deep

171
Q

sternum and clavicle

A

cleido

172
Q

rectus

A

straight

173
Q

oblique

A

angled

174
Q

orbicularis

A

circular

175
Q

deltoid

A

traingular

176
Q

quadratus

A

rectangular

177
Q

trapezius

A

trapezoidal

178
Q

longus

A

long

179
Q

brevis

A

short

180
Q

major

A

larger of two muscle

181
Q

minor

A

smaller of two muscles

182
Q

maximus

A

largest

183
Q

medius

A

medium sized

184
Q

minimus

A

smallest

185
Q

biceps

A

two heads

186
Q

triceps

A

three heads

187
Q

quadriceps

A

four heads

188
Q

cardiac muscle cells are found within the ____ ____

A

heart wall

189
Q

qualities of cardiac muscles (6)

A 
striated
one or two nuclei
form y-shaped branches 
intercalated discs 
autorhythmic
involuntary
190
Q

intercalated discs

A

junctions to which other adjacent cardiac muscle fibers can join and comprise of gap junctions

191
Q

autorhythmic

A

able to generate muscle impulse without nervous stimulation

192
Q

cardiac muscle cells have their nuclei ____ location

A

centrally

193
Q

smooth muscle is found in the ____ of viscera and ____

A

walls; blood vessels

194
Q

smooth muscle characteristics (5)

A 
short fusiform cells 
one centrally located nucleus
no striations 
thin filaments attached to dense bodies 
under involuntary control
195
Q

what feature is not present in skeletal muscle but present in in smooth muscle?

A

z-disc

196
Q

smooth muscle cells allow contractions in ____ directions

A

all

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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