Basic Chinese: A Grammar And Workbook -- Yip Po-Chin And Don Rimmington, 1998, 2009 Flashcards
(一) 個
Let’s be friends!
我只要買一個杯子, one mug p2
我想去商店買(一)個杯子, a mug, 一 can be omitted altogether if it comes directly after a mono-syllabic verb
我們交(一)個朋友吧！p4
想，要
tính, muốn p2
頓號
(、) p4
Definite and indefinite reference
Topic-comment sentences
pp7-8
碗裡有兩個雞蛋
有兩個雞蛋在碗裡
more common way pp8-9
別管它吧！
你別管！
Don’t bother about it. p14
None of your business.
見過
看過
Chance occurrence, thấy p15
Deliberate purpose, coi
*您們
您兩位是哪國人？p15
您幾位請坐。
別罵自己。
這是我自己的事。
我自己沒有電視機。
Don’t blame yourself. p16
one’s own
myself
我夠了，謝謝妳。
(mời ăn) p20
誰 shei2, shui2
哪位
什麼人
shui2 — less colloquial p21
哪位是你爸爸？p22
rudeness or contempt
哪裡有東西吃？
pp24-25
弟弟想請姊姊幫他的忙。
誰能幫我的忙？
誰想請姊姊幫忙？ p26
誰能幫助我？ p28
$ Who ARE YOU GOING to China with?
Where DID you get acquainted with him?
你和/跟誰去中國？p28
妳 是 和/跟誰去中國？
你在哪裡認識他？
妳 是 在哪裡認識他 的？
approximate numbers
六十來歲 / 大約六十歲 / 六十歲左右 / 六十歲上下
十多天
八公斤多
Ex. 5.5.3 p35, p200
Ex. 5.5.5 p35, p200
Ex. 5.5.15 p35, p200
one of a pair, một chiếc
一隻 手套/鞋/襪子/眼睛/耳朵 zhī shǒutào, xie2, wa4zi
a pair of
一雙 and 一對 are generally interchangeable, although 一對 is more often used for people or animals forming partnership
pp40-41
đám, bầy 一群 人/羊/狼 qun2
p42
Dates of the month are expressed by 號 or , in written form, 日.
大後天，大前天，大前年，下下個月，幾時
現在 上午 七點十五分 (7:15 am)
哪天/幾號 – 六號 which day of the month? ngày 6
下星期幾 which day next week?
p55
three days from now, three days ago, three years ago, the month after next, lúc nào
p58
我二月五號 去 我朋友家。
我禮拜五晚上七點來你家。
pp58-59 Ex 8.3
$ When there is an object with the verb, if it is a pronoun it precedes the interrogative expression; if it is a noun it follows the interrogative expression with or without 的。p61
verb+object construction: 游泳，跳舞，唱歌，睡覺，走路 (noun object, same rules as above)
p62
and 幫忙 p65 Ex 9.1.6
你等了 他 多久？
你姐姐當了多少年 (的)護士？ or 你姐姐當護士當了多少年？
你和你朋友跳了幾個鐘頭 (的)舞？or 你和你朋友跳舞跳了幾個鐘頭。
One cannot say: *你和你朋友跳舞了幾個鐘頭？
妹妹幫了我兩天 的忙。
有+多+adjective pp62-63
多+adjective as an adverbial to modify a verb
多+adjective as an attribute with 的 to modify a noun
你姐姐有多高？
學校離這裡有多遠？
你 多快 能完成這件工作？How fast can you finish this work?
你穿 多大 的鞋？
怎樣，怎麼，怎麼樣 are used adverbially before verbs to mean “how; in what way” làm sao, cách nào pp63-64
Other usage of 怎麼樣
怎麼 is also used COLLOQUIALLY to mean “how is it? how come?” ra sao, sao mà
我怎麼樣去紐約？Niǔyuē 去車站 怎麼/怎樣 走？ 你弟弟怎麼樣？工作怎麼樣？ 晚上我們去看電影，怎麼樣？ 你怎麼不去看他？
It took me two hours to get here.
我在路上花了兩個小時。p65
How DID you get to London? p 66 Ex. 9.3 How DO you go to work? Why did he leave? How long are you going to stay? What's your new house like? What was the film like? How about a drink? How do I get to know Xiao Li? What do you THINK OF the Chinese teacher? $ How long HAVE YOU BEEN WAITING for her? How many hours DID she sleep? How many days did you (pl.) drive? How far did you walk?
你 怎(麼)樣/怎麼 去倫敦？ 你怎麼樣去上班？ 他 為什麼離開？ 你 準備 待多久/多長時間？ 妳 的 新房子(是)怎麼樣(的)? (那個)電影怎麼樣？ 咱們(去)喝(一)杯酒，怎麼樣？ 我怎麼認識小李？ 妳 認為 那位中文老師怎麼樣？ 你等 了 她多久/多長時間 了？ 她睡 了 幾(個)小時/幾個鐘頭？ 你們開了幾天/多少天 (的) 車？or 你們開車開了幾天/... 你走了多遠 (的)(路)/多少路？
$ When a disyllabic adjective qualifies a disyllabic noun, 的 may sometimes be omitted, especially when the combination becomes a set expression. p 68
新鮮蔬菜 xin1xian1 shu1cai4
精彩表演
很大 的 屋子
exceptions: 很多 錢，不少 人 (no 的)
p 69
When an adjective is used as a predicative, it follows the subject/topic immediately and does not require the link verb ‘to be’. In addition, it should always be modified by a degree adverb. pp69-70
One does not normally say (unless speaking emphatically to reiterate or contradict a statement):
街道是乾淨。(lit. The street IS clean.) [implying, e.g. who says it isn’t or I did say that it was clean]
An unmodified adjective, when used as a predicative, always implies some form of CONTRAST.
那條街道很乾淨。
這雙鞋子太小。
The degree adverb 很, though when stressed it means ‘very’, otherwise carries little meaning.
Also see p 76
exceptions: either-or adjectives: 是 + adj + 的
這條魚是活的。 con cá này thì sống (chưa chết)
這輛車是黑的。
街道乾淨。[perhaps the shops aren’t]
這雙鞋子小。[perhaps another pair is the right side]
Adjectives may be reduplicated to INTENSIFY their meaning. p 70-71
蘭蘭的天 a really blue sky
老老實實 very honest/very naive
This is a good one. p 76-77 Next year is not the year of the pig. Not all of these are mine. None of these are mine. Not all of those are good. p 81
這一個是好的。 明年不是 逐年。zhu1 這些 不 都是我的。 這些 都 不是我的。 那些不都好。
$ 是 is also used as an INTENSIFIER. It is placed immediately before the word or phrase to be highlighted. p 77-78
If the action to be emphasized took place in the past, 是 is used with 的。{Phải có 的 - đã}
To highlight the object, 是 is placed before the verb while 的 is inserted between the verb and the object.
你是早上洗澡嗎? BUỔI SÁNG tắm hả? 他明天是坐船去。đi THUYỀN 是誰在敲門？AI đang gõ cửa? 我們是來找經理。lại tìm KINH LÝ 他是昨天走 的 嗎？Nó là HÔM QUA đi (rồi) hả? 我們不是走路來 的？ko phải ĐI BỘ lại 我小時候是學 的 中文。Tôi hồi nhỏ là học TRUNG VĂN. 我們剛才是叫 的 炒麵。Tụi tôi vừa mới là kêu MÌ XÀO.
他是來找 的 經理。p146 He CAME to see THE MANAGER
他是來找 的 誰？
他是來找 的 經理嗎？
他是不是來找 的 經理？
他是來找經理(的)。He is COMING to see THE MANAGER
他是來找誰？
他是來找經理(的)嗎？
他是不是來找經理(的)？
客人是什麼時候到 的？WHEN DID
客人是什麼時候到？WHEN ARE
是 may also be used to indicate existence like 有, but it differs from 有 in two ways. p 78-79
(i)地上 全 是水。 街上 都 是人。 (ii) while 有 only focuses on what exists, 是 tends to emphasize the location as well 房子後面是個菜園。 飯店對面是電影院。p 81 (no classifier - EH)
Trong ngăn kéo ko có gì.
抽屜裡 什麼 也沒有。p 81
這個箱子 (不)比 那個箱子重。p 82-83
這個箱子比那個(箱子) 更/還(要) 重。
這個箱子比那個(箱子)重 一點/一些/得多。
xiang1zi
X + 跟/和/同/與 yu3 + Y + (不)一樣 + adjective
s/b adding 像 – EH
p 84
X + 有/沒(有) + Y 那麼/這麼 + adjective
p 84-85
我做得比你好 or 我比你做得好。
他越說我越氣。
(菜)越辣我越喜歡。
p 85
p 87
裡 and its variants (裡邊，裡面，裡頭) are optional after a noun (phrase) indicating a particular place. p 95
他在花園(裡)種花。
弟弟從學校(裡)出來。
姐姐和朋友在飯館(裡)吃飯。
Unlike duration expressions, 的 is not used with frequency expressions. p107
我看了兩個小時的書。
我們見過很多次面。
$ aspect markers 著 起來 下去 下來
了, a completed action may take place in the future
過 implies past experience
Like 了, 在 (đang) may be at any time, in the past, present, or future
沒(有) is not used with 了 and 著
p112
a continuous state or an accompanying action
an action/a state which has just started. When an object follows the verb, it is placed between 起 and 來：他們打起架來了。
an action which is to be continued; is not used where the verb has an object: 妳說話下去 /妳說下話去
an action/a state which is gradually changing into non-action or a quieter state. If the verb has an object, the object comes between 下 and 來：她安下心來。
我下了班就去找妳。
明天早上他一定在學習中文。
p129
- 我沒碰見了她
- 他沒穿著大衣🧥
Types of questions 他抽煙嗎？🚬 他帶了鑰匙嗎🔑？ *他帶鑰匙了嗎??? 妳有沒有游泳？ 這件事他有沒有告訴妳？ 妳有沒有碰見他？ 妳爬過山嗎？
Pp 140-141 他抽(煙)不抽煙？ 他帶了鑰匙沒有？ 他帶沒帶鑰匙？ 他有沒有帶鑰匙？ 妳游了泳沒有？*妳游泳了嗎??? 這件事他告訴了妳沒有？ 妳碰見了他沒有？ 妳爬過山沒有？ 妳有沒有爬過山？
Leave him alone! pp 153-154
了 and 啦 introduce a note of urgency
讓他去！
別說話了！
起床啦！
