B6.5/6 - Monoclonal Antibodies (Finished) Flashcards
What are the stages of making monoclonal antibodies
B lymphocytes from rats are binded with tumour cells to make a hybridoma cell, these are cloned, monoclonal antibodies are separated, purified and can be used.
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies
Used in pregnancy tests
To detect pathogens in hormones for research
To locate specific molecules or tissues
Treatment of diseases
How do monoclonal antibodies treat diseases
Have been developed on the antigens of cancer cells
If a monoclonal antibody is bound to a chemical stopping cancer growth,it delivers it straight to the cancer cell.
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
1) A mouse is injected with a chosen antigen
2) B-lymphocytes are taken from the mouse
3) the B-lymphocytes are fused with fast dividing tumour cells from the lab
4) That divides quickly to produce lots of clones that create monoclonal antibodies
5) Those are collected and purified
What is the name of what is created when mouse B-lymphocytes and tumour cells are fused?
A hybridoma
Why are B-lymphocytes used to make monoclonal antibodies?
B- lymphosites make lots of antibodies for the antigen injected into the mouse
Why are tumour cells used to make monoclonal antibodies?
lymphosites don’t divide easily but tumour cells divide lots
Why are monoclonal antibodies so useful?
Monoclonal antibodies will only bind to the molecule wanted so they can be used to target a specific cell/chemical in the body
How is a pregnancy test strip layed out?
- The bit of the stick you wee on has some antibodies to the pregnancy hormone with blue beads attached
- The test strip has some more antibodies to the hormone stuck onto it (they can’t move)
How does a pregnancy test strip work?
If the person is pregnant the person produces a hormone that binds to the antibodies on the blue beads. The urine moves up the strip carrying the hormone and beads and the hormone+beads bind to the stuck antibodies on the test strip, turning it blue to show pregnancy. If they are not there are no hormones to attach to the antibodies sticking the blue beads to the strip
What three things can monoclonal antibodies be used for in laboratories and research?
- Monitoring and measuring levels of chemicals in blood by having them bind to those chemicals
- To diagnose disease by testing blood samples for certain pathogens
- To locate specific molecules on a cell or tissue
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to locate specific molecules on a cell or in tissue?
1) Monoclonal antibodies are made that will bind to the molecule wanted
2) The antibodies are then bonded to a fluorescent dye
3) If the molecules are present the monoclonal antibodies will attach to them and they can be detected with they dye
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer?
1) Cancer cells can have antigens on their cell membranes that are not found on normal body cells
2) Monoclonal antibodies could be made that bind to these tumour cells
3) An anti-cancer cell can be attached to those monoclonal antibodies (the drug should kill the cancer cells but not any normal cells)
4) These can be given to the patient, the antibodies will target the cancer cells as they inky bind to the tumour antigens delivering the drug
In what ways could monoclonal antibodies attached to cancer cells cure it?
- Ude monoclonal antibodies to trigger the immune system to attack
- Use antibodies to block receptors on the surface of cancer cells so they don’t divide
- Carry toxic drugs or radioactive things
What is the disadvantage of monoclonal antibodies?
Modoclonal antibodies cause more side effects than originally expected so are not as widely used
