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Pharm > Autonomic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Autonomic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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2
Q

What neuron type innervates muscles?

A

Alpha motor neurons

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3
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are

(LONG/SHORT) compared to sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers?

A

short

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4
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia cells are clustered where?

A

Within the walls of organs

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5
Q

Which are longer in the parasympathetic system: pre or post-synaptic ganglia?

A

Presynaptic

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6
Q

What is the one exception to the two neuron organization of the ANS?

A

adrenal medulla

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7
Q

The response to a stimulus in the somatic nervous system is always (excitatory/inhibitory)?

A

Excitatory

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8
Q

True or false: responses to a stimulus in the ANS can either be excitatory or inhibitory

A

True

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9
Q

What are the fibers that comprise the autonomic ganglia?

A

B fibers

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10
Q

Why is visceral pain usually dull, and poorly localized?

A

A preganglionic

axon diverges to an average of 8 – 9 post ganglionic neurons

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11
Q

The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic pathway are housed where?

A

In the intermediolateral columns or some ganglia of CNs

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12
Q

The intermediolateral columns run from where to where?

A

T1-L3,4

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13
Q

There are generally three places that house postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic pathway. What are they?

A

paravertebral ganglia
Specialized ganglia
Straight to organ

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14
Q

What are the two divisions of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Cranio-sacral

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15
Q

Which CNs are a part of the cranial outflow of ANS?

A

III
VII
IX
X

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16
Q

parasympathetic fibers destined for the pelvic and abdominal viscera emerge from the spinal cord in a bundle of nerves known as what?

A

the nervi erigentes

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17
Q

What is the ENS division of the ANS?

A

runs in the layers of the GI tract

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18
Q

What is the myenteric or Auerbach’s plexus?

A

lies between the external longitudinal and the deeper circular
smooth muscle layer

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19
Q

What does the myenteric/auerbach’s plexus control?

A

GI motility

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20
Q

The submucosal or Meissner’s plexus lies between what two parts of the GI tract?

A

between the circular muscularis mucosae

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21
Q

What does submucosal/Meissner’s plexus control?

A

Ion and fluid movements

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22
Q

What is CN III ganglion?

A

ciliary

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23
Q

What are CN VII’s two ganglions?

A

sphenopalatine

Submaxillary

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24
Q

What is CN IX’s ganglion?

A

otic

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25
Q

True or false: most organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

A

True

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26
Q

What are the three major organs that do not receive dual innervation from the ANS?

A

Liver
Kidneys
Adrenal glands

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27
Q

All somatic nerves release what neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

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28
Q

All preganglionic fibers in the ANS release what neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

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29
Q

Parasympathetic, postganglionic fibers release what neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

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30
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release what neurotransmitter?

A

Adrenergic

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31
Q

What is the one sympathetic fiber that releases ACh?

A

Sweat glands

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32
Q

What are cotransmitters?

A

Neurons release more than one transmitter, each of which interact with specific
receptors and produces effects, often both pre- and post-synaptically.

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33
Q

True or false: hair follicles and thermoregulatory sweat glands only receive sympathetic innervation

A

True

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34
Q

True or false: ALL preganglionic fibers release ACh

A

True

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35
Q

What is secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A

Epi

NE

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36
Q

Muscarinic receptors use what neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

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37
Q

Renal vasculature uses what neurotransmitter?

A

Dopaminergic

38
Q

Nicotinic receptors are found where? What neurotransmitter do they use?

A

On all postganglionic cell body

ACh

39
Q

What are homotropic interactions?

A

Sympathetic neurons neurotransmitter affects itself, to decrease release

40
Q

What are heterotropic interactions?

A

One division of the ANS blocks the effects of the other, by synapsing on the bouton

41
Q

What is the effect of blocking an autoreceptor on a neuron?

A

Blocks the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter that is released

42
Q

Sustained blocking of ganglionic transmission results in what?

A

Increases sensitivity of organs

43
Q

Long term blockade of postsynaptic receptors leads to what changes?

A

INcrease receptors

44
Q

What are the three mechanisms by which increased ganglionic sensitivity can be effected?

A

Proliferation of receptors
Loss of removal mechs
Increased post-junctional response

45
Q

Why is it bad to quickly withdraw beta blockers?

A

Can lead to hypersensitive BP rebound

46
Q

What is a neuromodulator?

A

Substance that affects the secretion of other neurotransmitters

47
Q

What are the benefits of cotransmission?

A

Have a longer lasting neurotransmitter to work farther from the site of release

Can change which neurotransmitters release based on stimulation

48
Q

What is the transporter for choline at presynaptic nerve terminals? What are the drugs that inhibits this transporter?

A

CHT (choline transporter)

Hemicholiniums

49
Q

What is the transporter for ACh into vesicles? What is the drug that impedes this?

A

VAT (vesicle associated transporter)

Vesamicol

50
Q

What is the toxin that affects the presynaptic bouton for ACh?

A

Botulinum toxin

51
Q

What is the MOA of botulinum toxin?

A

blocks SNARES and SNAPS

52
Q

What are the drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterases?

A

Neostigmine

53
Q

What is the cation that is needed for neurotransmitter release? What protein does this interact with to cause neurotransmitter release?

A

Ca

synaptotagmin

54
Q

What type of proteins are involved in muscarinic receptors?

A

G-coupled protein receptors

55
Q

How do nicotinic receptors work?

A

Allow Na to rush into the cell

56
Q

What receptor: sphincter muscle of the eye?

A

M3

57
Q

What receptor: radial (dilator) muscle of the eye

A

Alpha 1

58
Q

What receptor: ciliary muscle of the eye

A

M3, beta2

59
Q

What receptor: ciliary body epithelium of the eye?

A

a2, b1, b2

60
Q

What are the two second messengers for G-coupled proteins?

A

Phospholipase C

adenylyl cyclase

61
Q

Which promotes the active form of G proteins: GDP or GTP?

A

GTP

62
Q

Where are M2 receptors found?

A

In the heart

63
Q

What are the primary neurotransmitter receptors in the heart?

A

M2

64
Q

What is the effect of adenylyl cyclase?

A

Increases cAMP

65
Q

What is the effect of phospholipase C?

A

Increases intracellular Ca via IP3

66
Q

What part of the eye secretes aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary body epithelium

67
Q

What is the part of the eye that drains the aqueous humor?

A

Canal of schlemm

68
Q

What happens to the eye and the canal of schlemm when you constrict the ciliary muscle?

A

Opens the canal

69
Q

M3 activation contracts the ciliary muscle, to allow for what to happen to vision?

A

Near vision accomodation

70
Q

What are the G proteins that are associated with M2 receptors?

A

Gi

71
Q

What is the function of gi proteins?

A

Inhibit adenylate cyclase

72
Q

What is the effect of M2 stimulation on the SA node?

A

Decreased heart rate

73
Q

What is the effect of M2 stimulation on the AV node?

A

Decreased conduction velocity

74
Q

What is the effect of M2 stimulation on the atrial muscle?

A

Decreased atrial contraction

75
Q

What is the effect of M2 stimulation on the ventricular muscle?

A

Decreased ventricular contraction

76
Q

What are the receptors found in the bronchioles?

A

M3

77
Q

What are the receptors found in the bronchiolar submucosal glands?

A

M3

78
Q

M1 uses which type of G protein?

A

Gq–PIP

79
Q

M2 uses which type of G protein?

A

Gi

80
Q

M3 uses which type of G protein?

A

Gq–PIP

81
Q

What disease should you never use M3 activators for?

A

Asthma

82
Q

What is the effect of M3 receptors in the stomach?

A

Motility/cramps

83
Q

What is the effect of M1/M3 receptors in glands?

A

Secretion

84
Q

What is the effect of M3 receptor activation in the intestines?

A

Contraction/diarrhea

85
Q

What is the effect of M3 activation in the stomach?

A

Increased HCl secretion

86
Q

Histamine causes what side effect?

A

Increased acid production in the stomach

87
Q

What is the effect of stimulating M1 receptors on histamine ECL cells?

A

Increased histamine, leading to increased HCl secretion

88
Q

What is the role of M1 in secretion of HCl in the stomach?

A

Stimulates histamine cells

89
Q

What is the role of M2 in secretion of HCl in the stomach?

A

Increases parietal cell HCl secretion

90
Q

What is the effect of M3 on the detrusor?

A

Contracts, causing urination

91
Q

What is the effect of M3 on the trigone/sphincter?

A

Relaxation, allowing for urination

Pharm (73 decks)

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