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Pharm > Antibacterials > Flashcards

Antibacterials Flashcards

1
Q

What is the morphology of streptococci?

A

Gram positive cocci in chains

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2
Q

What is the morphology of staphylococci?

A

Gram positive cocci in grape-like clusters

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3
Q

True or false: all bacteria have a cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan

A

True

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4
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

a macromolecule composed of peptides and sugars

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5
Q

What does LPS consist of?

A

Phospholipid and polysaccharides

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6
Q

What is the major difference between eukaryotic cell membranes and prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotes have sterols

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7
Q

What bacteria are catalase positive?

A

Staph

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8
Q

Catalase positive, coagulase positive = ?

A

Staph aureus

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9
Q

What is the most common agent for UTIs?

A

E.coli

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10
Q

Clostridium is gram positive or negative?

A

Positive

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11
Q

What agar is needed to grow Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Chocolate agar

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12
Q

What is the effect of LPS on antibiotics?

A

Retards or prevents penetration of bulky, high molecular weight abx

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13
Q

What is the effect of the lipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membrane on abx?

A

Penetration of water soluble drugs is severely hindered

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14
Q

What is the effect of hydrophilic pores on abx?

A

Allows penetration of water soluble molecules

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15
Q

What is the effect of nutrient receptors proteins on the outer membrane of bacteria on abx?

A

Sideomycins utilize these natural receptors

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16
Q

Macrolides work well against what type of bacteria?

A

Gram positive, generally

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17
Q

What is the function of teichoic acid on abx?

A

Strong anionic character of these will affect the rate of penetration

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18
Q

What is the effect of the gram positive lipid bilayer?

A

Affect the rate of penetration of lipophilic drugs

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19
Q

What is the effect of nutrient transport proteins on Gram positive bacteria and abx?

A

Facilitate rapid penetration of agents similar in structures

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20
Q

What is the EC50 for abx?

A

Inhibitory concentration at which 50% of the organisms are killed or stop growing

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21
Q

What is the Emax for abx?

A

Maximum microorganism death or impaired growth

22
Q

What are the three major ways to inhibit bacteria?

A
  1. Disrupt coding/genetic machinery
  2. Block protein synthesis
  3. Disrupt exterior of the cell
23
Q

True or false: bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect can sometimes be dose-dependent

A

True

24
Q

Is tetracycline a broad or narrow spectrum abx?

A

Broad

25
Q

What is pre-emptive therapy?

A

Treatment of high-risk patients that have become infected, but are asymptomatic

26
Q

What is prophylactic therapy?

A

treatment without infection

27
Q

What is empirical therapy?

A

Treatment of a symptomatic patient without further testing or confirmation of the organism

28
Q

What is definitive therapy?

A

Treatment once the pathological organism has been identified and appropriate drug identified

29
Q

What is suppressive therapy?

A

Generally a low dose therapy used as a secondary prophylaxis.

30
Q

What is the difference between transduction and transformation?

A
31
Q

What are the 6 drug resistant organisms?

A 
Enterococcus faecium
Staph aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter baumannii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacter species

(ESKAPE)

32
Q

What is the therapeutic use of daptomycin?

A

Complicated skin infection, endocarditis

33
Q

What is the MOA of resistance to daptomycin?

A

Specific gene mutation (mprF) that results in a change in membrane charge (add lysine). There is an overall increase in the net positive charge which will repel the abx with cationic properties

34
Q

What is the therapeutic use of tetracycline?

A

Broad specturm abx

35
Q

What is the MOA of resistance to tetracycline?

A

Expression of an efflux pump

36
Q

What is the therapeutic use of metronidazole?

A

Abdominal infections, clostridium difficile

37
Q

What is the abx of choice for C.diff?

A

Metronidazole or vanco if bad

38
Q

What is the MOA of resistance to metronidazole?

A

Metronidazole needs to be reduced to generate ROS. Mutations in rdxA gene (oxygen-sensitive nitroreductase) alters or decreases activation of the drug

39
Q

How is metronidazole a prodrug?

A

Needs to be reduced to generate ROS

40
Q

What is the MOA of resistance to aminoglycosides?

A

Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes chemically modifies the abx and alters binding of the drug to its target

41
Q

What type of abx is amoxicillin?

A

Beta-lactam broad spectrum

42
Q

What is the MOA of resistance with amoxicillin?

A

Expression of the enzyme beta lactamase which can hydrolyze the lactam ring of amoxicillin and render the compound ineffective

43
Q

What is the therapeutic use of trimethoprim and sulfonamides?

A

UTIs

44
Q

What is the MOA of resistance to trimethoprim and sulfonamides?

A

Expression of the drug insensitive enzymes dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase

45
Q

What is the drug that can inhibit beta lactamase?

A

Augmentin (clavulanic acid)

46
Q

What is the therapeutic use of vanco?

A

Bloodstream infections

47
Q

What is the MOA of resistance to vanco?

A

Substitution of the peptidoglycan stem so that agent can no longer bind to the target

48
Q

What is the MOA of trimethoprim and sulfonamides?

A

Sulfa inhibits dihydrofolate synthase

49
Q

What is the MOA of trimethoprim?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

50
Q

What is the MOA of vanco?

A

Binds to d-ala in the growing peptidoglycan chain, causing steric hindrance

Pharm (73 decks)

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