ABNORMAL MOTION HIGH YIELD

Question 1

what are the abnormal motions of the foot?

Answer 1

pronation of the foot

supination of the foot

Question 2

what abnormalities can occur with the pronation of the foot?

Answer 2

compensatory pronation
abnormal medial loading
neurological causes

Question 3

what abnormalities can occur with the supination of the foot?

Answer 3

CNS pathology
lower motor neuron pathology
everted forefoot position
equines deformities

Question 4

what is the main concern when the foot is pronated in locomotion? (two categories)

Answer 4

walking with a constantly pronated foot

foot pronating in midstance or propulsion

Question 5

abnormal pronation occurs because?

Answer 5

compensation for an osseous or soft tissue abnormality

response to forces which load medial part of foot prematurely

muscle imbalance due to neuromuscular disorder

result of tonic muscle spasm

Question 6

what are the types of compensatory pronation?

Answer 6

forefoot varus

non-rigid forefoot valgus

tibial varum

rearfoot varus

internally rotated limb

ankle dorsiflexion

limb length

Question 7

so for abnormal medial loading, what can cause this?

Answer 7

obesity
external femoral torsion
external tibial torsion
tibial valgum
vertical OMTJ Axis
foot pronation at end of swing phase

Question 8

T/F, for neurological causes of abnormal foot pronation, the types are STJ direct or indirect?

if so, what are they?

Answer 8

T

direct-neurologically creates an imbalance between the supinator and pronator muscles of the STJ

indirect-caused by a neurological disorder which produces a muscular imbalance anywhere in the lower extremity

Question 9

name this type of neurological cause, direct or indirect?

only gastroc and soleus can have this effect on the STJ due to insertion in calcaneus

Answer 9

direct neurological cause

*they supinate the STJ and affect slow pronation during contact

Question 10

name this type of neurological cause, direct or indirect?

loss of PT contraction allows peroneals to take over and cause abnormal pronation?

Answer 10

indirect neurological cause

Question 11

neurological causes?

Answer 11

direct/indirect
paralysis
tonic spasm

Question 12

in the neurological causes for abnormal pronation of the foot, what are the types of the paralysis?

Answer 12

flaccid paralysis

muscle hypertonicity

Question 13

in the neurological causes for abnormal pronation of the foot, what muscles are affected by tonic spasm?

Answer 13

continuous muscle contraction from:

peroneus brevis
peroneus longus
gastroc
anterior tibialis

Question 14

how is tonic spasm classified when we know that it reduces range of motion in one direction?

Answer 14

differentiated from UMN lesion by absence of clonus

Question 15

this muscle is the mild pronator of the STJ?

strongest?

Answer 15

peroneus longus

peroneus brevis

Question 16

how do we describe the abnormal supination of the foot?

Answer 16

STJ functioning in supinated position when it shouldn’t be

Question 17

why does abnormal supination occur?

Answer 17

CNS pathology
lower motor neuron pathology
everted forefoot to rearfoot
equines preventing heel from contacting the ground

Question 18

CNS pathology of abnormal supination occurs in two ways?

Answer 18

direct/indirect clonic muscle spasm

contracture of supinating muscles

Question 19

this type of abnormal supination is characterized:

by flaccid paralysis of muscle

flaccid paralysis of STJ pronators will over time, lead to contracture of STJ supinators

tonic muscle spasm of supinators either directly or indirectly

Answer 19

lower motor neuron pathology

Question 20

this type of abnormal supination occurs when plantar flexed 1st ray and rigid forefoot valgus cause everted forefoot on rearfoot?

how is this compensated for?

Answer 20

everted forefoot position

stj supination

Question 21

this type of abnormal supination is due to either congenital shortage of gastroc or congenital osseous deformity of ankle joint limiting dorsiflexion?

Answer 21

equines deformities

Question 22

when does equines deformities occur?

how is this compensated for?

Answer 22

results in a supination of if heel is prevented from contacting gored during stance phase

STJ supination