ABNORMAL MOTION HIGH YIELD Flashcards
what are the abnormal motions of the foot?
pronation of the foot
supination of the foot
what abnormalities can occur with the pronation of the foot?
compensatory pronation
abnormal medial loading
neurological causes
what abnormalities can occur with the supination of the foot?
CNS pathology
lower motor neuron pathology
everted forefoot position
equines deformities
what is the main concern when the foot is pronated in locomotion? (two categories)
walking with a constantly pronated foot
foot pronating in midstance or propulsion
abnormal pronation occurs because?
compensation for an osseous or soft tissue abnormality
response to forces which load medial part of foot prematurely
muscle imbalance due to neuromuscular disorder
result of tonic muscle spasm
what are the types of compensatory pronation?
forefoot varus
non-rigid forefoot valgus
tibial varum
rearfoot varus
internally rotated limb
ankle dorsiflexion
limb length
so for abnormal medial loading, what can cause this?
obesity external femoral torsion external tibial torsion tibial valgum vertical OMTJ Axis foot pronation at end of swing phase
T/F, for neurological causes of abnormal foot pronation, the types are STJ direct or indirect?
if so, what are they?
T
direct-neurologically creates an imbalance between the supinator and pronator muscles of the STJ
indirect-caused by a neurological disorder which produces a muscular imbalance anywhere in the lower extremity
name this type of neurological cause, direct or indirect?
only gastroc and soleus can have this effect on the STJ due to insertion in calcaneus
direct neurological cause
*they supinate the STJ and affect slow pronation during contact
name this type of neurological cause, direct or indirect?
loss of PT contraction allows peroneals to take over and cause abnormal pronation?
indirect neurological cause
neurological causes?
direct/indirect
paralysis
tonic spasm
in the neurological causes for abnormal pronation of the foot, what are the types of the paralysis?
flaccid paralysis
muscle hypertonicity
in the neurological causes for abnormal pronation of the foot, what muscles are affected by tonic spasm?
continuous muscle contraction from:
peroneus brevis
peroneus longus
gastroc
anterior tibialis
how is tonic spasm classified when we know that it reduces range of motion in one direction?
differentiated from UMN lesion by absence of clonus
this muscle is the mild pronator of the STJ?
strongest?
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
how do we describe the abnormal supination of the foot?
STJ functioning in supinated position when it shouldn’t be
why does abnormal supination occur?
CNS pathology
lower motor neuron pathology
everted forefoot to rearfoot
equines preventing heel from contacting the ground
CNS pathology of abnormal supination occurs in two ways?
direct/indirect clonic muscle spasm
contracture of supinating muscles
this type of abnormal supination is characterized:
by flaccid paralysis of muscle
flaccid paralysis of STJ pronators will over time, lead to contracture of STJ supinators
tonic muscle spasm of supinators either directly or indirectly
lower motor neuron pathology
this type of abnormal supination occurs when plantar flexed 1st ray and rigid forefoot valgus cause everted forefoot on rearfoot?
how is this compensated for?
everted forefoot position
stj supination
this type of abnormal supination is due to either congenital shortage of gastroc or congenital osseous deformity of ankle joint limiting dorsiflexion?
equines deformities
when does equines deformities occur?
how is this compensated for?
results in a supination of if heel is prevented from contacting gored during stance phase
STJ supination
